The effects of a short nap during the daytime on the athletic performance of elementary school basketball players / 体力科学

A few studies have reported that nighttime sleep and daytime napping are significantly associated with sleep disorders, memory, concentration, cognitive ability, and academic performance in children. Moreover, sleep is identified as an important factor that has a profound effect on children’s athletic performance. If a short daytime nap is shown to benefit children involved in sports activities, this evidence could be used to improve children’s athletic performance in the afternoon. In this study, we investigated whether a short daytime nap could reduce the decline in athletic performance observed in the afternoon in children involved in basketball games. We investigated 10 elementary school-age male basketball players. The study was performed under two conditions, with and without a 20-min nap during the lunch break, and evaluation was performed under both conditions for 3 days each. The reaction and 20-m sprint times were measured after morning practice, before afternoon practice, and at the end of practice on all days. At the beginning of afternoon practice, the 20-m sprint time was significantly shorter (p<0.05) in the no-nap group (4.18±0.27 s) than in the nap group (4.24±0.24 s). In conclusion, our results suggest that a short daytime nap in children may reduce the decline in exercise performance observed in the afternoon.

Role of sleep on alertness among medical students from a tertiary care hospital, Thrissur district, Kerala: cross-sectional study

Background: Alertness and ability to perform vary as functions of homeostatic factors such as sleep duration, sleep quality, and time awake. As far as medical students are concerned, alertness during the lectures is important due to their vast curriculum, and their alertness aids in the development of better doctors in their future. Though the importance of sleep is known, there is scarcity of studies on how adequate sleep among medical students affects their alertness during lecture classes. The aim was to study effect of sleep duration on alertness among medical students from a tertiary care hospital in Thrissur district, Kerala.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate medical students and alertness was assessed following afternoon lecture classes, using a Stanford sleepiness scale questionnaire. The sample size was calculated with a formula 4PQ/d2 and total 202 undergraduate students were included. The data regarding overnight sleep duration and post lunch nap was also collected using a semi-structured questionnaire.Results: Based on stanford sleepiness scale 66.3% of students were alert and responsive, 29.2% were not alert and only 4.5% of students were sleepy following afternoon lecture classes. Out of total 202 undergraduate students 43.6% of them had poor overnight sleep and only 32.7% had taken post lunch nap. There was a statistically significant association between alertness and post lunch nap (p=0.01).Conclusions: Those students who had good overnight sleep and post lunch nap had better alertness during lecture classes.

Introduction to the influence of fixed in advance of NAP dyeing / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To explore the influence of fixed in advance on the positive rate and integral of neutrophilic alkaline phosphatase (NAP) dyeing.Methods Totally 182 cases of fresh venous blood from inpatients in the top three hospital department of hematology were randomly selected and anticoagulated in the EDTA-K2 vacuum tube.Three blood smears from which were prepared as follows:the first blood smear(Named A) NAP dyeing completed within an hour;the second one (Named B) were fixed in advanceand NAP dyeing after one day;the third one (Named C) didn′t do any processing and NAP dyeing after one day.At the same time,the blood samples were taken from the fresh blood,and the blood smears were prepared and stained with NAP in an hour.NAP dyeing were performed by NAP dyeing for the blood smears,and 100 neutral rods,nucleus granulocyte were observed under microscope in the oil mirror vision,the test results record by positive rate and integral.Results No significant difference of NAP positive rate and integral was found in EDTA-K2 anticoagulation venous blood smear A when compared with fresh peripheral blood(P>0.05).The NAP positive rate and integral of EDTA-K2 anticoagulation venous blood smear B was slightly lower than that from fresh peripheral blood,but no significant difference was found(P>0.05).However,the NAP positive rate and integral in EDTA-K2 anticoagulant venous blood smear C has a significant difference from fresh peripheral blood(P<0.05).Conclusion The NAP dyeing results of EDTA-K2 anticoagulation venous blood smear fixed and placed one days are still reliable,while the NAP dyeing results was significantly reduced in the unfixed EDTA-K2 anticoagulation venous blood smear placed after one day.

