De grupo de presión a actor político: infraestructuras de paz y madurez del conflicto en Colombia / From Pressure Group to Political Actor: Peace Infrastructures and Maturity of the Conflict in Colombia

Resumen Las infraestructuras de paz, desde su génesis en la administración de Belisario Be tancur, en Colombia, han sido grupos de presión de carácter privado y mixto en me nor medida, que están en una constante lucha por constituirse como un actor políti co con un grado mayor de institucionalización, valiéndose de la movilización social de manera pacífica. Estos grupos de presión a diferencia de los partidos, solo pre tenden influir el sistema político. Se concluye que las infraestructuras de paz, han transitado de ser un grupo de presión a un actor político con participación directa y necesidades puntuales en el posconflicto.

Abstract Peace infrastructure, from its onset under Belisario Betancur's term, in Colombia, has been pressure groups of a private and mixed nature to a lesser extent, which are in a constant struggle to establish themselves as a political actor with a greater degree of institutionalization, by using social mobilization peacefully. These groups of pressure, unlike parties, are only intended to influence the political system. It is concluded that peace infrastructure has gone from being a pressure group to a poli tical actor with direct participation and timely needs in the post-conflict.

Repensando o ato de pesquisar - negociações, composições e afetações / Repensando el acto de investigación - negociaciones, composiciones y afectaciones / Rethinking the act of research - negotiations, compositions and affections

Resumo: Este artigo busca trazer contribuições para se pensar métodos de pesquisa a partir da Teoria Ator-rede (TAR), com autores como Latour, Despret, Favret-Saada, dentre outros - no intuito de trazer visibilidade a novas maneiras de se posicionar enquanto pesquisador. Nesta perspectiva, o pesquisador se encontra em um movimento de tradução e negociação, em um curso de ação composto por agentes diversos. Uma vez que se concebe que as ciências não estão recortadas do resto dos acontecimentos dispersos no mundo, pode então o cientista dar-se a percorrer uma infinidade de possibilidades de intervenção ao seguir as ações e seus agentes. Deste modo, o que estaria em pauta seria a produção de boas generalizações e não a comprovação de verdades previamente estabelecidas. Neste sentido, o caminho de pesquisa estaria representado pela capacidade de articulação das ciências com temas para além de suas fronteiras, compondo outras traduções, mais amplas e inclusivas daquilo que as cercam.

Resumen: Este artículo busca hacer contribuciones para pensar el método de investigación a partir de Latour y demás autores como Despret y Favret-Saada, con el propósito de traer visibilidad a nuevas maneras de posicionarse como investigador. En esta perspectiva, el investigador se encuentra en un movimiento de traducción y negociación, en un curso de acción compuesto por agentes diversos. Una vez que se concibe que las ciencias no están recortadas del resto de los acontecimientos dispersos en el mundo, puede entonces el científico darse a recorrer una infinidad de posibilidades de intervención al seguir las acciones y sus agentes. Así, lo que estaría en pauta sería la producción de buenas generalizaciones y no la comprobación de verdades previamente establecidas. En este sentido, el "interés" discutido por Latour sería representado por la capacidad de articulación de las ciencias con temas más allá de sus fronteras, componiendo otras traducciones, más amplias e inclusivas de aquello que las rodea.

Abstract: This article makes some contributions to think about the research method from Latour and other authors such as Despret and Favret-Saada, in order to bring visibility to new ways of positioning oneself as a researcher. In this sense, the researcher is in a movement of translation and negotiation, in a course of action composed of diverse agents. Once the sciences are conceived as not being out from the rest of the world's dispersed events, then the scientist can go through a myriad of possibilities of intervention by following the actions and their agents. Thus, what would be in question would be the production of good generalizations and not the proof of previously established truths. In this sense, the "interest" discussed by Latour would be represented by the capacity of articulation of the sciences with themes beyond their borders, composing other translations, broader and more inclusive of what surrounds them.

