Effect of medium frequency electrical stimulation on expression of neurotrophin-3 in rat masseter muscle / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective • To investigate the effect of medium frequency electrical stimulation on the expression of neurotrophin-3(NT-3) in the mandibular protrusion of SD rats. Methods • Sixty male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=20): blank control group, conditioned control group (treated with functional appliance, but without medium frequency electrical stimulation) and experimental group (treated with functional appliance and medium frequency electrical stimulation). Five rats in each group were sacrificed on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st day to prepare the samples of masseter muscle. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR methods were used to detect the protein and mRNA expressions of NT-3 in the masseter muscle of rats. Results • The protein and mRNA expressions of NT-3 were increased firstly and then decreased in the conditioned control group and the experimental group, compared with those in the blank control group. Moreover, the protein and mRNA expressions of NT-3 in the conditioned control group were still higher than those in the blank control group on the 21st day (both P<0.05), while the protein and mRNA expressions of NT-3 in the experimental group almost returned to the normal level on the 21st day. Conclusion • Medium frequency electrical stimulation may accelerate the rate of neuromuscular reconstruction and shorten the time of functional orthopedic therapy in rats.

Depressive symptoms and neurotrophin levels in ostomy patients / Sintomas depressivos e níveis de neurotrofina em pacientes com ostomia

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the depressive symptoms and changes in neurotrophins (BDNF, NGF, NT-3), and cortisol levels in serum of peripheral blood from ostomy patients compared to healthy control group. Methods: We evaluated ostomy (n = 29) and healthy control (n = 30) patients. The neurotrophin (BDNF, NGF, NT-3), and cortisol levels were assessed by ELISA in serum of peripheral blood. Depressive symptoms were defined based on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and major depression disorder was based on clinical interviews and was confirmed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). Results: The results showed a significant decrease in BDNF levels and, a significant increase in NT-3 levels in serum of peripheral blood from ostomy patients when compared to healthy controls. The levels of NGF and cortisol showed no significant differences between groups. The depressive symptom evaluations by HDRS demonstrated a significant increase in ostomy patients when compared to healthy controls. The major depression disorder diagnosis by SCID-I showed no significant difference between groups. Conclusion: Our results suggest ostomy triggers significant depressive symptoms and alterations in neurotrophins levels in serum of peripheral blood samples collected from these patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os sintomas depressivos e alterações nos níveis de neurotrofinas (BDNF, NGF, NT-3) e cortisol em soro de sangue periférico de pacientes ostomizados em comparação com grupo controle saudável. Métodos: Foram avaliados pacientes ostomizados (n = 29) e controles saudáveis (n = 30). Os níveis de neurotrofinas (BDNF, NGF, NT-3) e cortisol foram avaliados por kit ELISA em soro de sangue periférico. Os sintomas depressivos foram definidos com base na Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), e o transtorno depressivo maior foi baseado em entrevistas clínicas e confirmado pela Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). Resultados: Os resultados mostraram diminuição significativa nos níveis de BDNF e aumento significativo nos níveis de NT-3 no soro de sangue periférico de pacientes ostomizados quando comparados com controles saudáveis. Os níveis de NGF e cortisol não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos. As avaliações dos sintomas depressivos pela HDRS demonstraram aumento significativo em pacientes ostomizados quando comparados com controles saudáveis. O diagnóstico de transtorno depressivo maior pela SCID-I não mostrou diferença significativa entre os grupos. Conclusão: Nossos resultados sugerem que a ostomia desencadeia sintomas depressivos significativos e alterações nos níveis de neurotrofinas no soro de sangue periférico coletadas desses pacientes

Effects of aripiprazole on clinical symptoms and serum neurotrophic factor levels in patients with schizophrenia / 中国神经精神疾病杂志

