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The study was analysed to ?nd out the relationship of psychological well being with blood glucose levels of diabetic type II subjects. Only aged male patients (N=30) were selected as subjects for this study and age ranged from 45 to 55 years. The fasting blood glucose level was measured for the measurement of these glucose levels to the nearest mg/dl. Carol Ryff psychological well-being questionnaire was used for measuring the psychological well-being. Co- ef?cient correlation method was applied to investigate the relationship of depression with blood glucose levels. The results of this study suggest that there is a negative relationship between blood glucose level and the psychological well-being at 0.05 level of con?dence.
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Background: The prevalence of women with type-2 diabetes mellitus in Karnataka is 22.04%. Many people are diagnosed type-2 diabetes in their teens or early 20s. And with advancing age, the risk of getting type-2 diabetes goes up too, especially if you don’t change any of the diabetes risk factors like your weight and physical activity level. Women who get type-2 diabetes are at greater risk than men of cardiovascular disease and blindness. The objective of the study was to study the risk profile amongst diabetic females.Methods: The hospital-based descriptive observational study was carried out in 75 non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) women at Chalmeda Anand Rao Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar from June 2010 to December 2010. Detailed history and anthropometric assessment was done and data analysed with SPSS software.Results: Majority of the diabetic women were from 40-50 years age group i.e. 33 (44%). Mean age was seen as 52±12.4 years. 57 women having sedentary lifestyle (76%). Mean BMI was found to be 24.58±5.27 kg/m2. Waist circumference was 83.42±9.35 cm. Hip circumference was 95.05±9.1 cm and waist/hip ratio was 0.877±0.041.Conclusions: Increasing age, sedentary lifestyle, obesity especially central and obstetric events were found to be important risk factors in our study.
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Background: It is well known that several factors influence the development of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) such as genetic, environmental and life style factors. Obesity is the strongest modifiable risk factor for NIDDM. Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption may also have important roles, either indirectly through their effects on obesity or directly through physiological factors related to insulin secretion or insulin resistance. The objective of the study was to study the risk factors of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus among the patients attending Chalmeda Anand Rao Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital.Methods: It is a hospital-based case-control study for risk factors in NIDDM. The study was conducted at Chalmeda Anand Rao Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar during the period of June 2010 to May 2011 involving 147 cases and controls each. Data collected and analyzed using SPSS 14 version.Results: 21.59% of the male cases were in the age group of 46-50 years and 20.97% female cases from 56-60 yrs age. 42% cases and 12% controls had history of diabetes mellitus in one parent. 34% cases and 4.67% controls had history of diabetes mellitus in both the parents. Current smokers (odds ratio-4.24, 95% CI 2.02-9.15) and ex-smokers (odds ratio-1.31, 95% CI 0.65-2.68) exhibited an increased risk of NIDDM. Ex-drinking but not current-drinking was statistically significantly associated with the risk of NIDDM. Sedentary work was associated with an increased risk of NIDDM with an odds ratio of 3.90 (95% CI 2.30-6.63).Conclusions: Apart from other risk factors, smoking and alcohol consumption are significant lifestyle risk factors for NIDDM in males.
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Background: Elevated levels of lipid peroxide in diabetes mellitus may be due to the alteration of function of erythrocytes membrane. This inhibits the activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme leading to accumulation of superoxide radicals which cause the maximum lipid peroxidation and tissue damage in diabetes. The objectives was to study was done with the objectives of assessing the serum lipid and malondialdehyde levels among diabetic population and matched control group.Methods: This study was done among 50 NIDDM, 50 IDDM and 50 controls at Thanjavur Medical College, Tamil Nadu, India for a period of one year at the Department of Diabetology after getting the informed consent and IEC clearance. This study included all ambulatory NIDDM and IDDM patients without any complications. The following investigations like serum malondialdehyde, blood sugar, HBA1C, serum lipid profile, blood urea, serum creatinine, urine albumin and sugar were done by standardized procedures and reagents after getting the detailed history and examination.Results: Among NIDDM group 78% were between 6.4 to 8 categories whereas in IDDM group only 28% were in this 6.4 to 8 category (HBA1C). Comparison of serum MDA values among three groups were done by ANOVA with two groups separately and it was highly significant. Multiple comparison of mean difference of MDA and lipid values among all the three groups showed statistically significant results with p value at 0.05.Conclusions: Lipid profile is increased in poor glycemic controlled patients (both IDDM and NIDDM patients) and it is reflected in high serum malondialdehyde levels.
