Impacto cognitivo del uso crónico de opioides

Introducción: El impacto del uso crónico de opioides se ha relacionado con una amplia gama de desórdenes cognitivos, que abarcan desde deficiencias menores en habilidades cognitivas hasta problemas en habilidades como atención, aprendizaje, memoria y funciones ejecutivas. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática para investigar el impacto cognitivo en pacientes que usan opioides crónicamente y evaluar la gravedad de ese impacto. Método: Se evaluaron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, estudios de casos y controles, cohortes prospectivas y retrospectivas en dos bases de datos: PubMed y Cochrane Central, con la utilización de los siguientes términos en su búsqueda: "analgesic opioids", "cognitive dysfunction"," cognition impairments", "chronic disease" y "abuse, substance". La búsqueda fue en los idiomas inglés, español y portugués de estudios realizados en humanos adultos en uso crónico de opioides y su impacto cognitivo. Resultados: Fueron seleccionados 7 estudios, 5 de los cuales los pacientes hicieron uso de tramadol y fue constatado el impacto cognitivo negativo, un estudio con el uso de tapentadol con impacto positivo sobre la cognición y un estudio con el uso de hidrocodona con impacto positivo en la neurocognición de los pacientes. Conclusiones: A pesar de las limitaciones encontradas, como conclusión se considera que el tramadol tiene un impacto negativo en la neurocognición, lo que no ocurre en relación con el tapentadol y la hidrocodona, que presentarán una mejoría en la calidad de vida y cognición de los pacientes.

Introduction: The impact of chronic opioid use has been related to a wide range of cognitive disorders, ranging from minor deficiencies in cognitive abilities to problems in abilities such as attention, learning, memory, and executive functions. Objective: To carry out a systematic review to research the cognitive impact in patients who use opioids chronically and to assess the severity of this impact. Method: Randomized clinical trials, case-control studies, prospective and retrospective cohorts were evaluated in two databases: PubMed and Cochrane Central, using the following search terms: "analgesic opioids", "cognitive dysfunction", "cognition impairments", "chronic disease" and "abuse, substance". The search was in English, Spanish, and Portuguese for studies conducted in adult humans with chronic opioid use and its cognitive impact. Results: Seven studies were selected, five of which the patients used tramadol and the negative cognitive impact was verified, a study with the use of tapentadol with a positive impact on cognition and a study with the use of hydrocodone with a positive impact on neurocognition of patients. Conclusions: despite the limitations found, as a conclusion it is considered that tramadol has a negative impact on neurocognition, which does not occur in relation to tapentadol and hydrocodone, which will present an improvement in the quality of life and cognition of patients.

Introdução: O impacto do uso crônico de opioides tem sido relacionado a uma ampla gama de distúrbios cognitivos, desde pequenas deficiências nas habilidades cognitivas até problemas em habilidades como atenção, aprendizado, memória e funções executivas. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática para investigar o impacto cognitivo em pacientes que fazem uso crônico de opioides e avaliar a gravidade desse impacto. Método: Ensaios clínicos randomizados, estudos de caso-controle, coortes prospectivas e retrospectivas foram avaliados em duas bases de dados: PubMed e Cochrane Central, usando os seguintes termos em sua busca: "analgesic opioids", "cognitive dysfunção", "cognitive impairments", "doença crônica" e "abuso, substância". A busca foi em inglês, espanhol e português para estudos conduzidos em humanos adultos sobre o uso crônico de opioides e seu impacto cognitivo. Resultados: Foram selecionados 7 estudos, 5 dos quais os pacientes usaram tramadol e foi verificado o impacto cognitivo negativo, um estudo com o uso de tapentadol com impacto positivo na cognição e um estudo com o uso de hidrocodona com impacto positivo na neurocognição de pacientes. Conclusões: Apesar das limitações encontradas, como conclusão considera-se que o tramadol tem impacto negativo na neurocognição, o que não ocorre em relação ao tapentadol e hidrocodona, que apresentarão melhora na qualidade de vida e cognição dos pacientes.

Efficacy of opioids and non-opioid analgesics in the treatment of post procedure pain of burned patients: a narrative review

Abstract Introduction Burns are a common trauma that cause acute severe pain in up to 80% of patients. The objective of this narrative review is to evaluate the efficacy of opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, paracetamol, gabapentinoids, ketamine, and lidocaine in the treatment of acute pain in burn victims. Methodology The databases explored were PubMed, Embase, ClinicalTrials, and OpenGrey. The included randomized, controlled clinical trials assessed the analgesic efficacy of these drugs on hospitalized patients, had no age limit, patients were in the acute phase of the burn injury and were compared to placebo or other analgesic drugs. Studies describing deep sedation, chronic opioid use, chronic pain, and patients taken to reconstructive surgeries were excluded. The Jadad scale was used to evaluate quality. Results Six randomized controlled clinical trials (397 patients) that evaluated the analgesic efficacy of fentanyl (n = 2), nalbuphine (n = 1), ketamine (n = 1), gabapentin (n = 1), and lidocaine (n = 1) to treat post-procedural pain were included. Fentanyl, nalbuphine, and ketamine were effective, while lidocaine was associated with a slight increase in reported pain and gabapentin showed no significant differences. Two studies were of high quality, one was of medium high quality, and three were of low quality. No studies on the efficacy of NSAIDs or paracetamol were found. Conclusion Evidence of efficacy is very limited. Fentanyl, nalbuphine, and ketamine seem to be effective for controlling acute pain in burn patients, whereas gabapentin and lidocaine did not show any efficacy.