Objective To explore the effects of aripiprazole on clinical symptoms and neurotrophic factor levels in patients with schizophrenia. Methods Forty patients with schizophrenia and 40 normal controls were included in the study. The clinical symptoms of patients receiving aripiprazole only for 12 weeks were evaluated by using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Stroop Color-Word Test (SCWT), Continuous Performance Test, Digit-Symbol Coding Test and Trail Making Test-A were used to evaluate the cognitive function both in patients and controls. Serum levels of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results The clinical scores, cognitive function and levels of neurotrophic factors were different before and after treatment (P<0.01). And those were significantly lower in patients than in control group (P<0.05). Before treatment, BDNF was negatively correlated with PANSS negative symptom score (r=-0.362, P=0.022);NGF was related to the total score of PANSS (r=0.332, P=0.037) and positive symptoms (r=0.401, P=0.010); NT-3 was associated with negative symptom scores (r=-0.376, P=0.017) and SCWT-color words (r=0.332, P=0.037) in patient group. After treatment, the increase in BDNF was correlated with the reduction in PANSS total score (r=0.371, P=0.018), negative symptom score (r=0.345, P=0.029) and general pathology score (r=0.342, P=0.031). There was a correlation of the increase of NGF with the decrease of PANSS total scores (r=0.437, P=0.005) and with positive symptom scores (r=0.357, P=0.024). Conclusion Treatment with Aripiprazole can improve the clinical symptoms and cognitive functiona impairments in patients with schizophrenia, which may be related to the increase in serum levels of BDNF, NGF and NT-3.

An Analysis of Movement Function of SD Rats'Spinal Cord Injury After Joint Therapy Using NT- 3- HUMSCs and SOCS3 Gene Silencing / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective To achieve the purpose of promoting movement function of the injury nerve by using the joint therapy of NT- 3- HUMSCs and SOCS3 gene silencing on SD rats'spinal cord injury. Methods (1) We used adherence method in vitro human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal cells (HUMSC) during separation, purification and identification. (2) Then constructed NT-3 gene eukaryotic expression vector, which was transfected into its HUMSC, and constructed NT-3- HUMSC cell survival in vitro assay conditions and NT-3 expression. (3) We selected specific targets for SOCS3 screening and for sequence homology analysis. A negative control group was established. siRNA was designed and synthesized in vitro detection. (4) SD rats with spinal cord injury model were divided into two categories: (1) sham group with 10 rats; (2) T12 whole spinal cord injury model with 40 rats. The 40 rats were randomly divided into four groups with 10 rats in each group (saline treatment group,siRNA +NT-3-HUMSCs treatment group,NT-3-HUMSCs treatment group and siRNA treated group) . Motor function of the rats were evaluated respectively in 1, 2 and 3 months after the modeling was established successfully.Results(1) siRNA + NT-3-HUMSCs treatment group's BBB scores was significantly higher than NT-3-HUMSCs, SOCS3-siRNA and physiological saline groups ( P＜0.05) . (2) The grid climbing experiments showed that the neural functional recovery performed better in siRNA+the NT- 3- HUMSCs treatment group compared to the NT - 3 - HUMSCs, SOCS3 - siRNA and physiological saline groups (P＜0.05) . Conclusion The NT- 3- HUMSCs joint SOCS3 gene silencing in the treatment of SD rat spinal cord injury can improve the motor function of SD rat spinal cord injury.

Joint Therapy by NT-3-HUMSCs and SOCS3 Gene Dilencing in Nerve Regeneration Repair after Spinal Cord Injury in SD Rats / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the effect of joint therapy by NT-3-HUMSCs and SOCS3 gene silencing in promoting the injury nerve regeneration repair after spinal cord injury in SD rats. Methods (1) Adherence method was used to culture human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal cells (HUMSC) in vitro for separation, purification and identification. (2) We constructed NT-3 gene eukaryotic expression vector, and used gene transfection technology into its HUMSC, and tested the survival of NT-3-HUMSC cells and NT-3 expression in cells. (3) We screened specific targets of SOCS3, made sequence homology analysis, and set a negative control, designed and synthesized siRNA and detected the function. (4) SD rats model of spinal cordinjury were established and divided into: 1. sham group 10; 2.T12 whole spinal cord injury model 40, were randomly divided into four groups, respectively; saline treatment group 10; siRNA + NT-3-HUMSCs treatment group 10; NT-3-HUMSCs treatment group 10; siRNA treated group 10. After each group above modeling success, they received respectively the neural electrophysiological monitoring for 12 weeks survival. (5) We perfused SD rats for fixation and collect samples, and observed the local glial scar degradation situation and axon regeneration, meanwhile, used biotin glucan fluorescent (BDA) anterograde tracing. The injury transplant area-host junction spinal cord tissues were collected to observe the corticospinal tract regeneration under microscope. Results (1) In siRNA + NT-3-HUMSCs treatment group, the transection syringomyelia was significantly reduced as compared with normal saline group (P ＜ 0.05). (2) BDA anterograde tracing results showed that in the siRNA + NT-3-HUMSCs treatment group, neural axon grew significantly compared with the normal saline group. (3) Neural electrophysiological testing 12 weeks after injury: in the treatment group, the incubation period P40 was shorter as compared with control group; in siRNA + NT-3-HUMSCs treatment group, the incubation period was shorter obviously than normal saline, but the amplitude increased obviously (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion NT-3-HUMSCs joint with SOCS3 gene silencing can promote the injury nerve regeneration repair in the treatment of SD rat spinal cord injury.