A Twenty-Minute Nap Boosts the Planning Domain of Executive Function in Sleep Deprived Late Adolescents

OBJECTIVES: The positive effects of nap on cognitive function and memory have been researched intensively among children and adults. However, the relationship between afternoon nap and executive function among sleep deprived late adolescents has not been studied as much. METHODS: Ten sleep deprived, otherwise healthy Korean high school students were recruited, and asked to fill out Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire. They were put to nap for 5 min on three days during the first week, then for 10, 20, and 30 min in the same protocol during the consecutive weeks. After a 1-h class, both the students themselves and their corresponding teachers evaluated the participation level of the participants. They were then divided into two groups, and were instructed to play iPad game ‘Free Flow’. One group took a nap while the other group was prohibited from taking a nap. Both groups were instructed to play the game again. This was repeated once every afternoon for three days. RESULTS: The experiment showed that 20-min nap was superior in subjective evaluations to the other nap duration, and the mean game score differences before and after were significantly higher in the nap taking group after the 20-min nap when analyzed using non-parametric statistical method (p-value 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, 20-min nap is likely to boost planning domain of executive function on sleep deprived late adolescents.

Relationship between Comorbid Cognitive Impairment and Functional Outcomes in Stroke Patients with Spatial Neglect

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between cognitive impairment and functional outcomes in stroke patients with spatial neglect. METHOD: Twenty seven right hemisphere ischemic stroke patients who admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation unit were included. Patients were divided into two group based on KF-NAP scores: Neglect group (n=18) and non-neglect group (n=9). Neglect group (n=18) were subdivided into two groups by discharge FIM scores as poor outcome group (n=8, <70) and good outcome group (n=10, ≥70). Cognitive function assessments including attention (Attention & Calculation, Digit span test-Forward), memory (Digit span test-Backward, SVLT-Immediate recalls/Delayed recalls) and visual perception (LOTCA-Visual perception/Visuomotor organization), and stroke severity assessment including NIHSS, FMA, K-MMSE, and FIM were performed. Cognitive impairments and functional outcomes were compared between two groups. RESULTS: There were significant differences in NIHSS, FMA (affected U/E, affected L/E), discharge FIM, FIM gain and LOTCA-visuomotor organization between Neglect group and non- neglect group (p<0.05). Among the patients with spatial neglect, there were significant differences in KF-NAP, K-MMSE and assessment scores of memory and visual perception between poor outcome group and good outcome group. Attention, memory and visual perception were significantly correlated with KF-NAP scores (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Stroke patients with spatial neglect showed more severe impairment in cognitive, motor and general functional status, which resulted in delayed functional recovery. Spatial neglect patients with combined memory and visual perception impairment may show poor functional outcome.

Descripción clínica y epidemiológica de la infección por Clostridium difficile en población pediátrica / Clinic and epidemiologic description of Clostridium difficile infection in a pediatric population

Background: Clostridium difficile (CUj-associated disease (CDAD) and the role of the hypervirulent strain NAP1 have not been well characterized in Pediatrics. Aims: To describe clinical features of CDAD, and to estimate NAP1 frequency and association with disease severity in Pediatrics. Methods: Descriptive, transversal surveillance of diarrheal episodes in Chilean children, hospitalized between February 2012 and December 2013, positive for CD by molecular diagnosis. Results: A total of 66 episodes of diarrhea with identification of CD occurred thougout the study period in children between 1 month and 19 years of age of which 39% were younger than one year old. CD acquisition was predominantly nosocomial and the most common risk factors were: presence of comorbidities (98.6%), use of antibiotics (93.9%), proton pump inhibitors (84.8%), invasive mechanic ventilation (54.5%), feeding tube (48.5%) and immunosuppression (40.9%). Clinical course was mostly mild, but 12 cases presented an unfavorable course, of which 3/26 occurred in children less than one year. Only one case was positive for NAP1 and had a mild course. Conclusion: Diarrhea with identification of CD was present throughout all pediatric ages, including children less than one year old. Analytical and longitudinal studies are required to better characterize the pathogenic role of CD in this age group. CDAD occurred mostly in patients with risk factors, and the clinical course was predominantly mild.

Introducción: Aún no ha sido bien caracterizada la infección por Clostridium difficile ni el rol de la cepa hipervirulenta NAP1 en pediatría. Objetivos: Describir las características clínicas de la infección por C. difficile, la frecuencia de NAP1 y su asociación con gravedad en población pediátrica. Material y Método: Estudio transversal, descriptivo, de episodios de diarrea con identificación molecular de C. difficile en niños chilenos hospitalizados entre febrero de 2012 y diciembre de 2013. Resultados: Se estudiaron 66 episodios de diarrea por C. difficile, en niños entre 1 mes y 19 años, teniendo 39% menos de un año de edad. La adquisición fue predominantemente nosocomial. Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron: co-morbilidades, uso de antimicrobianos, inhibidores de bomba de protones, ventilación mecánica invasora, sonda de alimentación e inmunosupresión. El curso clínico fue mayoritariamente benigno, con 12 casos de evolución desfavorable incluyendo lactantes bajo un año de edad. Un niño presentó la cepa NAP1, con un curso clínico leve. Discusión: En esta serie, la diarrea con identificación de C. difficile se presentó en niños de todas las edades, incluyendo aquellos bajo un año. Se necesitan estudios analíticos y longitudinales para determinar el rol patógeno en este último grupo etario. La infección afecta a niños con factores de riesgo y es de evolución predominantemente satisfactoria.