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Background: The relationship between elevated serum lipids and atherosclerosis is well established. Recent studies have demonstrated not only that the serum lipid concentration but also the distribution of TG and cholesterol within major lipoprotein classes are of importance for the development of atherosclerosis. Elevated plasma concentrations of LDL and decreased HDL are associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis. To study the influence of lipid profile in diabetic patients on the incidence of cerebrovascular events.Methods: The study was based on 60 patients meeting the inclusion criteria from those who were admitted at Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India from Feb 2013-May 2014. Detailed history was taken and thorough physical examination done pertaining to the involved condition. Patients who were conscious, slow progression of neurological deficit, rapid onset of lateralizing signs with variable blood pressure were considered to be suffering from infarction.Results: The mean values of lipid profile were significantly different among the gender. There were more females with medium and high TC values as compared to females and this difference was found to be significant. Though the number of females with high HDL values was more than males, the difference was not found to be significant. The number of females with high LDL values was far more than males and this difference was found to be significant. Though the number of females was more with high TG values, the difference was not found to be significant.Conclusions: In conclusion, our study gives evidence that poor glycemic control is a strong risk factor for stroke in patients with NIDDM.
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Background: Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by an inability of the body to metabolize glucose properly. The prevalence of diabetes is rapidly rising all over the globe at an alarming rate. As Insulin and non-insulin dependent diabetes shows their effect on various physiological systems includes central, peripheral and autonomic nervous systems, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and other vital systems. A common complications due to the IDDM and NIDDM includes peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy and vascular complication. Insulin and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, both affect the peripheral nervous system significantly. Therefore we would like to find out neurophysiological changes on peripheral nervous systems between insulin and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Aim: To find out the Neuro-physiological changes between IDDM and NIDDM. Materials and Method: 120 individuals screened with SF36 (general health good and above) were included with age limit between 25 to 60 years. Those individuals having a history of hospitalization in last 1 year, acute fever, present history of radiculopathy and open wound were excluded. They were divided into 2 groups IDDM and NIDDM. For nerve conduction study–distal latency, amplitude and NCV of sensory and motor nerves were performed. Nerve conduction studies of common peroneal, tibial and sural nerves were examined in both groups. Latency, NCV and CMAP/SNAP were taken as outcome measures. Result and Discussion: Bio-statistical analysis has been done using Mann-Whitney test. Result suggest that there is a significant difference in Neurophysiological changes (p<0.05) between IDDM and NIDDM groups. Conclusion: In context to our study and neurophysiological findings, individuals with IDDM must be taken into consideration for promotion, prevention, and care as compared to NIDDM for secondary complications.
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Background: Investigation of the structure and biosynthesis of glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) in the past decade have provided a means to objectively access the average level of glycemia in diabetic patient. The use of Glycosylated hemoglobin level as integrated index of long term blood glucose level, represent a significant tool in our research and therapeutic armamentarium. In this study, we have estimated glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) in diabetic and non diabetic person and its relationship with fasting and post prandial blood sugar levels. Materials and methods: In present study, Glycosylated hemoglobin levels were estimated by using cation exchange resin method. The study was conducted from November 2012 to October 2014. Measurement of total HbA1c and blood sugar were carried out at Diabetic research laboratory, Tertiary care centre, Teaching Institute. 110 Non diabetic persons studied as a control, which were proved to be Non diabetic from history, FBS, PPBS, Urine sugar. Persons with family history of diabetes were not included in control group (Group: X). 350 diabetic patients which included new and old cases, IDDM and NIDDM cases, complicated and non complicated cases, among them 241 were having NIDDM and 109 were having IDDM type of diabetes (Group: Y+Z). All cases thoroughly studied and details about personal data, history, clinical examination, laboratory investigations, complication of diabetes and type of treatment were noted. Results: In IDDM, there was higher value of mean GHb (13.13%), than in NIDDM (mean GHB 11.89%). Patients having Insulin therapy had higher value of GHb (13.08%) than with on oral hypoglycemic agents (11.91%) and patients on dietary modification had level 9.44%. There was no Modi D, Rathod GB, Delwadia KN, Goswami HM. Study of significance of glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic patient. IAIM, 2016; 3(4): 1-10. Page 2 significant difference in GHb among patients with complication (12.26%) and patients without complications (12.29%). Conclusion: Glycosylated hemoglobin assay defines an end point as the fuel of diabetic therapy and provides a powerful stimulus to the patients to improve their compliance. Glycosylated hemoglobin assay may provide an alternative method of screening for diabetes.