Efeitos da Heroína nos Parâmetros Eletrocardiográficos / Effect of Heroin on Electrocardiographic Parameters

Resumo Fundamento Atualmente, o vício em heroína é um problema de saúde preocupante, e as informações sobre os efeitos eletrocardiográficos da heroína são limitadas. Objetivos O objetivo do presente estudo é investigar os efeitos da dependência de heroína em parâmetros eletrocardiográficos. Métodos Um total de 136 indivíduos, incluindo 66 indivíduos que fumam heroína como grupo de estudo e 70 indivíduos saudáveis sem dependência de drogas como grupo de controle, foram incluídos no estudo. Indivíduos que injetam heroína foram excluídos. A avaliação eletrocardiográfica (ECG) dos usuários de heroína foi realizada e comparada com as do grupo controle. Além disso, os ECGs pré e pós-tratamento do grupo usuário de heroína foram comparados. Um valor de p<0,05 foi aceito como estatisticamente significativo. Resultados A frequência cardíaca (77,2±12,8 versus 71,4±11,2; p=0,02) foi maior no grupo usuário de heroína em comparação com o grupo controle. Os intervalos QT (341,50±25,80 versus 379,11±45,23; p=0,01), QTc (385,12±29,11 versus 411,3±51,70; p<0,01) e o intervalo do pico ao fim da onda T (Tpe) (65,41±10,82 versus 73,3±10,13; p<0,01) foram significativamente menores no grupo usuário de heroína. Nenhuma diferença foi observada entre os grupos com respeito às razões Tpe/QT e Tpe/QTc. Na análise de subgrupo do grupo usuário de heroína, os intervalos QT (356,81±37,49 versus 381,18±40,03; p<0,01) e QTc (382,06±26,41 versus 396,06±29,80; p<0,01) foram significativamente mais curtos no período pré-tratamento. Conclusão O vício em heroína afeta significativamente os intervalos de tempo QT, QTc e Tpe. Os efeitos de arritmia desses parâmetros já são conhecidos. Os parâmetros eletrocardiográficos desses indivíduos merecem mais atenção. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1135-1141)

Abstract Background Heroin addiction is currently a significant health problem, and information on the electrocardiographic effects of heroin is limited. Objetivo The aim of the present study is to investigate effects of heroin addiction on electrocardiographic parameters. Methods A total of 136 individuals, including 66 individuals who smoke heroin as the study group and 70 healthy individuals with no drug addiction as the control group, were included in the study. Individuals who inject heroin were excluded. Electrocardiographic (ECG) evaluation of those using heroin was performed and compared with those of the control group. In addition, pre-treatment and post-treatment ECG of the heroin group were compared. A p-value of <0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Results Heart rate (77.2±12.8 versus 71.4±11.2; p=0.02) were found to be higher in the heroin group compared to the control group. QT (341.50±25.80 versus 379.11±45.23; p=0.01), QTc intervals (385.12±29.11 versus 411.3±51.70; p<0.01), and T peak to end time (Tpe) (65.41±10.82 versus 73.3±10.13; p<0.01) were significantly shorter in the heroin group. No difference was observed between the groups with regard to Tpe/QT and Tpe/QTc ratios. In the subgroup analysis of the heroin group, QT (356.81±37.49 versus 381.18±40.03; p<0.01) and QTc (382.06±26.41 versus 396.06±29.80; p<0.01) intervals were significantly shorter in the pre-treatment period. Conclusion Heroin addiction significantly affects the QT, QTc, and Tpe time intervals. The arrhythmia effects of these parameters are well known. More attention to the electrocardiographic parameters of these individuals should be given. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1135-1141)

Prevención de la adicción a narcóticos dirigido a los usuarios que asisten a la consulta de traumatología de un Centro Médico / Prevention of narcotic addiction aimed at users who attend the trauma consultation of the Medical Center / Prevenção da dependência aos narcóticos destinada aos usuários que comparecem à consulta de trauma de um Centro Médico