Efeitos da sobrecarga de fósforo dietético na expressão dos cotransportadores NaP-IIb e PiT-1 em ratos controles e urêmicos / Phosphorus overload effects on NaP-IIb and PiT-1 cotransporters in control and uremic rats

O fósforo é um dos minerais mais abundantes no corpo além de ser essencial para muitos processos biológicos. A homeostase do fósforo depende da absorção no intestino, da excreção renal, da remodelação óssea e de hormônios como o paratormônio, calcitriol e FGF-23. Nos pacientes com doença renal crônica, a excreção urinária de fósforo está comprometida levando à hiperfosfatemia, que contribui para o aumento da morbidade e mortalidade desses pacientes. A absorção intestinal de fósforo no intestino delgado, particularmente via cotransportadores NaP-IIb e PiT-1, é pouco estudada. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de dietas com diferentes concentrações de fósforo na expressão proteica e gênica dos cotransportadores NaP-IIb e PiT-1, bem como na apoptose dos enterócitos dos diferentes segmentos do intestino delgado de animais controles e urêmicos. Estudamos setenta e seis ratos Wistar machos, inicialmente divididos em dois grupos: controles (C) e urêmicos (Nx). Cada grupo foi subdividido em outros três, de acordo com a concentração de fósforo (P) na dieta: dieta Baixa (0,2%), dieta Padrão (0,54%) e dieta Alta (0,9%). Analisamos parâmetros bioquímicos (creatinina, P, Cai, PTH e FGF-23), a expressão proteica dos cotransportadores, através de Western Blotting, ELISA e imunofluorescência, a expressão gênica por PCR em tempo real e a apoptose dos enterócitos pela técnica TUNEL. Os resultados mostraram que os níveis séricos de creatinina, P, PTH e FGF-23 foram significativamente mais elevados nos animais Nx. Nos animais C com dieta baixa em P observamos aumento da expressão proteica do cotransportador NaP-IIb em todos os segmentos do intestino enquanto, no Nx Baixo, a expressão desse cotransportador foi menor somente no jejuno. Quanto ao PiT-1, sua expressão foi menor no íleo do grupo Nx Alto comparado ao seu respectivo controle. A expressão gênica do cotransportador NaP-IIb foi menor no jejuno do Nx Alto e maior no íleo desse mesmo grupo em relação aos seus...

Phosphorus is one of the most abundant minerals in the body besides being essential for many biological processes. Phosphorus homeostasis depends on absorption in the small intestine, renal excretion, bone remodeling and hormones such as parathyroid hormone, calcitriol and FGF-23. In patients with chronic kidney disease phosphorus urinary excretion is compromised leading to hyperphosphatemia, which contributes to increased morbidity and mortality of these patients. Intestinal absorption of phosphorus in the small intestine, particularly of NaP-IIb and PiT-1 cotransporters is poorly studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diets with different concentrations of phosphorus in protein expression and gene of NaP-IIb and PiT-1 cotransporters as well as in apoptosis of enterocytes of different segments of intestine in control and uremic animals. We studied seventy-six male Wistar rats initially divided into two groups: controls (C) and uremic (Nx). Each group was subdivided into three others, according to the phosphorus concentration in the diet: Low diet (0.2% P), Standard diet (0.54% P) and High diet (0.9% P). We analyzed biochemical parameters (creatinine, P, iCa, PTH and FGF-23), protein expression of cotransporters, using Western Blot, ELISA, immunofluorescence, real-time PCR and apoptosis of enterocytes using the TUNEL technique. Results showed that serum creatinine, P, PTH and FGF-23 were significantly higher in Nx animals. In C animals with a diet low in P we observed increase in protein expression of NaP-IIb cotransporter in all segments of the intestine while in low Nx expression of this cotransporter was lower only in jejunum. As for PiT-1 expression was lower in the ileum of the high Nx group compared to their respective control. Gene expression of NaP-IIb cotransporter was lower in the jejunum of high Nx and higher in the ileum of the same group as compared to their respective controls. PiT-1 gene expression was higher in all...