Papel del factor neurotrófico de origen cerebral y de la neurotropina-3 en la relación de Chlamydophila pneumoniae con la esquizofrenia / The relationship of Chlamydophila pneumoniae with schizophrenia: The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in this relationship

Several pathogens have been suspected of playing a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Chronic inflammation has been proposed to occur as a result of persistent infection caused by Chlamydophila pneumoniae cells that reside in brain endothelial cells for many years. It was recently hypothesized that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) may play prominent roles in the development of schizophrenia. NT-3 and BDNF levels have been suggested to change in response to various manifestations of infection. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the roles of BDNF and NT3 in the schizophrenia-C. pneumoniae infection relationship. RT-PCR, immunofluorescence and ELISA methods were used. Fifty patients suffering from schizophrenia and 35 healthy individuals were included as the patient group (PG) and the healthy control group (HCG), respectively. We detected persistent infection in 14 of the 50 individuals in the PG and in 1 of the 35 individuals in the HCG. A significant difference was found between the two groups (p < 0.05). Twenty-two individuals in the PG and 13 in the HCG showed seropositivity for past C. pneumoniae infection, and no difference was observed between the groups (p > 0.05). C. pneumoniae DNA was not detected in any group. A significant difference in NT-3 levels was observed between the groups, with very low levels in the PG (p < 0.001). A significant difference in BDNF levels was also found, with lower levels in the PG (p < 0.05). The mean serum NT-3 level was higher in the PG cases with C. pneumoniae seropositivity than in seronegative cases; however, this difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In conclusion, we suggest that NT-3 levels during persistent C. pneumoniae infection may play a role in this relationship.

Existe la sospecha de que algunos patógenos pueden desempeñar un papel en la patogénesis de la esquizofrenia; en ese contexto, se ha propuesto que la infección persistente causada por células de Chlamydophila pneumoniae presentes en las células endoteliales cerebrales durante muchos años lleva a la inflamación crónica. Recientemente se ha planteado la hipótesis de que el factor neurotrófico de origen cerebral (BDNF, por sus siglas en inglés) y la neurotropina-3 (NT-3) podrían estar implicados en el desarrollo de la esquizofrenia, y se ha sugerido que sus niveles se modifican en respuesta a diversas manifestaciones de la infección. En esta investigación intentamos esclarecer el papel que desempeñan el BDNF y la NT3 en la relación entre la esquizofrenia y la infección por C. pneumoniae. Se utilizaron métodos de RT-PCR, inmunofluorescencia y ELISA. Se incluyeron 50 pacientes con esquizofrenia y 35 individuos sanos como grupo de pacientes (GP) y grupo de controles sanos (GCS), respectivamente. Detectamos una infección persistente en 14 sujetos del GP y en 1 de los del GCS, lo que constituyó una diferencia significativa (p < 0,05). Veinte participantes del GP y 13 del GCS fueron seropositivos para una infección pasada por C. pneumoniae, diferencia no significativa (p > 0,05). No se detectó ADN de C. pneumoniae en ninguno de los dos grupos. Se observó una diferencia significativa entre los grupos en los niveles de NT-3, que fueron muy bajos en el GP (p < 0,001), y de BDNF, inferiores en el GP (p < 0,05). La concentración sérica media de NT-3 fue mayor en los individuos seropositivos para C. pneumoniae en comparación con los seronegativos, pero esta diferencia no alcanzó significación estadística (p > 0,05). Sugerimos que los niveles de NT-3 durante una infección persistente por C. pneumoniae pueden estar implicados en la relación de Chlamydophila pneumoniae con la esquizofrenia.