INTRODUCCIÓN: enfermería mediante el cumplimiento de su función docente promueve actitudes reflexivas en los pacientes para prevenir adicción a los narcóticos. OBJETIVO: información para la prevención de la adicción a narcóticos que tienen los pacientes que asisten a la unidad clínica de traumatología del Centro Médico. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo, de campo, cuya población estuvo conformada por 50 usuarios, se trabajó con la totalidad, se aplicó estadística descriptiva. Los datos se recogieron mediante cuestionario con 13 ítems con escala de Likert, la validez bajo el juicio de expertos y la confiabilidad por la prueba Alfa de Crombach. RESULTADOS: los resultados señalan que los pacientes ingieren analgésicos distintos a los de la prescripción médica en un 80%, aumentan la dosis diaria prescrita de analgésicos narcóticos siempre en un 50% de la población. Así como también 80% manifestaron la importancia de que los profesionales de enfermería aporten a los usuarios de traumatología información sobre la prevención de la adicción a analgésicos narcóticos. CONCLUSIÓN: los pacientes cumplen más de la dosis de analgésicos indicada por los médicos, además de combinarlos con otros no prescritos y no lo reconocen como una adicción por lo que es importante la información que los profesionales de enfermería puedan aportar al respecto.

INTRODUCTION: nursing by fulfilling its teaching role promotes reflexive attitudes in patients to prevent addiction to narcotics. OBJECTIVE: information for the prevention of narcotic addiction that have the patients who attend the trauma unit of the Medical Center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: descriptive, field study, whose population was made up of 50 users, we worked with all, descriptive statistics were applied. The data were collected by means of a questionnaire with 13 items with a Likert scale, validity under the judgment of experts and reliability by the Alpha test of Cronbach. RESULTS: the results indicate that patients ingest pain relievers other than those prescribed by a doctor by 80%, increase the prescribed daily dose of narcotic pain relievers always by 50% of the population. As well as 80% stated the importance that nursing professionals provide trauma users with information on the prevention of addiction to narcotic pain relievers. CONCLUSIONS: the patients fulfill more than the dose of analgesics indicated by the doctors, in addition to combining them with other non-prescribed ones and do not recognize it as an addiction, so it is important the information that nursing professionals can provide in this regard.

INTRODUÇÃO: a enfermagem, cumprindo seu papel educacional, promove atitudes reflexivas nos pacientes para evitar o vício em narcóticos. OBJETIVOS: facilitar informações objetivas para a prevenção de dependência de narcóticos realizadas por pacientes atendidos no centro de trauma do Centro Médico. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: estudo de campo descritivo, cuja população era composta por 50 pacientes, trabalhamos com todos, aplicamos estatística descritiva. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário com 13 itens, tipo escala Likert, previamente avaliado por especialistas da área e com confiabilidade pelo teste Alpha de Crombach. RESULTADOS: os resultados indicam que os pacientes ingerem analgésicos diferentes dos prescritos por médicos em 80%, aumentam a dose diária prescrita de analgésicos narcóticos sempre em 50% da população. Da mesma forma, 80% afirmaram a importância de que os profissionais de enfermagem fornecerem aos pacientes de trauma, informações sobre a prevenção do vício em analgésicos narcóticos. CONCLUSÃO: os pacientes cumprem mais do que a dose de analgésicos indicada pelos médicos, além de combiná-los com outros não prescritos e não o reconhecem como um vício, por isso é importante a informação que os profissionais de enfermagem possam fornecer a esse respeito.

Research advances of fentanyl and fentanyl-related substances / 中国药科大学学报

@#Fentanyl and fentanyl-related substances are a series of synthetic and powerful anesthetics represented by fentanyl. In recent years,the abuse and trafficking of these substances in many countries around the world are serious which poses a great threat to people"s health and social stability. This paper focuses on the abuse,pharmacological and toxicological action,detection methods and control of fentanyl and fentanyl-related substances and aims to enhance people"s understanding of their basic properties,current research and control so as to provide references for future research.

Narcotic detection dogs: an overview of high-performance animals / Cães de detecção de narcóticos: uma visão geral dos animais de alto desempenho

ABSTRACT: Considered one of the best odor detectors, dogs go through a rigorous selection and training process. Based on learning theories, modern techniques are used for dog training, respecting individual characteristics, efficiency, and well-being. Since narcotics detection work is perceived as a "play" for the dog, in practice, this promotes a high use rate in the service. The performance of handlers influences the work of the dogs, and well-trained and well-run dogs must work comfortably and accurately. This paper aimed to review the aspects related to the selection, training, and performance of narcotics detection dogs.

RESUMO: Considerado um dos melhores detectores de odores, os cães passam por um rigoroso processo de seleção e treinamento. Baseado nas teorias da aprendizagem, utilizam-se técnicas modernas para a formação do cão respeitando suas características individuais, eficiência e o bem-estar. Uma vez que o trabalho de detecção de narcóticos seja entendido como uma grande brincadeira para o cão, isso na prática promove um alto índice de aproveitamento no serviço. O desempenho dos condutores influencia o trabalho dos cães, que bem treinados e bem conduzidos, devem trabalhar de forma confortável e precisa. Este trabalho objetiva revisar aspectos relacionados à seleção, formação e desempenho dos cães de detecção (K9) de narcóticos.