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The specific α-amylase inhibitory activity of Setaria italica Linn (Co-6) was determined by using heat-treated and ammonium sulphate precipitated fractions of α-amylase isolated from Bacillus sp. The α-amylase inhibitor from S. italica Linn (Co-6) was precipitated with 1.0 M fraction of ammonium sulphate and used for further purification and characterization. To overcome the endogenous α-amylase activity, the extract was subjected to the heat treatment at 60 ºC. Complete loss of α-amylase inhibitory activity of the millet extract was evidenced above 85 °C. The results of this study suggest that, the use of S. italica Linn (Co-6) flour exhibits significant α- amylase inhibitory activity, in a dose dependent manner for Non- Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM).
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Background & Objectives: NIDDM is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. NIDDM increases the risk for all manifestations of atherosclerotic vascular disease, coronary heart disease, cerebro-vascular disease and peripheral vascular disease. Coronary heart disease mortality and morbidity rates are two to four times higher in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic subjects. NIDDM is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The aim of the study was to assess the relation between serum uric acid and NIDDM. Methods: The study group included 30 NIDDM cases and 30 control of both sex. Fasting blood samples were collected from both cases and controls in Dhiraj General Hospital, Pipariya, vadodara. Fasting blood sugar, and serum levels of uric acid, creatinine, lipid profile assayed by standard IFCC protocol. Results: There was a significant increase in fasting blood sugar, serum creatinine, uric acid, and lipid profile with exception to high density lipoprotein in NIDDM cases as compared to control. However the correlation bet ween uric acid and other parameter was not very relevant. Conclusion: The study showed significant increase in serum uric acid with the increase in blood sugar value in NIDDM. Elevated uric acid levels are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in NIDDM.
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Objective To investigate the effect of the stage-change model on the behavior changes of patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Methods A total of 169 cases NID-DM patients were randomly divided into the control group (84 cases )and the experimental group(85 cases ).The regular health education for the self behavior changes was carried out among patients in the control group,while besides the regular health education conducted in the control group,the stage- change model was additionally used in patients of the experimental group.By virtue of the self-design questionnaire,the surveys were performed on 2 groups respectively before the implementation,6 months and 12 months after the implementation.The behavior stages and behavior changes for the patients in 2 groups were compared. Results The end period of stage behavior and behavior change for patients in the experimental group were obviously better than those in the control group. Conclusions The stage-change model could accelerate the behavior change of patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
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Objective To research the effect of alimentary tract reconstruction after gastrectomy on the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus(non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM). Methods From January 2005 to January 2008, perioperative blood glucose level and insulin therapy in 24 gastric cancer or periampullary carcinoma patients with non-obesity type 2 diabetes were retrospectively analyzed. These patients underwent different alimentary tract reconstruction, including 8 patients for Billroth I, 10 for standard Whipples operation, 6 for esophageal Roux-en-Y jejunostomy after total gastrectomy. Glucose level and insulin dosage of thease patients were compared. Results In the patients underwent Billroth I operation, change of blood glucose level before and after operation was not significant(P＞0.05). The level of blood glucose in patients underwent Whipples operation and total gastrectomy were significant changed 1 and 2 months after the operation (P<0.001). In Billroth I group, 5 patients used insulin to control hyperglycemia preoperatively. After the operation, 2 patents maintained preoperative insulin dosage, 2 had to increase the use of insulin and 1 decreased the insulin dosage. In Whipples group, 6 patients used insulin preoperatively. Interestingly, 4 patents needed less insulin to control hyperglycemia and 2 were free of insulin dependance. In total gastrectomy group, there were 4 patients using insulin to control hyperglycemia. After the operation, 2 patents needed less insulin dosage and 2 stopped using insulin. Conclusions Both Whipples operation and total gastrectomy lead to decreased blood glucose level in NIDDM patients and less need of insulin.The effect of some types of alimentary tract reconstruction after gastrectomy on treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is assertive.
