ABSTRACT
A study of sources of finance which the household resorts to, in order to meet the hospitalization expense can be of use to policy makers who may want to work in the direction of providing financial security against hospitalization expenses to the masses. In this view, an attempt has been made to study the sources of finance for hospitalized treatment at an individual level based on criteria such as level of living, socio-economic background, level of care in India, as well as at state level through unit level data of the survey on “Social Consumption related to Health”, conducted by National Sample Survey (NSS) during January, 2014 to June, 2014. It has been found that the household's income or saving is not sufficient to meet the expenditure for hospitalized treatment and people have to borrow or arrange finance by other means for hospitalized treatment across the country. The results thereby suggest inputs to policy makers and re-establish the necessity of appropriate policy in order to provide financial security against escalating medical expenses.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the unmet needs and service of rehabilitation for Chinese people with disabilities. Methods The unmet needs and services of rehabilitation data from the Second National Sample Survey of Disability and 2006-2016 Statistical Bulletin on the De-velopment of People with disabilities in China issued by China Disabled Persons Federation had been analyzed. Results The unmet needs of rehabilitation for people with disabilities in China were mainly included health care and support, assistive devices, rehabilitation therapy and services, poverty alleviation, accessible facilities, accessible information, and other rehabilitation needs. The highest rate of unmet needs of rehabilitation was in the fields of health care (34.84%) and poverty alleviation (33.25%). There were significant differences in unmet needs of rehabilitation among people with different types of disabilities (χ2=40322.1, P<0.01). For all the types of disabilities, 41.46%had not re-ceived any service and support, 30.45%received health care and support, and 0.55%received accessible information. The main approaches recommended by professionals for people with disabilities were institutional rehabilitation, and community and family based services. The main services recommended by professionals to people with psychiatric (68.18%) or visual disabilities (60.28%) were health care, to people with hearing disability (51.67%) were assistive device, and to people with intellectual (57.36%) and speech disability (47.06%) were rehabil-itation therapy and training. There were significant differences both in rehabilitation approaches and contents among people with different types of disabilities preferred by professionals (χ2=12489.9,χ2=52528.93, P<0.01). Conclusion The unmet needs of rehabilitation for people with different types of disabilities were mainly included health care and assistance, assistive devices, rehabilitation training and services, and poverty alleviation. There were significant differences among people with different types of disabilities. For service delivery, the highest rate was in health care and assistance. The gap between the service and unmet needs of poverty alleviation for people with disabilities in China was the highest. There were significant differences in rehabilitation approaches and contents recommended by professionals among people with different types of disabilities. It was recommended to construct the national and local system of policy support system and rehabilita-tion service governance, to provide precision rehabilitation services based on the unmet needs of rehabilitation, to develop the comprehen-sive rehabilitation service delivery to achieve the goal of rehabilitation for all, and to conduct scientific research on rehabilitation by using International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health to provide evidence and support for the development of rehabilitation.
ABSTRACT
No study has yet attempted to measure mean out-of-pocket expenditure on health care at household level, separately for government and private health facilities in India. Therefore, this study analyses the change in the out-of-pocket expenditure between 1995-96 and 2004 for fifteen major states of India, separately for rural/urban sector and inpatient/outpatient care. Using data from the 52nd and 60th rounds of the National Sample Survey, we present a disaggregated analysis of the trends and patterns of inflation adjusted household expenditure on health care. The analysis of average household expenditure on health care demonstrated that the mean outpatient care expenditure in government health sector decreased marginally at the aggregate level in both rural and urban sector, whereas it showed a significant increase in private facilities. A substantial rural-urban differential was also observed regarding households’ mean hospitalization expenditure in private hospitals while the same was not true for government hospitals. Almost all states observed a very high growth in households’ mean hospitalization expenditure in the private sector, while it was quite low in the government sector and even negative in rural areas of some states. The same pattern was observed in the growth pattern of households’ outpatient care expenditure. The analyses indicated a little improvement in the performance of government health sector in terms of out-of pocket expenditure. The improvement was more visible in developed and less developed states than in least developed states. Similarly, the improvement was more visible in rural areas than in urban areas.
Subject(s)
Health Expenditures , Delivery of Health Care , IndiaABSTRACT
@#Objective To investigate the needs of rehabilitations in persons with mental retardation in Beijing.Methods 738 persons with mental retardation surveyed in the Second China National Sample Survey on Disability were involved,their rehabilitation condition and requisition were evaluated.Results 63.69% of them needed rehabilitation in community and family,73.31% needed rehabilitation training,their needs on medical service were met,needs on rehabilitation training were above provided service,needs on assistance articles and utensils were low,and needs on employment were high.Conclusion The case management system for persons with mental retardation should be built to meet their rehabilitation requisitions on different age and grade with various approaches.
ABSTRACT
Since the first survey done in 1983, this is the second national sample survey of medical students about their perception and evaluation on medical study, career plan, and medical care system. One out of every 10 students plus one in each class were systematically sampled from each grade year of 32 medical schools in Korea that had students from freshman to senior in November 1997. A questionnaire was developed by adding items related with recent changes in medical care environment and with viewpoint on medicine and physician as an occupation to the questionnaire used in 1983. The questionnaire was administered at each school under the supervision of designated collaborator of the same school in December 1997 through January 1998. A total of 1,386 students were sampled from a total of 11,987 medical students and 1,233 students(89.0%) filled out the questionnaire. Twelve students were excluded from the analysis because of incomplete response and the final analysis was done for 1,221 students. A few demographic characteristics of the sample were compared with those of the study population to check the representativeness of the sample and found no skew. The contents of the study were divided into three parts and the first part describes the study methods, demographic and other characteristics of the sample, students' viewpoint on medical education, and students' aptitude for medicine Male students accounted for 75.7% of the sample. The proportion of students who entered medical school right after graduating from a high school was 45.8% in Seoul and 53.4% in other than Seoul area. The students who classified their own political inclination conservative were 43.9% in Seoul and 33.0% in other than Seoul and the percentage of students with progressive inclination was higher in out of Seoul than Seoul area. The proportion of students who have a religion was 57.2%; Christian 31.0%, Catholic 15.2%, and Buddhist 9.5%. The educational level of fathers of students was far higher than the level of general population, e.g. 59.8% had college or higher education. Occupation of fathers was mainly white-collar worker; professional worker 21.2%, company employee 17.2%, government official 13.1%, manager 11.8%, and medical professional 8.7%. In the decision-making process to enter the medical school, 53.7% of the students were influenced by someone else and 62.1% of them were parents. Socio-economic factor was the most common reason for recommending medical school and it accounted 33.5% of the reasons. Medical students enjoy learning life phenomenon(47.2%) and human being(44.3%) in medical study but most disturbing factors are memory work(39.7%) and too much to study(34.1%). If students were given another chance to choose a college as a senior student in high school, 50.3% of them said that they would choose medical school. Only 6% of students have intention to change their major subject of study if they are allowed to change now. The proportion of students who consider their scholastic aptitude is compatible with medical study was 64.9% and such proportion increased with grade. The percentage of students who are going to recommend medical school to their own son in the future was 36.6% for male and 26.7% for female students and to their own daughter 33.6% and 27.7%, respectively.