Del individuo a la red: percepción de un Grupo Armado Organizado (GAO) colombiano desde la teoría de redes / From the individual to the network: perception of a Colombian Organized Armed Group (GAO) from the networks theory / Do indivíduo à rede: percepção do um Grupo Armado Organizado (GAO) colombiano da teoria das redes

Resumen El objetivo es acudir a la teoría económica y a la de redes para comprender las dinámicas de un Grupo Armado Organizado colombiano, a través de la percepción de expertos. Se realizaron 16 entrevistas, en dos rondas, a distintos funcionarios, académicos, fiscales y otros. La metodología incluyó un análisis de contenido de las entrevistas para identificar los incentivos y desincentivos de los individuos y las relaciones entre las categorías. La información dio origen a un diagrama descriptivo, yendo desde el individuo (joven reclutado) hasta la red. En la discusión se encontró que, a partir de la percepción de expertos, los individuos reclutados pueden ser entendidos como entes racionales que maximizan sus beneficios y minimizan sus riesgos, y que la unión entre ellos da origen a una red, que puede ser entendida desde la teoría de redes por la manera en la que se terceriza el delito. Como conclusión, se proponen algunas aproximaciones al problema y se hace un llamado a futuras investigaciones.

Abstract The objective is to go to the economic theory and the networks to understand the dynamics of a Colombian Armed Organized Group, through the perception of experts. Sixteen interviews were conducted, in two rounds, to different officials, academics, prosecutors and others. The methodology included an analysis of the content of the interviews to identify the incentives and disincentives of the individuals and the relationships between the categories. The information gave rise to a descriptive diagram, going from the individual (young recruited) to the network. In the discussion it was found that, from the perception of experts, the recruited individuals can be understood as rational entities that maximize their benefits and minimize their risks, and that the union between them gives rise to a network, which can be understood from the theory of networks by the way in which the crime is outsourced. In conclusion, some approaches to the problem are proposed and a call is made for future research.

Resumo O objetivo é recorrer à teoria econômica e às redes para perceber as dinâmicas de um Grupo Armado Organizado colombiano, através da percepção dos especialistas. 16 entrevistas, em duas rodadas, aos diferentes empregados civis, acadêmicos, fiscais e a outros foram feitas. A metodologia incluiu uma análise do conteúdo das entrevistas para identificar os incentives e os desincentivos dos indivíduos e as relações entre as categorias. A informação deu a origem a um diagrama descritivo, passando do indivíduo (jovem recrutado) à rede. Na discussão achou-se que, a partir da percepção dos especialistas, os indivíduos recrutados podem ser percebidos como seres racionais que maximizam seus benefícios e diminuem seus riscos, e que a união entre eles dá a origem a uma rede, que pudesse ser percebida da teoria das redes pela maneira da terceirização do crime. Como a conclusão, propõem-se algumas abordagens ao problema e uma chamada às investigações futuras é feita.

Pediatric Nurses' Knowledge and Attitude on Iatrogenic Narcotic Analgesic Withdrawal Symptoms Management / 중환자간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study investigates pediatric nurses' knowledge and attitudes regarding iatrogenic narcotic analgesic withdrawal symptoms management (INAWSM).METHOD: In this cross-sectional study, 253 pediatric nurses working at a tertiary hospital in Seoul participated. Instruments were the inventory consisting questionnaires on 35 items knowledge and 12 items attitude for INAWSM. Further, descriptive statistics, t-test, and analysis of variance were used to evaluate the nurses' knowledge and attitudes.RESULTS: The correct answers rate of knowledge toward INAWSM was 44.9%. With respect to the pediatric nurses' attitudes, the participants scored an average value of 2.83±0.25 out of 4 points. The factor related to the knowledge and attitude level was age, pediatric nursing experience, educational experience, and educational needs.CONCLUSION: Results revealed that pediatric nurses had inadequate knowledge and attitude on INAWSM despite a compulsory education. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an efficient INAWSM educational program.

Pain medication and long QT syndrome

Long QT syndrome is a cardiac repolarization disorder and is associated with an increased risk of torsades de pointes. The acquired form is most often attributable to administration of specific medications and/or electrolyte imbalance. This review provides insights into the risk for QT prolongation associated with drugs frequently used in the treatment of chronic pain. In the field of pain medicine all the major drug classes (i.e. NSAIDs, opioids, anticonvulsive and antidepressant drugs, cannabinoids, muscle relaxants) contain agents that increase the risk of QT prolongation. Other substances, not used in the treatment of pain, such as proton pump inhibitors, antiemetics, and diuretics are also associated with long QT syndrome. When the possible benefits of therapy outweigh the associated risks, slow dose titration and electrocardiography monitoring are recommended.