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Objective To study the relationship between serum amyloid A(SAA)and the common carotid intima-media thickness(IMT)in type 2 diabetic(T_2DM)patients.Methods Sixty-nine patients with type 2 diabetes,and 20 healthy subjects regarded as the normal controls(NC)were enrolled in the study from January to July of 2005.SAA levels were measured using ELISA.The carotid IMT were examined by hypersensitive color Doppler ultrasonography.Results SAA level was significantly elevated in type 2 diabetes group compared with that in the control3.08(2.1~5.06)mg/L vs 1.37(1.07~1.86)mg/L,P
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PURPOSE: This study was done to identify fat distribution and blood pressure according to anthropometric change patterns between NIDDM patients and control subjects. METHODS: Cross-sectionally 167 NIDDM patients and 87 controls were studied. Previous maximal body weight and acute weight loss was obtained. Current height, body weight, BMI, waist-hip ratio(WHR), skinfold thicknesses(abdomen, subscapular and triceps), and blood pressure was measured. Three anthropometric change patterns were categorized by BMI changes from the maximum lifetim's BMI to the current time (obese-obese, obese-nonobese and nonobese-nonobese: obese: BMI > or =25 kg/m2, nonobese: BMI<25 kg/m2). The data was analyzed by chi-square, t-test, age adjusted ANCOVA and Least Squares Means(LSM) for multiple comparison. RESULT: Acute body weight loss(p=0.01), anthropometric change types (p=0.001), WHR (P=0.05), and skinfold thickness (p=0.002) of NIDDM were significantly higher than those of the controls. The mean arterial pressure, WHR and skinfold thicknesses were greater in both obese-obese and obese-nonobese NIDDM and control subjects compared with both nonobese-nonobese NIDDM and control subjects. (all p's<0.05). CONCLUSION: NIDDM patients had more central and upper body adiposicity. Also both obese-obese and obese-nonobese NIDDM and control subjects had higher mean arterial pressures and central body obesity.
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Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Anthropometry , Blood Pressure , Body Fat Distribution , Body Mass Index , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis , Korea , Multivariate Analysis , Obesity , Waist-Hip RatioABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the cognitive function in NIDDM patients. METHOD: The data were collected at MI OPD in C University hospital. with Digit Span Forward & Backward, Trail Making Test-A, Trail Making Test-B, and MMSE. RESULT: There were significant differences in DF, DB, TMT-A, and TMT-B according to gender, and in TMT-A according to living with spouse and comorbidity. There were significant differences in DF, DB, TMT-A, TMT-B, and MMSE according to monthly income, and in DF, TMT-A, and TMT-B according to hypertensive state. But, there was no difference in cognitive function score according to diabetes-related complication and diabetes treatment modality. There was a significant positive correlation between duration of NIDDM and TMT-A (r=.215, p=.025). The global cognition score was explained 42.1% of varient by age, duration of education, monthly income, and hypertensive state. CONCLUSION: As above results showed, among age, duration of education, monthly income, and hypertensive state, prevented and managed hypertensive state which is modifiable factor may reduce or delay cognitive function impairment in NIDDM patients. And DF & DB, TMT-A & B could be more utilized as useful cognitive function measurements because those tests reflected cognitive function in NIDDM patients better than MMSE.