Changes of content of monoamine neurotransmitters and expression of neurotrophic factors in brain regions of rat models of anxious depression / 中国实验动物学报

Objective To study the content of monoamine neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex in anxious depression rats, and explore the possible pathogenesis.Methods 60 SD rats were randomly divided into normal group, vehicle group, anxiety group, depression group, and anxious depression group, 12 rats in each group.Chronic restraint stress combined with corticosterone injection was used to establish anxiety and depression model, the modeling time was 21 d.After modeling, elevated plus maze test, open field test, and forced swimming test were used to evaluate the anxiety and depression-like behavior, HPLC-ECD was used to detect the content of 5-HT, NE, and DA in the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex of rats.Western-blotting was used to detect the expression of BDNF and NT-3 in rats.Results Rats in anxious depression model group were comparable to the anxiety group in time and frequency entering open arm time, and number of locomotor activity in open field, and it had a significant difference when compared with the control and depression groups (P<0.01 or P<0.05).Immobile time in anxious depression model rats was increased significantly when compared with the control and anxiety groups (P<0.01).Meanwhile, compared with the control group, 5-HT in hippocampus and 5-HT, NE in amygdala or prefrontal cortex were significantly decreased in the depressive rats with anxiety (P<0.01 or P<0.05).Moreover, the content of BDNF and NT-3 was significantly decreased in each brain regions compared with the control group (P<0.01 or P<0.05), and BDNF levels were obviously decreased compared with the anxiety group (P<0.05).Conclusions Rats of anxious depression have significant anxiety and depression-like behaviors.Its mechanism may be associated with the down-regulation of monoamine neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors BDNF and NT-3 in hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex region.

Construction and identification of the recombinant retroviral vector to carry out hypoxia-regulated expression of neurotrophin-3 / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective To construct and identify the recombinant retroviral vector containing five copies of hypoxia responsive elements (5HRE)and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3 ).Methods Using PCR,enzyme digestion and DNA ligase,5HRE and human derived NT-3 were cloned into the retroviral vector plasmid (pLNCX)to construct the recombinant retroviral vector plasmid pLNCX-5HRE-SV40-NT3-IRES-EGFP.The retrovirus RV-5HRE-NT3 was packaged in the PT67 cells,and then it was purified and concentrated by high-speed centrifugation.After infected for 48 h with the concentrated retrovirus,the number of the EGFP positive cells in the NIH 3T3 cells was counted by fluorescence activated cells and sorted to calculate the retrovirus titer.Results The retroviral vector plasmid,pLNCX-5HRE-SV40-NT3-IRES-EGFP,was successfully constructed,and the retrovirus was packaged and defined as RV-5HRE-NT3.After purification and concentration,the retrovirus titer reached 9.1 × 10 6 cfu/mL. Conclusion The recombinant retroviral vector which carried out hypoxia-regulated expression of NT-3 was successfully constructed.It may provide basis for studies on hypoxia-regulated expression of the exogenous genes.

Chronic Stress Induces Neurotrophin-3 in Rat Submandibular Gland

PURPOSE: Plasma neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) levels are associated with several neural disorders. We previously reported that neurotrophins were released from salivary glands following acute immobilization stress. While the salivary glands were the source of plasma neurotrophins in that situation, the association between the expression of neurotrophins and the salivary gland under chronic stress conditions is not well understood. In the present study, we investigated whether NT-3 levels in the salivary gland and plasma were influenced by chronic stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Expressions of NT-3 mRNA and protein were characterized, using real-time polymerase chain reactions, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry, in the submandibular glands of male rats exposed to chronic stress (12 h daily for 22 days). RESULTS: Plasma NT-3 levels were significantly increased by chronic stress (p<0.05), and remained elevated in bilaterally sialoadenectomized rats under the same condition. Since chronic stress increases plasma NT-3 levels in the sialoadenectomized rat model, plasma NT-3 levels were not exclusively dependent on salivary glands. CONCLUSION: While the salivary gland was identified in our previous study as the source of plasma neurotrophins during acute stress, the exposure to long-term stress likely affects a variety of organs capable of releasing NT-3 into the bloodstream. In addition, the elevation of plasma NT-3 levels may play important roles in homeostasis under stress conditions.