Caracterización de muestras de cocaína inorgánica en una provincia ecuatoriana / Characterization of inorganic cocaine samples in an Ecuadorian province

El consumo de cocaína representa un problema de salud, por constituir un psicotrópico ilícito de elevado consumo, lo que ocasiona motivo de atención en los servicios de emergencia, adicción que genera riesgos relativos a los componentes asociados a la misma. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, de tipo descriptivo, cuyo objetivo fue caracterizar muestras inorgánicas de cocaína en el Laboratorio de Química Forense de una provincia del contexto ecuatoriano durante el período julio y diciembre de 2016. Se trabajó con la totalidad de la población, la que estuvo compuesta por 90 muestras. La cuantificación de los elementos químicos presen-tes en los ejemplares se realizó a través de una cromatografía de gases utilizando un detector de masas acoplado al equipo. Se determinó que de forma mayoritaria la mitad de las muestras contenían impurezas como cinamoilcocaína, metilecgonina, tropococaína, benzoilecgonina, kientras que solo el 11,1% de estas no tenía contaminaciones alcaloidales. En cuanto a la presencia de adulterantes en el material analizado, el almidón resultó ser el más utilizado por los comercializadores de la cocaína en el entorno estudiado; aunque también se pudo obser-var el uso de fenacetina, levamisol y aminopirina.

Consumption of cocaine represents an emerging health problem because it is an illicit psychotropic drug consumed among patients treated in emergency rooms, and it also genera-tes other risks related to the components that may be present in it. The study was carried out with a quantitative, descriptive approach. The research aimed to characterize the inorganic samples of cocaine in the Forensic Chemistry Laboratory of a province in the Ecuadorian context during the period July-December 2016. The whole population of 90 samples was taken into account. The quantification of the chemical elements presented in the specimens was carried out through gas chromatography using a mass detector coupled to the equipment. It was determined that half of the samples contained impurities sucah as cinnamoylcocaine, methylecgonine and tropococaine, benzoylecgonine and only 11.1% of the samples did not have alkaloidal impurities as results of the research. Regarding the presence of adulterants in the material analyzed, starch was the most used by cocaine drug dealers in the studied envi-ronment; the use of phenacetin, levamisole and aminopyrine could also be observed.

Maconha como a segunda substância psicoativa mais comumente usada entre estudantes / Emergence of cannabis as the second most commonly used psychoactive substance among students

INTRODUCTION: People use psychoactive substances (PAS) historically; however, from the 1960s on, this use has increased considerably, becoming known for compromising health and causing the death of millions of people every year. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to verify the prevalence of psychoactive substances consumed by dentistry students, as well as to analyze the influence of sociodemographic variables and identify the level of life satisfaction among Dentistry students. METHODS: It is a cross-sectional observational study including 159 students of an educational institution in a city of southern Brazil enrolled in the eight course periods. They were anonymously asked to a self-administered questionnaire regarding sociodemographic variables and use of psychoactive substances (PAS), questions were adapted by the validated instrument called Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), and the assessment of level of life satisfaction by the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). RESULTS: The use of PAS at some point in life had prevalence of 90.6%. Alcohol was the most used PAS by students, followed by cannabis. The use of drugs for depression showed association with alcohol and cannabis consumption, cannabis was predominately consumed by male . The majority of students reported dissatisfaction with life. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of PAS use is high among the Dentistry students interviewed. The PAS most consumed by students was alcohol, followed by cannabis, psychoactive drugs, and tobacco.

INTRODUÇÃO: O uso de substâncias psicoativas (SPA) é uma prática utilizada pelo homem desde seus primórdios. Entretanto, a partir dos anos 60, teve seu consumo substancialmente aumentado, e se tornou conhecida por comprometer a saúde e ocasionar a morte de milhões de pessoas todos os anos. OBJETIVO: O uso de substâncias psicoativas é uma prática utilizada há muitos anos, porém, a partir dos anos 60, teve seu consumo substancialmente aumentado. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a prevalência do uso de substâncias psicoativas entre estudantes de Odontologia, bem como analisar a influência das variáveis sociodemográficas e identificar o nível de satisfação com a vida entre os estudantes. MÉTODO: O delineamento é do tipo transversal composto por 159 estudantes de Odontologia de uma instituição de ensino de um município do sul do Brasil matriculados nos oito períodos do curso. Os sujeitos forma submetidos anonimamente a um questionário autoaplicável com perguntas referentes a variáveis sociodemográficas, uso de substâncias psicoativas (SPA) adaptadas pelo instrumento validado Teste de Triagem para Álcool, Tabaco e Substâncias (ASSIST), e a avaliação do grau de satisfação com a vida, a partir da Escala de Satisfação com a Vida (ESVC). RESULTADOS: O uso de SPA em algum momento da vida teve prevalência de 90,6%, sendo, o álcool, a droga mais consumida, seguida pela maconha. O uso de medicamentos para depressão mostrou associação ao consumo de álcool. O consumo de maconha também esteve associado ao uso de antidepressivos, sendo a maconha mais consumida pelos homens. A maior parte da amostra relatou insatisfação com sua vida. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência do uso PAS é alta entre os estudantes de Odontologia entrevistados. O PAS mais utilizado pelos alunos foi o álcool, seguido de maconha, drogas psicoativas, e tabaco.