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Humans , Cognition , Comorbidity , Diabetes Complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Education , SpousesABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate the correlation between diabetic retinopathy (DR) and arteriolosclerosis in patients with NIDDM (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), to investigate the risk factors of DR, and to assess the change of the correlation according to the risk factors. METHODS: The study subjects were selected from consecutive routine clinical visits by random sampling from July 2002 to June 2003. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of DR, and the patients' charts, fundus examination and blood test were retrospectively reviewed. ETDRS (Early Treatment DR Study) classification for DR and Scheie classification for arteriolosclerosis were used. Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS program (version 10.0). The confidence interval was set to 95%, and the level of significance was set at p=0.05. RESULTS: DR had a statistically significant correlation with arteriolosclerosis, especially according to duration of diabetes mellitus (p<0.05). Risk factors including diabetes mellitus duration, HgA1c level, and LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol level showed statistically significant difference (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: From the result of analysis, DR has a statistically significant correlation with arteriolosclerosis, especially according to the duration of diabetes mellitus. To prevent vision-threatening complications of DR, the degree of arteriolosclerosis as well as risk factors such as diabetes mellitus duration, serum HgA1c level, and LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol level should be carefully considered and monitored in the evaluation, progression, and treatment of DR.
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Humans , Arteriolosclerosis , Cholesterol , Classification , Diabetes Mellitus , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Diabetic Retinopathy , Hematologic Tests , Retrospective Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
This study was carried out to provide information on the effect of nutrition education program for diabetic patients at the Guri City's Public Health Center. Subjects of this study were 31 persons(male 7, female 24) who attended all courses of "2002 Diabetes Education Class". They were indicated as the 'education group'(EG). Eating and living habits of EG were investigated before the education. EG's weight and blood glucose (post prandial 2 hours, PP2) were examined as well. EG's PP2 reduction was compared with a 'control group'(CG) who didn't join any course in that class. All of the subjects were non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM) patients. EG's average age was 62.4+/-8.8. Before taking the course, EG's PP2 was 251.5+/-29.6mg/dl, and body mass index(BMI) was 26.3+/-2.3 on average. Most of them were stressed out from their daily lives and usually had no exercise. Most people of EG ate meals rapidly and liked sweet and fatty foods. After the course of training, EG's weight and BMI before the training were not decreased significantly. However, all of the EG's PP2s, which were measured 4 times(before the meal at the special lunch session, after 2 hours at this meal, after 2 weeks and 4 weeks dietary assembly), were decreased in comparison with the PP2 which was checked prior to joining the training. EG's average PP2 was more reduced than CG's one. In addition, all groups' PP2s were decreased for 8 weeks. After all, this nutritional education at the public health center was effective in glycemic control for diabetes mellitus patients. Especially, when the dietary assembly as practical training was included in the educational process, the patient's dietary intake and PP2 was improved more effectively. Therefore, this study suggests that nutrition work at public health centers is necessary for the Health Promotion Policy.
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Adult , Female , Humans , Blood Glucose , Diabetes Mellitus , Eating , Education , Health Promotion , Lunch , Meals , Public HealthABSTRACT
This study was carried out to provide information on the effect of nutrition education program for diabetic patients at the Guri City's Public Health Center. Subjects of this study were 31 persons(male 7, female 24) who attended all courses of "2002 Diabetes Education Class". They were indicated as the 'education group'(EG). Eating and living habits of EG were investigated before the education. EG's weight and blood glucose (post prandial 2 hours, PP2) were examined as well. EG's PP2 reduction was compared with a 'control group'(CG) who didn't join any course in that class. All of the subjects were non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM) patients. EG's average age was 62.4+/-8.8. Before taking the course, EG's PP2 was 251.5+/-29.6mg/dl, and body mass index(BMI) was 26.3+/-2.3 on average. Most of them were stressed out from their daily lives and usually had no exercise. Most people of EG ate meals rapidly and liked sweet and fatty foods. After the course of training, EG's weight and BMI before the training were not decreased significantly. However, all of the EG's PP2s, which were measured 4 times(before the meal at the special lunch session, after 2 hours at this meal, after 2 weeks and 4 weeks dietary assembly), were decreased in comparison with the PP2 which was checked prior to joining the training. EG's average PP2 was more reduced than CG's one. In addition, all groups' PP2s were decreased for 8 weeks. After all, this nutritional education at the public health center was effective in glycemic control for diabetes mellitus patients. Especially, when the dietary assembly as practical training was included in the educational process, the patient's dietary intake and PP2 was improved more effectively. Therefore, this study suggests that nutrition work at public health centers is necessary for the Health Promotion Policy.