Different types of coexpression of BDNF,NGF and NT-3 mRNA and proteins in the left sixth lumbar dorsal root ganglion of cats / 神经解剖学杂志

The present study investigated different types of eoexpression of brain derived neumtmphic factor(BDNF),nerve growth factor(NGF)and neutmphin-3(NT-3)mRNA and/or proteins in the left sixth lumbar dorsal root ganglion(DRG)of cats and discuss themechanism of coexpression in order to provide foundation for elucidating the relationship between the expression of neurotrophic factors andspinal cord plasticity.The eats used in this study were normal animals without any interventional treatment.They were subjected to renloveof the left L6 DRG and their DRG were processed for immunohistechemistry and in situ hybridization double staining to observe whetherthere are coexpression of mRNA and proteins of BDNF,NGF and NT-3.The results showed that the pmteios and mRNA of BDNF,NGFand NT-3 were all expressed in the DRG of cats,but the types of coexpression of mRNA and proteins were different and diverse amongthese three neumtrophic factors.The results of immunohiatochemistry showed that BDNF immunoreactivities were mainly observed in thecytoplasm and nucleus,and the staining of nucleus was weaker than that of cytoplasm;NGF immunoreactivities were mainly observed innucleus while NT-3 mainly in cytoplasm.The results of in situ hybridization showed that BDNF and NGF positive signals mostly distributedin the cytoplasm,NT-3 positive signals were observed in both the cytoplasm and nucleus.Our results suggest that the proteins and mRNAof BDNF,NGF and NT-3 have different types of coexpression which indicate they may have autocrine and/or paracrine mechanism contrib-uting to the plasticity of spinal cord in the left L6 DRG of cats.

Expression and purification of rat brain NT-3 fusion protein and its antibody preparation / 基础医学与临床

Objective To clone NT-3 gene from normal rat brain and to purify its fusion protein and to prepare specific high titer antibody so that to provide a foundation for further study for peripheral nerve injury.MethodsWe amplified target gene by RT-PCR and cloned it into the vector of pMD-18T,then analyzed its sequence and compared it with the sequence from GenBank.We subcloned it into pRSET-A vector and introduced it into Escherichia coli BL21.The expression was induced by IPTG,and identified by SDS-PAGE.The fusion protein was purified by niccolum purify kit.We immuned rabbits with immunological adjuvant for specificity antibody preparation.Results We got a 777 bp gene segment by RT-PCR.The DNA sequence was identical to rat NT-3 gene sequence in GenBank.It proved that the target gene was correctly inserted into the vector.A new protein band of about 34 ku appeared on SDS-PAGE after induction of IPTG.A specific high titer antibody of 1∶64000 was gained by immunizing rabbits with adjuvant.

Repaire of rabbit facial nerve by the transplantation of NSCs-HA-NT-3 complex / 基础医学与临床

Objective To explore the possibility of repairing injured facial nerve with tissue engineering technology and neural stem cells(NSCs).The complex consisted of NSCs,scaffold and NT-3.NSCs were immature cells with the potential of self-renewal and multiple differentiation to neurons and glial cells.The scaffold with porous surface was made of hyaluronic acid and collagen(HA-Col gel) which degenerate in vivo after transplantation.NT-3 is the signal to promote neurons survival in vitro.Methods NSCs of S-D rat were co-cultured with scaffold and NT-3 in vitro.The two stumps of disconnected facial nerve of rabbit were re-connected with the complex.Electrophysiology and morphology tests were used to examine functional and morphological changes.Results Result] NSCs adhered to the HA-Col gel and survived.Injured facial nerve fixed by NSCs-HA-Col gel-NT-3 complex showed significant improvement in function and anatomical structure.Conclusion Combinative implant of NSCs,HA-Col gel and NT-3 may promote the regeneration of injured facial nerve.