Analysis of the clinical indications for opiate use in inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Opiate use for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly high-dose (HD) use, is associated with increased mortality. It's assumed that opiate use is directly related to IBD-related complaints, although this hasn't been well defined. Our goal was to determine the indications for opiate use as a first step in developing strategies to prevent or decrease opiate use. METHODS: A retrospective cohort was formed of adults who were diagnosed with IBD and for whom outpatient evaluations from 2009 to 2014 were documented. Opiate use was defined if opiates were prescribed for a minimum of 30 days over a 365-day period. Individual chart notes were then reviewed to determine the clinical indication(s) for low-dose (LD) and HD opiate use. RESULTS: After a search of the electronic records of 1,109,277 patients, 3,226 patients with IBD were found. One hundred four patients were identified as opiate users, including 65 patients with Crohn's and 39 with ulcerative colitis; a total of 134 indications were available for these patients. IBD-related complaints accounted for 49.25% of the opiate indications, with abdominal pain (23.13%) being the most common. Overall, opiate use for IBD-related complaints (81.40% vs. 50.82%; P=0.0014) and abdominal pain (44.19% vs. 19.67%; P=0.0071) was more common among HD than among LD. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that most IBD patients using opiates, particularly HD users, used opiates for IBD-related complaints. Future research will need to determine the degree to which these complaints are related to disease activity and to formulate non-opiate pain management strategies for patients with both active and inactive IBD.

The Effect of Perineural Administration of Dexmedetomidine on Narcotic Consumption and Pain Intensity in Patients Undergoing Femoral Shaft Fracture Surgery; A Randomized Single-Blind Clinical Trial / 전남의대학술지

Dexmedetomidine is a selective α-2 adrenoceptor agonist with anxiolytic, sedative, and analgesic properties that prolongs analgesia and decreases opioid-related side effects when used in neuraxial and perineural areas as a local anesthetics adjuvant. The current study was designed to evaluate the effects of a single perineural administration of dexmedetomidine without local anesthetics on narcotic consumption and pain intensity in patients with femoral shaft fractures undergoing surgery. This prospective randomized single-blind clinical trial was conducted in patients undergoing femoral fracture shaft surgery. Based on block permuted randomization, the patients were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received 100µg dexmedetomidine, for a femoral nerve block without any local anesthetics. Total intraoperative opioid consumption, postoperative opioid consumption, visual analogue score (VAS) for pain, and hemodynamic parameters were recorded and compared. Finally the data from 60 patients with a mean age of 30.4±12.3 were analyzed (90% male). There were no significant differences between the baseline characteristics of the two groups (p>0.05). The mean total consumption of narcotics was reduced during induction and maintenance of anesthesia in the intervention group (p<0.05). The amount of postoperative narcotics required showed a significant difference in the intervention group compared with the control group (p<0.05). It is likely that perineural administration of dexmedetomidine significantly not only reduced intra and postoperative narcotic requirement but also decreased postoperative pain intensity in patients undergoing femoral shaft surgery. Femoral blockade by dexmedetomidine can provide excellent analgesia while minimizing the side-effects of opioids.

The Effect of Perineural Administration of Dexmedetomidine on Narcotic Consumption and Pain Intensity in Patients Undergoing Femoral Shaft Fracture Surgery; A Randomized Single-Blind Clinical Trial / 전남의대학술지

Dexmedetomidine is a selective α-2 adrenoceptor agonist with anxiolytic, sedative, and analgesic properties that prolongs analgesia and decreases opioid-related side effects when used in neuraxial and perineural areas as a local anesthetics adjuvant. The current study was designed to evaluate the effects of a single perineural administration of dexmedetomidine without local anesthetics on narcotic consumption and pain intensity in patients with femoral shaft fractures undergoing surgery. This prospective randomized single-blind clinical trial was conducted in patients undergoing femoral fracture shaft surgery. Based on block permuted randomization, the patients were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received 100µg dexmedetomidine, for a femoral nerve block without any local anesthetics. Total intraoperative opioid consumption, postoperative opioid consumption, visual analogue score (VAS) for pain, and hemodynamic parameters were recorded and compared. Finally the data from 60 patients with a mean age of 30.4±12.3 were analyzed (90% male). There were no significant differences between the baseline characteristics of the two groups (p>0.05). The mean total consumption of narcotics was reduced during induction and maintenance of anesthesia in the intervention group (p<0.05). The amount of postoperative narcotics required showed a significant difference in the intervention group compared with the control group (p<0.05). It is likely that perineural administration of dexmedetomidine significantly not only reduced intra and postoperative narcotic requirement but also decreased postoperative pain intensity in patients undergoing femoral shaft surgery. Femoral blockade by dexmedetomidine can provide excellent analgesia while minimizing the side-effects of opioids.