Orientaciones emocionales colectivas sobre el conflicto armado y sus actores como barreras para la construcción de la paz y la reconciliación en ciudadanos de Medellín / Collective Emotional Guidelines on the Armed Conflict and its Actors as Barriers for the Construction of Peace and Reconciliation in Colombia

Resumen El presente artículo de investigación analiza orientaciones emocionales colectivas de carácter político como barreras psicosociales para la construcción de la paz y la reconciliación en Colombia. Se realizaron 55 entrevistas semiestructuradas y en profundidad a ciudadanos del común en la ciudad de Medellín, de las que emergieron discursos relacionados con estas orientaciones emocionales, dirigidas al proceso de negociación política del conflicto armado entre el gobierno colombiano y la guerrilla de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejército del Pueblo (FARC-EP). Se identificaron diversas orientaciones emocionales como ira, indignación y odio, dirigidas hacia las FARC, especialmente por los participantes que se mostraron en desacuerdo. Mientras que, quienes estaban de acuerdo, en menor medida expresaron este tipo de emociones hacia paramilitares. Sin embargo, hacia la fuerza pública, los tres grupos categorizados expresaron orientaciones emocionales de admiración, orgullo y sentimiento de patriotismo. De otro lado, la esperanza y la empatía como posibilitadoras de escenarios de transformación del conflicto armado primaron en quienes se encontraban de acuerdo. Finalmente, la tristeza y el dolor emergieron en la mayoría de los participantes, pero en quienes estaban de acuerdo se asoció con solidaridad hacia las víctimas y deseo de transformar la guerra en Colombia por la vía de la negociación política.

Abstract This current research paper analyzes the collective emotional guidelines of a political nature as psychosocial barriers for the construction of peace and reconciliation in Colombia. 55 deep and semi-structured interviews were carried out to ordinary people in the city of Medellín, from which speech related with these emotional guidelines emerged, which are addressed to the process of political negotiation of the armed conflict between the Colombian government and the guerrilla of Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - Peoples' Army (FARC-EP). Diverse emotional guidelines, such as wrath, outrage, and hatred; targeted to FARC were identified, especially by the participants, who showed their disagreement. While, those who agreed, in a lesser measure, expressed this type of emotions toward paramilitary groups. Nevertheless, toward the law enforcement, the three categorized groups expressed emotional guidelines of admiration, pride, and feeling of patriotism. Otherwise, hope and empathy as enablers of transformation scenarios of the armed conflict prevailed in those who agreed. Finally, sadness and pain emerged in most of the participants, but in those who agreed, it was associated with solidarity toward the victims and the desire of transforming war in Colombia by means of the political negotiation.

The Ibalois of Benguet as active agents in health negotiations

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong> The Ibalois in La Trinidad, Benguet are witnesses to health negotiations that had been subjected to historical and material change.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>OBJECTIVE:</b> To present indicators of resistance - the struggles, apparent ambivalence, and aspirations of the Ibaloi people in relation to health negotiations, as indicative of their being active agents in confronting change. Its ultimate objective was to show how the Ibalois have managed to not allow themselves to be subjected to the biological reductionism of "medical gaze" as they assert the value of a number of traditional health and cultural practices amidst historical and material change.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHODOLOGY:</strong> A case study research design with Key Informants Interview (KII) as data collection technique was used as design for the study. To collect data, fifteen key informants were interviewed, eight from the folk medical sector and seven from the professional medical sector. Emic viewpoint was used in the presentation of data to analyze cultural phenomena from the perspective of one who participates in the culture being studied. Data from the folk medical sector were triangulated with data coming from local and international studies and with reports coming from the professional health sector: records from barangay and provincial health clinics managed by nurses and midwives as well as data coming from a local tertiary hospital and a national media news coverage.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The struggles of the Ibalois are acts of resistance as they confront both traditional health practice or change. Their ambivalent emotions manifest creative responses to the diurnal or apparently humdrum occurrences that they encounter. Their aspirations indicate their hope and constant desire for a better future, and particular to this study, better health conditions. Indeed, health negotiations in Barangay Bahong, La Trinidad, Benguet and the continued relevance given to the mambonong are not indicative of a petrified indigenous.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> Amidst the various historic turns and power shifts in the Cordillera region, the Ibalois have portrayed themselves as human agents, not just as one objective force in society - who define their culture (i.e. health practices) themselves in as much as this gives meaning and relevance to their lives. </p>

Climate Change Diplomacy- Apparatus for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: A Reflection in the Context of Bangladesh.