Cloning and identification of normal mouse NT3 gene and the establishment and screening of cell strain expressing high level of NT3 gene / 第三军医大学学报

Objective To clone and identify neurotrophic factor NT3 gene from mouse liver so as to establish a cell strain expressing high level of NT3 gene. Methods The target genes amplified by RT PCR were cloned into the shuttle vector pExchange 1neo, and then the DNA sequence was analyzed by enzyme digestion and sequencing. The recombinant expression vector pExchange NT3 1neo was employed to transfect the embryonic stem cell strain MESPU35, and then the transfected cells were selected by G418. The NT3 level in the transfected cells was detected by RT PCR. Results A gene fragment of 777 bp was obtained by RT PCR, and the DNA sequence was identical to mice NT 3 gene sequence of GenBank. The recombinant vector was constructed successfully and the constructed cell strain could express high level of NT 3 gene. Conclusion The successful cloning of NT3 gene from mouse liver, construction of pExchange NT3 1neo expression vector, and establishment of cell strain stably expressing high level of NT3 gene have laid a foundation for the further studies.

Expression of mRNAs for BDNF and NT-3 in Reactive Astrocytes

OBJECTIVE: Astrocytes secrete various neurotrophic factors which act to support the survival and growth of neurons. Reactive astrocytes express an increased level of neurotrophic factors in response to central nervous system injury. We demonstrate that reactive astrocytes could express neurotrophic factors to promote neuronal rescue and generate functional recovery. METHODS: To investigate the correlation of neurotrophic factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) and neurotrophin-3(NT-3) to glutamate-induced reactive gliosis, mRNA expression of BDNF and NT-3 were detected by the RT-PCR technique. RESULTS: Exposure of cultured astrocytes to L-glutamate(1, 100, 200 and 500 microM) and scraped astrocytes for 1 day resulted in significant cell damage and we observed mRNA expression of BDNF and NT-3. The maximal expression of BDNF was observed in the control, scraped and L-glutamate treated astrocytes(1 microM). The basal expression of BDNF mRNA in astrocytes treated with L-glutamate(100, 200 and 500 microM) decreased relative to that of control, scraped and L-glutamate treated astrocytes(1 microM). Reactive gliosis, treatment of control astrocytes with glutamate, showed similar pattern for NT-3 mRNA expression. In a word, the basal content of NT-3 mRNA in scrape and L-glutamate(1, 100, 200 and 500 microM) expressed similar to that of control astrocytes. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that the reactive astrocytes also expressed mRNA of BDNF and NT-3 as normal astrocytes.

EFFECTS OF GANODERMA SPORE ON SURVIVAL AND EXPRESSION OF NT-3 AND NOS OF SPINAL MOTOR NEURON FOLLOWING VENTRAL ROOT CUT IN THE RAT / 解剖学报

Objective To explore the effects of Ganoderma spore(germination activated Ganoderma spore) on survival and expression of neurotrophin_3(NT_3) and nitric oxide synthase(NOS) of injured motor neurons in rat spinal cord. Methods Different dosages of Gandoerma spore were irrigated into the rat's stomach respectively in experimental groups after oneside ventral root cut.The survival ratio of injured motor neurons was counted.NT_3 expression of surviving motor neurons was measured by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization methods and NOS activity was measured by enzymo_histochemistry method. Results Thirty_five days after ventral root cut,the survival ratio of motor neurons was 47.32% in control group,and those were 67.11%,72.67% and 81.67% respectively in low,medial and high dosage Ganoderma spore groups.Expressions of NT_3 and NOS of surviving motor neurons in high dosage Ganoderma spore group were higher than those in control group.Conclusion Ganoderma spore may promote the survival of injured spinal motor neurons,and survival ratio of injured motor neurons is related to the dosages of Ganoderma spore.Ganoderma spore may also enhance the expressions of NT_3 and NOS of surviving spinal motor neurons.

GLIAL CELL LINE-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR AND NEUROTROPHIN-3 PROTECT HAIR CELLS FROM INJURY OF EXPOSURE TO TRAUMATIC NOISE: OBSERVATION OF THE NUCLEAR MORPHOLOGY / 解放军医学杂志

This study was aimed at to investigating the protective effect of a combined treatment with glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurotrophin 3 (NT 3) on noise induced outer hair cell (OHC) damage. Guinea pigs were subjected to receiving infusion of an artificial perilymph containing GDNF (100ng/ml) and NT 3 (2 5?g/ml) into one cochlea via a mini osmotic pump. Three days later, the animals were exposed to a 4kHz narrow band noise at 115 dB SPL for 4h. The control animals received the same treatment except GDNF and NT 3. Thresholds of auditory brainstem responses (ABRs), elicited by clicks, were measured before and 3 days after the surgery of the pump implantation, and 10 days following noise exposure. Then, the subjects were sacrificed and the cochleas were stained with Hoechst 33342. The specimens were examined under a fluorescence microscope for quantitative assessment of the OHC nuclear morphology. The results showed that compared with the control animals, the drug treated ones had significant less swollen OHC nuclei ( P

