Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: surgical resection / Tumores neuroendócrinos ressecáveis do pâncreas: abordagem cirúrgica

ABSTRACT Introduction: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET) correspond to about 3% of all tumors in pancreas and could be presented as a difficult diagnosis and management. Objective: To review the diagnosis and treatment of the pNET available in scientific literature. Method: A bibliographic survey was performed by means of an online survey of MeSH terms in the Pubmed database. A total of 104 articles were published in the last 15 years, of which 23 were selected as the basis for the writing of this article. Results: pNET is an infrequent neoplasia and their incidence, in USA, is about 1:100.000 inhabitants/year. Thereabout 30% of them produce hormones presenting as a symptomatic disease and others 70% of the cases could be silent disease. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and/or Computed Tomography (CT) have similar sensitivy to detect pNET. They are very important when associated to nuclear medicine mainly Positron Emission Tomography (PET-CT) Gallium-68 to find primary tumor and its staging. The appropriate treatment should be chosen based on characteristics of the tumor, its staging and associated comorbidities. Conclusion: The surgical resection is still the best treatment for patients with ressectable pancreatic NETs. However, the size, grade, tumor functionality, stage and association with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1) are important to define who will be eligible for surgical treatment. In general, tumors bigger than 2 cm are eligible for surgical treatment, except insulinomas whose surgical resection is recommended no matter the size.

RESUMO Introdução: Os tumores neuroendócrinos pancreáticos (TNE-P) correspondem a cerca de 3% de todas as neoplasias no pâncreas e são de diagnóstico e manejo difíceis. Objetivo: Revisar o diagnóstico e tratamento desses tumores disponíveis na literatura científica atual. Método: Foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico por meio de pesquisa online de MeSH terms na base de dados do Pubmed. Ao todo foram analisados 104 artigos publicados nos últimos 15 anos, dos quais 23 foram selecionados como base para a redação deste artigo. Resultados: TNE-P é neoplasia pouco frequente com incidência estimada em 1: 100.000 habitantes/ano. Cerca de 30% produzem hormônios, ditos funcionantes, que se apresentam como doença sintomática e outros 70% podem se apresentar como doença silenciosa. Como recurso diagnóstico o uso de tomografia computadorizada ou ressonância nuclear magnética apresentam níveis de sensibilidade parecidas. Sua associação à recursos da medicina nuclear são de grande valia para localização de tumores primários e estadiamento, destacando-se o uso da tomografia por emissão de pósitrons (PET-CT) com Gálio-68. A decisão terapêutica deve ser baseada nas características tumorais, estadiamento e comorbidades associadas. Conclusão: A abordagem cirúrgica permanece como a terapia de escolha para pacientes com TNE-P ressecáveis. No entanto, a seleção de pacientes para tratamento cirúrgico deve seguir critérios baseados em funcionalidade do tumor, grau, estágio e associação com neoplasia múltipla tipo 1. De forma geral, tumores maiores de 2 cm têm indicação cirúrgica, excetuando-se os insulinomas, cuja proposta cirúrgica independe de seu tamanho.

Análisis de la mortalidad posoperatoria temprana en una cohorte de 132 pacientes sometidos a cirugía de Whipple en Medellín / Analysis of the early postoperative mortality in 132 patients that underwent the Whipple procedure at a hospital in Medellin, Colombia

Introducción. La pancreaticoduodenectomía es una cirugía compleja con alta morbilidad y una mortalidad que ha venido disminuyendo en las últimas décadas. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los factores asociados a la mortalidad posoperatoria temprana de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía de Whipple. Materiales y métodos. De la base de datos prospectiva de la Unidad de Cirugía Hepatobiliar y Pancreática, se incluyeron todos los pacientes en quienes se practicó la cirugía de Whipple en el Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe de Medellín, en el periodo comprendido entre junio de 2004 y junio de 2013. Se hizo el análisis bivariado y multivariado de los factores asociados a la mortalidad posoperatoria temprana, definida como la muerte durante los primeros 30 días del periodo posoperatorio. Resultados. Se practicaron 132 cirugías de Whipple. Como factores asociados a mortalidad posoperatoria a 30 días, con significancia estadística en el análisis bivariado, se encontraron: sangrado operatorio (p=0,014), pH intraoperatorio (p=0,006), amilasa en el drenaje en el primer día posoperatorio (p=0,012) y cuarto día posperatorio (p=0,023), y proteína C reactiva al quinto día posoperatorio (p=0,036). En el análisis multivariado se encontró el sangrado mayor de 300 ml, bicarbonato de menos de 22,2 mEq/L en el día 1 posoperatorio, pH intraoperatorio menor de 7,34 y amilasa en el drenaje en el primer día posoperatorio menor de 2.500 U/ml, como los factores asociados a mortalidad temprana, aunque sin lograr significancia estadística. Discusión. El seguimiento y análisis riguroso de la evolución de los pacientes sometidos a pancreaticoduodenectomía, permite establecer que en nuestro medio se pueden conseguir resultados comparables a los de otras series en centros especializados del mundo e identificar factores asociados a la mortalidad posoperatoria para detectar aspectos en los cuales la calidad de la atención médica puede ser mejorada.

Introduction: Pancreaticoduodenectomy is a complex operation with high morbidity and mortality rates, which have been declining in recent decades . The objective of the study was to determine factors associated with early postoperative mortality in patients undergoing the Whipple procedure. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study of a consecutive series of patients who underwent Whipple surgery at Pablo Tobon Uribe Hospital, Medellin, Colombia, in the period from June 2004 to June 2013 was performed, with bivariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with early postoperative mortality (defined as death during the first 30 days postoperatively). Results: The 132 Whipple procedure was performed during the study time, period. The factors associated with postoperative 30-day mortality with statistical significance in the bivariate analysis were: operative bleeding (p = 0.014 ), intraoperative pH (p = 0.006 ), amylase value in the drainage in the first postoperative day (p = 0.012 ) and fourth postoperative day (p = 0.023 ) , and C reactive protein ( CRP ) on the fifth postoperative day (p = 0.036 ) . Multivariate analysis showed intraoperative bleeding of more than 300 ml, bicarbonate levels less than 22.2 mmol/L on postoperative day 1, intraoperative pH less than 7.34, and amylase value in the drainage on postoperative day 1 less than 2500 U / ml, as the factors associated with early mortality, although not achieving statistical significance. Discussion: Rigorous monitoring and outcome analysis of patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy in our environment can get comparable results to those of other series in specialized centers around the world and identifying factors associated with postoperative mortality serve to detect points where quality of care can be improved .