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Adult , Female , Humans , Blood Glucose , Diabetes Mellitus , Eating , Education , Health Promotion , Lunch , Meals , Public HealthABSTRACT
AIM: To observe the glucose-lowering effect of orally administered stilbenoid E1 on rats with experimental non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM). METHODS: The rat model of NIDDM was established by tail-vein injection of a low dose of freshly prepared streptozotocin (STZ, 0.1 mmol·kg-1 which can injure the islet cells and cause impairment of glucose tolerance. Then, NIDDM rats were fed with high glucose-high fat diets in order to make them obese. RESULTS: stilbenoid E1 could significantly lower the fasting blood glucose and blood glucose levels of 60 min and 120 min in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in NIDDM rats. However, stilbenoid E1 (0.1 mmol·L-1 and 0.001 mmol·L-1) in buffer with or without glucose could not stimulate βTC-3 cells to secret insulin. CONCLUSION: stilbenoid E1 has a great glucose-lowering effect by means of improving the effectiveness of insulin, but not by stimulating the islet cells to secret insulin.
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PURPOSE: This study was intended to examine the effects of a telephone consulting program on self-efficacy and self-care in NIDDM patients. METHOD: Sixty-eight NIDDM patients participated. Thirty-six were assigned to the experimental group and received the telephone consulting program from one to two times per week for 4 weeks. This program was undertaken by base on small booklet relating to diabetic disease summary, diet, drug, exercise, foot management, prevention and treatment of complications, and insulin injection methods. RESULT: 1. Hypothesis 1 that "the experimental group who receives the telephone consulting program will have higher self-efficacy score than the control group who does not have the telephone consulting" was supported (t=5.12, p= .000). 2. Hypothesis 2 that "the experimental group who receives the telephone consulting program will have higher self-care score than the control group who does not have the telephone consulting" was supported(t=5.29, p= .000). CONCLUSION: The telephone consulting program improved self-efficacy and self-care in NIDDM patients. Accordingly, this program can be adopted as an effective nursing intervention in the care of the diabetic patients.
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Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Diet , Foot , Insulin , Nursing , Pamphlets , Self Care , TelephoneABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Diabetic nephropathy develops in 20-30% of patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Poor glycemic control, hypertension and duration of diabetes are known as risk factors for the development of diabetic nephropathy and there is high prevalence of diabetic nephropathy in the patients who have familial history of diabetic nephropathy, so it has been assumed that genetic factor is associated with the background of its occurences. Recently it has been observed that a cytosine to thymidine substitution of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene at nucleotide 677 (C677T) was related to diabetic nephropathy in patients with NIDDM and MTHFR gene polymorphism was also known to predispose to vascular disease. This study was performed to investigate whether MTHFR gene polymorphism is associated with the development of diabetic nephropathy and macrovascular disease in NIDDM patients. METHODS: The study population consisted of 243 NIDDM patients (duration> OR = 10 years). Nephropathy was defined by 24 hour urinary protein excretion of more than 500 mg. The MTHFR gene fragment was extracted using the polymerase chain reaction. The presence of the mutation was identified by HinfI digestion, which cuts at the mutation site, followed by 2.5% metaphore agarose electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining. Statistical differences in genotype distribution and allele frequencies among the groups were assessed by the chi-square test. RESULTS: There was no difference in clinical characteristics except the prevalence of hypertension and diabetic retinopathy between nephropathy group and non-nephropathy group. The data do not show any difference of genotype distribution or allele frequencies between patients with or without diabetic nephropathy and macrovascular disease CONCLUSION: With the above results, it is assumed that there are no significant relationships among MTHFR gene polymorphism, diabetic nephropathy, and macrovascular disease.