Study on Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances Control( Part Ⅴ):Comparative Study on Domestic and Foreign Control System of Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To make proposals to improve narcotics and psychotropic substances(NPS)control in China. METH-ODS:NPS control system of international organizations,the United States,Britain and China were compared in terms of concept, classification,regulatory basis and agency,etc. The suggestions and reference were put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:NPS of international organizations,the United States,Britain and China are drug types included in relevant categories,besides ana-leptics,precursor chemicals and other drugs are included in control catalogue by the United States and Britain. NPS are divided in-toⅠ-Ⅳcategories by international organizations,Ⅰ-Ⅴcategories by the United States,A,B,C categories and temporary catego-ry by Britain,and narcotics,first and second class psychotropic substances by China. NPS control basis of the United States,Brit-ain and China are Controlled Substances Act,Misuse of Drugs Act and Regulations on Narcotics and Psychotropic Drugs Control, respectively;major regulation organizations are Controlled Substances Enforcement Administration,Advisory Committee on Drug Abuse subordinated to Ministry of Interior,Special Drug Section under China Food and Drug Administration,respectively;there al-so are differences in the functions of control organization and cooperative units. Considering about the problems of NPS control in China,it is suggested to improve laws and regulations system,establish independent system,extend abuse surveillance network and encourage chronic non-cancer pain therapy.

Study on Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances Control( Part Ⅰ):Development and Status Quo of Inter-national Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances Control / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the development and status quo of international narcotics and psychotropic substances (NPS)control,and to provide evidence for NPS control in China. METHODS:The development and status quo of NPS control by international organization were summarized and studied through retrieving and collecting literatures,reports and policies about NPS from domestic and foreign databases,news reports and international website. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:International narcot-ics control dated back to opium trade with China in 19th century. International narcotics control system was established preliminarily by Shanghai conference and Haiya conference. The end of World War Ⅰ,the establishment of the League of Nations and the sign-ing of a number of international treaties promoted the development of internal control system. Through World War Ⅱ,the establish-ment of the United Nations and the change of international control organization,a number of international treaties were integrated into Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs in the early 1960s,which was used as the foundation of narcotics control system all round the world. In 1970s,the adoption of Convention on Psychotropic Substances meant psychotropic substances were included in the scope of internal control. In 1980s,the signing of United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psy-chotropic Substances marked the establishment of three conventions system of international NPS control. At present,internal NPS control is based on three conventions system and NPS list by Commission on Narcotic Drugs,International Narcotics Control Board and United Nations International Drug Control Program. The vast majority of countries are parties to that. International control orga-nizations and listed control have a great influence on NPS control all round the world.

Study on Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances Control( Part Ⅳ):Development and Status Quo of Nar-cotics and Psychotropic Substances Control in China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the development and status quo of narcotics and psychotropic substances (NPS) in China since 1949,and to provide evidence for perfection of NPS control work in China. METHODS:The development and status quo of controlled substances control by China since 1949 were summarized and analyzed through retrieving and collecting literatures,re-ports and policies about NPS from domestic and foreign databases,news reports and related website. RESULTS & CONCLU-SIONS:Chinese narcotics and psychotropic substances control dated back to the release of Interim Regulations on Narcotics Con-trol in 1950 and Regulations on Narcotics Control,Drug Administration Law and other regulations have been issued. It had experi-enced the progress from no legal basis to having laws to follow and from executive-leading to legalization. Narcotics and psychotro-pic substances were gradually unified in systematic control,and the level of regulations rised from department rules to administra-tion regulation. At present,with Regulations on Narcotics and Psychotropic Drugs Control (2005) as regulatory basis and cata-logue of narcotics and psychotropic substances(2013)as object,China Food and Drug Administration are in charge of the national regulation,cooperating with health department,agricultural department,traffic department and other departments.

Configurações e dinâmicas familiares de mulheres-mães durante trajetória na dependência química / Adjustments and dynamics of women-mothers during their drug dependence trajectory / Ajustes y dinámicas de las mujeres-madres de familia durante la trayectoria de la dependencia química

Introdução: O uso da droga tem afligido diretamente as relações familiares, interferindo nos laços criados, no amparo e na relação segura, adquirida ao longo da convivência familiar. Objetivo: Analisar a dinâmica familiar de mulheres-mães, antes, durante e após o convívio com as drogas. Material e método: Estudo qualitativo, exploratório e descritivo, utilizando entrevista semi-estruturada, com mulheres-mães internadas em um centro de recuperação de Petrolina-PE. Resultados: No período anterior às drogas as relações familiares eram referenciadas como boas, em oposição ao contexto às drogas, na qual evidenciou-se a naturalização da vida na rua, o roubo, a prostituição e a exploração sexual de menor, como meios de vida para sustentar o vício. A rejeição familiar esteve presente, modificando-se com a internação das depoentes, quando se apontou a possibilidade de reconstituição familiar. Conclusão: A participação da família no tratamento e cuidado das depoentes foi fundamental para fortalecer a aproximação das relações afetivas, o rompimento do estigma e preconceito tão prevalentes na sociedade. É necessário, também, que os profissionais de saúde, principalmente os enfermeiros estejam atentos e promovam a integração entre cuidado e cuidador, bem como conheçam a família e o contexto familiar em que vivem para traçar um cuidado mais efetivo.