The objective of this analysis is mainly to examine the current trend of climate change diplomacy carry forward by the Government of Bangladesh. This focus on effectiveness of Climate Change (CC) Diplomacy for the climate change victim nation like Bangladesh. Some interrelated issues addressed here are: (i) essence of climate change diplomacy for the developing nations mostly affected by climate induced disasters; (ii) performance of Bangladesh in the bilateral and multilateral negotiations. The findings of the analysis suggest that, climate change diplomacy of the government of Bangladesh is not formally fashioned yet to influence foreign governments and/or multilateral institutions towards extending highest support in mitigating and adapting the climate change impact. It is apparent that, climate change diplomacy does not seem to have emerged as an integral component of its international relations to complement the national efforts through tie up with international affiliations. The paper is concluded with a roadmap to make the climate change diplomacy more effective so that Bangladesh could avail optimum assistance from the international community/alliance to mitigate and adopt climate change for reduction of vulnerability of the community recurrently affected by climate change induced disasters. With the prominence of climate change diplomacy on the top, Bangladesh should have a strategy of playing a pro-active role at the international level in coming years. Such strategy would help Bangladesh to draw on the global assistance in favor of climate change mitigation and adaptation.

O jogo de regras rummikub e as possibilidades de negociação interpares / Rummikub game rules and the possibilities of interlayer negotiations / El juego de reglas rummikub y las posibilidades de negociación inter pares

No aporte teórico de Jean Piaget, a negociação da perspectiva é considerada processo que vai do egocentrismo à reciprocidade. O artigo objetivou analisar as condutas no jogo Rummikub e a negociação da perspectiva interpares. A pesquisa qualitativa na modalidade de estudo descritivo ocorreu em uma escola estadual em Londrina - PR e dela participaram 8 alunos da sala de apoio. Foram realizadas 10 sessões com o jogo - 4 de aprendizagem e 6 avaliativas. Os resultados demonstraram que as jogadas predominantemente egocêntricas e autocentradas estão relacionadas à dificuldade de antecipação, autocontrole e ausência de autonomia na aprendizagem. As condutas mais recíprocas relacionaram-se à autonomia, planejamento de ações e enfrentamento dos desafios. Condutas mais egocêntricas no jogo corresponderam à maior necessidade de trapacear, usar estratégias contrárias às regras e autofavorecedoras. A negociação das perspectivas deve ser oportunizada em situações de aprendizagem escolar nas quais os aspectos sociais, afetivos e cognitivos encontram-se interdependentes.

According to Jean Piaget´s theory, negotiation of perspective is considered a process that goes from egocentrism to reciprocity. In this article we aim at analyzing the conducts at Rummikub game and the peer's negotiation of perspective. We conducted this qualitative research in the modality of a descriptive study in a state school in Londrina-PR with 8 students of a supportive classroom. We had ten sessions on the game - four dedicated to learning and six to evaluation. The results demonstrated that the egocentric and individual-centered plays are related to the difficulty in anticipation and self-control and of the absence of learning autonomy. The plays with more reciprocal conducts were related to autonomy, to the planning of actions and to a higher disposition to face challenges. More egocentric conducts in the game corresponded to a higher need to cheat or use strategies contrary to the rules and self-beneficial. We argue that negotiation of perspectives must be favored in learning situations in schools among peers, for they allow an exchange to take place in which the social, emotional and cognitive aspects are found to be interdependent.