Simultaneous spectrophotometric estimation of esomeprazole and naproxen in bulk and tablet dosage form.

Esomeprzole and naproxen are available in tablet dosage form in the ratio 1:25. Two simple, accurate, precise and economic methods; simultaneous equation method and multicomponent method have been described for the simultaneous estimation of esomeprzole and naproxen in tablet dosage form. Absorption maxima of esomeprzole and naproxen in distilled water were found to be 301.0 nm and 262.0 nm respectively. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range 5-50 μg/ml for esomeprzole and 5-50 μg/ml for naproxen. The methods allow rapid analysis of binary pharmaceutical formulation with accuracy. Results of two methods were validated statistically and by recovery studies and were found to be satisfactory.

Expressions and significance of CXC chemotactic factors about GROα, ENA-78 and NAP-2 at rat asthma / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To observe the expressions of grouth-related oncogen (GRO)α, epithelial neutrophil activating protein-78 (ENA-78) and neutrophil-activating peptide-2 (NAP-2) of rat asthma. And to investigate the role of neutrophil in the pathogenesis of asthma exacerbation. Methods In this experi-ment, the rat model of asthma were randomly divided into two groups on average, including asthma group and control group. Levels of ENA-78 at blood neutrophil were detected by flow cytometry method. The ex-pressions of GROα protein at bronchial wall and NAP-2 protein at blood neutrophil were detected by immuno-histochemieal method. Results Levels of GROα, ENA-78 and NAP-2 proteins in asthma group [0.138 ±0.009(A value), 97.65±13.99(MFI), 0.198±0.016(A value), respectively]were significantly higher than those in control group[0.077±0.010(A value), 50.79±8.66(MFI), 0.079±0.015(A value), re-spectively], all P < 0.01. Conclusion Levels of GROα, ENA-78 and NAP-2 were increased at rat asth-ma. They may be participate in inflammation of asthma exacerbation. Neutrophil may promote inflammatory cells influxing into airway wall via increasing synthesis of CXC chemotactic factors.

Effects of Naps during Sleep Deprivation on Symbols Recognizing Task and P300 / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To study the effect of 30-min nap at three low points of the rhythm during 40-hour sleep deprivation Method:Eight young subjects having normal sleep-wake habits were subjected to nap and total sleep deprivation conditions at an interval of 2 weeks The whole experiment was from 6:00 of the first day to 22:00 totally 40 hours The typing workload was given There were three times of naps, which lasted 30 min every time, at 13:00 (the first day), 1:00 and 13:00 (the second day) Visual event related potentials were measured at 1:00 and the end Symbol recognizing task was given before the experiment, after each nap, at the end of it, and two days after Results:In the symbols recognizing task, whether sleep deprivation with or without naps, the reactive time prolonged, the number of right decreased, the number of lose increased Compared with total sleep deprivation, the reactive time was shortened apparently while the number of right and lose did not change when naps were introduced Whether sleep deprivation with or without naps, the latency of P300 was prolonged, the number of right decreased while the amplitude did not change Compared with total sleep deprivation, the latency was shortened apparently while the number of right and amplitude did not change when having naps Conclusion:Nap has positive effects during sleep deprivation

Effects of Naps During 40h Sleep Deprivation on Continuous Adding / 中国临床心理学杂志

Objective: To study the effect of 30-min nap at three low points of the rhythm during 40-hours sleep deprivation on continuous adding. Methods: Eight young subjects with normal sleep-wake habits were subjected to nap and total sleep deprivation conditions at an interval of 2 weeks. The whole experiment was from 6:00 of the first day to 22:00 of the second day, totally 40 hours. There were three times of nap which lasted 30 min every time, 13:00(the first day), 1:00 and 13:00(the second day). Continuous adding was given separately at the time before experiment,13:00 and 18:00 of the first day, 1:00,6:00,13:00,18:00 and 22:00 of the second day.and 2 days after the experiment;reaction times and wrong numbers were recorded. Results: Whether sleep deprivation with or without naps, the reaction time was prolonged.Compared with total sleep deprivation, the reaction time was shortened significantly at SD24, SD31 and SD40 when naps were introduced. Whether sleep deprivation with or without naps, the number of wrong answers did not change. Conclusion:Nap has positive effects during sleep deprivation.