Effect of the intraperitoneal injection of ATP on denervated skeletal muscle atrophy and neurotrophic factor-3 in spinal cord motor neuron after brachial plexus injuries / 中华显微外科杂志

Objective To observe the influence of ATP protection after brachial plexus injuries. Methods A total of 80 female Wistar rats,weighting 280～300 g,were randomly divided into ATP and con- trol groups.The right C_5～T_1 nerve roots were transected and then the intraperitoneal injection of 4m[ of ATP or normal saline was given immediately and once daily to the rats,respectively.The rats were sacrificed on postoperative days 14,28 and 42 respectively.The C_5-T_1 segments of the spinal cord were harvested.NT-3 activity was measured by enzymo-histochemistry method.Four weeks and 6 weeks postoperatively,ultrastruc- ture of the denervated skeletal muscles was observed.Results Compared to the control group,the expres- sions of NT-3 was increased in the treated groups with ATP injection (P

Protein and C_(3b) Fc receptor expression of the macrophage in autotranspla ntated splenictissue / 中国普通外科杂志

Objective To investigate the f un ction of the autotransplanted splenic tissue. Method s 120 Kunming mice were randomly divided into two groups: sham operation group and group of 50% autograft splenic tissue implantation in the om ental pouch after total splenectomy. Six months after, splenic transplants were removed, and C 3b and Fc receptor and the expression of protein on the macr ophages was assayed in the implanted splenic tissue. Results The expression of protein and the receptor on the mac rophage in transplants were similar with that in the normal group. Conclusion The function of the macrophages in t he implanted splenic tissue judged by the expression of protein and receptor is normal, the autotransplanted splenic tissue can fulfil the function of the norma l spleen.

Immunohistochemical Study of TrkA Neurotrophin Receptor Expression during Thymic Regeneration / 대한해부학회지

Numerous studies have demonstrated interactions between the nervous/endocrine and the immune system. Increasing evidence suggests that some members of neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor (NGF) are involved in the control of immune system. Recent studies have demonstrated that the TrkA receptor, which serves as the high affinity receptor for NGF and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), is expressed in thymic epithelial cells. In the present study, we investigated the expression of the TrkA receptor in the rat thymus from a model of thymic involution and regeneration induced by cyclophosphamide. After single dose of cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg) was administered to Sprague-Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injection, the rats were sacrificed at 3, 7 and 14 days. The immunocytochemical characterization of the thymus was carried out using cryostat-cut sections. We found an increased expression of TrkA immunoreactivity in the thymic epithelial cells, especially in the subcapsular epithelial cells in cyclophosphamide-treated rats. The cortical epithelial cells also showed an increased expression of TrkA immunoreactivity after cyclophosphamide treatment, although the expression level was lower than that of the thymic subcapsular epithelial cells. However, there was no significant alteration of TrkA immunoreactivity in the medullary epithelial cells of the thymus from cyclophosphamide-treated rats. In general, most of these phenomena disappeared two weeks after cyclophosphamide administration and thus, the immunohistochemical features became to be similar to those of normal thymus. In conclusion, it may be speculated that TrkA receptor via interaction with their ligands provides an important signal to the thymic epithelial cells, especially to the subcapsular epithelial cells, for the thymic regeneration during recovery from acute thymic involution. Thus, our results support the proposed immunoregulatory role of neurotrophins.

Failure to Support Associations of Neurotrophin-3(NT-3) Gene Polymorphism in Korean Schizophrenic Patients

Though initial report from Japan showed positive association of schizophrenia with dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the NT-3 gene, subsequent studies showed mixed results. Therefore we conducted a replication study with Korean schizophrenics and matched controls who share similar ethnic background with Japanese population. The frequency of allele of dinucleotide repeat at 147 base pairs in the NT-3 gene was slightly increased, however, failed to reach statistical significance(X2=1.884, df=1, p<0.170) between the two groups. These findings do not support on association of NT-3 gene polymorphism with schizophrenia in Korean sample.