El aporte teórico de Jean Piaget señala que la negociación de la perspectiva es considerada proceso que transita del egocentrismo a la reciprocidad. El artículo tuvo el objetivo de analizar las conductas en juego Rummikub y la negociación de la perspectiva inter pares. La investigación cualitativa en la modalidad de estudio descriptivo sucedió en una escuela estatal en Londrina (Paraná) y contó con la participación de 8 alumnos de la sala de apoyo. Se realizaron 10 sesiones con el juego - 4 de aprendizaje y 6 evaluativas. Los resultados demostraron que las jugadas predominantemente egocéntricas y auto-centradas están relacionadas a la dificultad de anticipación, autocontrol y ausencia de autonomía en el aprendizaje. Las conductas más recíprocas se relacionaron a la autonomía, planificación de acciones y enfrentamiento de desafíos. Conductas más egocéntricas en el juego correspondieron a mayor necesidad de hacer trampas, usar estrategias que burlan reglas y que se muestran auto-favorecedoras. La negociación de perspectivas debe ser posibilitada en situaciones de aprendizaje escolar en las que los aspectos sociales, afectivos y cognitivos son interdependientes.

Condicionantes internacionais e domésticos: O Brasil e o G-20 nas negociações agrícolas da Rodada Doha / International and domestic conditioning factors: Brazil and the G-20 in the agricultural negotiations of the Doha Round / Contraintes intérieures et internationales: Le Brésil et le G-20 dans les négociations agricoles du Sommet de Doha

This article analyzes Brazil's performance during the agricultural negotiations in the Doha Round, considering the implications of domestic backing for the country's credibility vis-à-vis the G-20 and the coalition's contribution to increasing Brazil's bargaining power in relation to pressure from the United States and the European Union. The study investigated the positions of agribusiness interest groups, G-20, United States, and European Union in distinct negotiating phases. The theoretical framework used here was the two-level game model. The following observations emerged: domestic backing evolved over the course of the Doha Round; the G-20 helped increase Brazil's bargaining power; and the intensification of disagreements between agribusiness and the negotiations and clashes between agricultural exporting countries and net food importers inside the G-20 eroded Brazil's capacity to act via the coalition and shifted it away from the group in 2008. The study explores the consequences of Brazil's decision for the partnership between Brazil and India.

Dans cet article, on examine le rôle du Brésil dans les négociations agricoles de la Rencontre de Doha en considérant les conséquences du soutien intérieur à la crédibilité du pays auprès du G-20 et la contribution de la coalition en vue d'élargir le pouvoir de négociation du Brésil face aux pressions des États Unis et de l'Union Européenne. Dans ce but, on examine les positions des groupes d'intérêt de l'agrobusiness, du G-20, des USA et de l'UE dans différentes phases de négociation. Le modèle théorique choisi a été celui des jeux à deux niveaux. On a constaté que le soutien intérieur subissait une évolution tout au long du sommet; le G-20 a aidé le Brésil à augmenter son pouvoir de négociation; l'intensification des désaccords de l'agrobusiness dans les négociations et les divergences entre pays exportateurs agricoles et importateurs nets d'aliments à l'intérieur du G-20 ont diminué la possibilité du Brésil d'agir à travers la coalition, ce qui l'a amené à s´écarter du groupe en 2008. Les conséquences de la décision brésilienne sur le partenariat Brésil-Inde ont également été examinées.

Representaciones sociales de un grupo de estudiantes universitarios frente a un acto terrorista en Bogotá / Social representations in a university students group in a terrorist act in Bogotá

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer las representaciones sociales de un grupo de 20 jóvenes universitarios frente al atentado con carro bomba ocurrido el 19 de Octubre del 2006 en la Escuela Superior de Guerra del Ejército Nacional ubicada en la ciudad de Bogotá. Para ello se aplicó una entrevista estructurada conformada por tres preguntas abiertas con el fin de conocer las representaciones de jóvenes universitarios pertenecientes a dos universidades diferentes: Universidad Militar Nueva Granada y Universidad Católica de Colombia. El análisis cualitativo de los datos evidencia la emergencia de categorías de análisis tales como: atribución de responsabilidad, vivencia del atentado y acciones preventivas en la representación del atentado.

The aim of this study was to know the social representations in a group of 20 young university students about the car-bomb attack which have place at October 19 of 2006 in the Superior School of War of the National Army located in Bogotá city. To do it, a structured interview was applied conformed by three open questions with the purpose of know the representations of young university students from two different universities: Military University New Granada and Catholic University of Colombia. The qualitative analysis of the data demonstrates the emergency of categories of analysis such as: attribution of responsibility, experience of the attack and preventive actions in the representation of the attack.