Introduction: Drug abuse directly affects family relationships, interfering with established ties for support and safe relationships, gained over the family life. Objective: To analyze the family dynamics of women-mothers, before, during and after the interaction with drugs. Methods: A qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study using semi-structured interviews with women-mothers admitted to a Petrolina recovery center. Results: In the period previous to drug abuse, family relationships were referred to as good, as opposed to the period of drug addiction context in which naturalization of life on the street, theft, prostitution and child sexual exploitation were present as ways to enable their habit. Family rejection was present, which changed with the admission of the interviewees to the center, when the possibility of family reconstitution was addressed. Conclusion: Family participation in the treatment and care of the drug addict was essential to strengthen the approach towards affective relationships and taking away the stigma and prejudice so prevalent in society. It is also necessary that health professionals, especially nurses be aware and promote the integration of care and caregiver and know the family and the family context in which they live to implement more effective care.

Introducción: El uso de la drogas está afectando directamente las relaciones familiares, lo que interfiere con los vínculos establecidos en el apoyo y una relación segura, adquirida a lo largo de la vida familiar. Objetivo: Analizar la dinámica de las mujeres-madres de familia, antes, durante y después de la interacción con las drogas. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas con las mujeres-madres ingresadas en un centro de recuperación de Petrolina. Resultados: En el período anterior a las drogas las relaciones familiares fueron referenciadas como buenas, en comparación con el contexto de drogas, en el que se presentaron la naturalización de la vida en la calle, el robo, la prostitución y la explotación sexual infantil, como sustento para apoyar su hábito. El rechazo de la familia estaba presente, cambiando con la admisión de las entrevistadas, cuando se refirió a la posibilidad de la reconstrucción familiar. Conclusión: La participación de la familia en el tratamiento y cuidado de las dependientes fue fundamental para fortalecer el enfoque de las relaciones afectivas, la ruptura del estigma y el prejuicio tan común en la sociedad. También es necesario que los profesionales de la salud, especialmente las enfermeras, estén muy atentos y promuevan la integración de la atención y el cuidador; también que conozcan la familia y el contexto familiar en el que viven para trazar un cuidado más eficaz.

The War on "Red Drugs": Anti-communism and Drug Policy in Republic of Korea, 1945-1960 / 의사학

This paper investigates the discourses and policies on narcotics in Republic of Korea from 1945 to 1960. Since the Liberation the narcotic problem was regarded as the vestige of Japanese imperialism. which was expected to be cleaned up. The image of narcotic crimes as the legacy of the colonial past was turned into as the result of the Red Army's tactics to attack on the liberalist camp around the Korean war. The government of ROK represented the source of the illegal drugs as the Red army and the spy from North Korea. The anticommunist discourse about narcotics described the spies, who introduced the enormous amount of poppies into ROK and brought about the addicts, as the social evil. Through this discourse on poppies from North Korea, the government of ROK emphasized the immorality of the communists reinforcing the anticommunist regime, which was inevitable for the government of ROK to legitimize the division of Korea and the establishment of the government alone. This paper examines how the discourses and policies on narcotics in ROK was shaped and transformed from 1945 to 1960 focusing the relationship between the them and the political context such as anticommunism, Korean war, the division of Korea, and etc. This approach would be helpful to reveal the effect of the ROK's own political situation to the public health system involving the management for drugs.

Clinical Application and Management of Papaver somniferum / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To provide a reference for further strengthening the supervision and administration of the management and use of Papaver somniferum. METHODS:The general information,clinical application and toxic reactions of P. somniferum were briefly described by reference to relevant literatures and on the basis of the actual work. According to current laws and regula-tions,the existing problems about the clinical application and management of P. somniferum were revealed,and relevant counter-measures and suggestions were put forward. RESULTS&CONCLUSIONS:Both toxic and addictive,P. somniferum is the only tra-ditional Chinese herbal medicine covered by narcotic drug management. It is mainly used in clinical practice to relieve cough,diar-rhea and pain,etc. Although relevant laws and regulations have provided the specific requirements for the production,purchase, use and research & development of P. somniferum,slack enforcement of the laws and regulations,irrational use and abuse still ex-ist. It is suggested that State Food and Drug Administration and health administrative departments should constantly improve rele-vant law and regulation system and detailed regulations,strengthen supervision and administration,and strictly enforce relevant laws and regulations at the units engaged in the production,management and use of P. somniferum. Meanwhile,competent authori-ties should strengthen publicity and training.