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Retinal degenerative diseases are a major contributor to visual impairment worldwide, and research related to retinal degenerative diseases is increasingly becoming a hot topic.The sigma-1 receptor is a 223-amino-acid endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane protein, and its gene sequence is highly conserved throughout mammals.Sigma-1 receptors are widely distributed in various tissues and organs.Numerous studies have proved the protective role of sigma-1 receptors in retinal pathological processes, including anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory response, and anti-apoptosis.In addition, sigma-1 receptors have potential therapeutic roles in retinal diseases, especially diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa and glaucomatous neuropathy.In this paper, the molecular mechanisms of sigma-1 receptor-mediated retinal neuroprotection and its application in the treatment of retinal diseases were reviewed.
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Colon cancer is a commonly malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality in China, which seriously threatens human health and lives. Surgery plays a key role in the treatment of colorectal cancer so far. The sigmoid colon is the predilection site of colon cancer. Laparoscopic surgery has been gradually applied in radical operation of sigmoid colon cancer. 4K laparoscopy belongs to a kind of high-imaging technology, of which the information volume is more than 4 times that of conventional high-definition televisions. It can improve the operator's sense of control on the surgical field of view. Combined with team practical experience, the author introduces and interprets the excision extent and operative procedures in radical resection of mid-distal sigmoid colon cancer from the perspective of the 4K laparoscopy.
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@#Glaucoma is an eye disease characterized by progressiveretinal nerve damage and impaired vision, which is the top one irreversible blinding eye disease. The pathologic intraocular pressure elevation is its key risk. At present, the clinical medicine with intraocular pressure reducing and retinal nerve protection effects focused on symptomatic therapy with unsatisfied effects. Chinese herb monomers have advantages of both Chinese herbs and chemical drugs. Chinese herbs and Chinese herb monomers have favorable effects on glaucoma therapy, especially on retinal nerve protection, which provides a vast room for new drug development. The paper summarized applications and mechanism of representative anti-glaucoma Chinese herbal formulas, Chinese herbs and especially Chinese herb monomers, which would provide references for clinical therapy and new drug development for glaucoma.
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Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of Xingnaojing combined with butylphthalide in the treatment of vascular dementia (VD). Methods One hundred and twenty VD patients admitted to First People's Hospital of Tongxiang from August 1st 2014 to December 1st 2017 were enrolled, all the patients were given routine treatment according to their disease conditions, 53 cases were treated by intravenous drip of butylphthalide and sodium chloride injection (100 mL containing butylphthalide 25 mg and sodium chloride 0.9 g), 100 mL once, 2 times each day (single-use group); another 67 patients were treated with Xingnaojing 20 mL added into 200 mL glucose solution intravenous drip, once a day, on the basis of the treatment in the single-use group (combined group), and both groups were treated for 4 weeks. The changes of mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and activity of daily life (ADL) scores, clinical efficacy and adverse reactions were observed before and after treatment in the two groups. Results The MMSE and ADL scores in both groups were higher after treatment than those before treatment, and the MMSE and ADL scores in the combined group were significantly higher than those in the single-use group (MMSE scores: 26.77±1.30 vs. 25.64±2.81, ADL: 74.77±3.30 vs. 59.23±4.21, both P < 0.05); the clinical efficacy of the combined group was significantly higher than that of the single-use group [97.0% (65/67) vs. 81.1% (43/53), P < 0.05], however, there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the combined group and the single-use group [7.5% (5/67) vs. 7.6% (4/53), P > 0.05 ]. Conclusions After treatment of VD with the combination of Xingnaojing and butylphthalide, the cognitive function and daily living ability of the patients are improved to some extent, the combined treatment is more effective than the single application of butylphthalide, and no obvious adverse reaction occurs during the therapeutic course.
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Neuronal death is thought to be irreversible. In optic nerve-related diseases, the death and axonal loss of retinal ganglion cells could lead to irreversible visual impairment. A large number of studies support the hypothesis that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), once activated by particular ligands, could have a potential neuroprotective effect on the peripheral organs and the central nervous system suffering from acute or chronic injury. Optic nerve belongs to the extension of white matter in the central nervous system and shares similar pathophysiological processes with the central nervous system, which makes PPARs a hot spot in the field of optic nerve protection. This paper reviewed the effect of PPARs in optic nerve protection and its possible mechanism.
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Neuronal death is thought to be irreversible.In optic nerve-related diseases,the death and axonal loss of retinal ganglion cells could lead to irreversible visual impairment.A large number of studies support the hypothesis that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs),once activated by particular ligands,could have a potential neuroprotective effect on the peripheral organs and the central nervous system suffering from acute or chronic injury.Optic nerve belongs to the extension of white matter in the central nervous system and shares similar pathophysiological processes with the central nervous system,which makes PPARs a hot spot in the field of optic nerve protection.This paper reviewed the effect of PPARs in optic nerve protection and its possible mechanism.
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Aim To investigate the protective effect of Qi ZhiXiaoke granules ( QZXK ) on nerve injury using zebrafish and nerve cell injury models. Methods The nerve injury model was established using wild zebrafish AB line, 72 hours after fertilization treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1 , 2 , 3 , 6-four pyridine ( MPTP ) .Then QZXK of different doses were administered for three days,and the trajectory of the zebrafish behavior was recorded and analyzed. Neuroblastoma PC12 cells were incubated with different concentrations of QZXK and MPTP,and the cell viability of PC12 cells was de-tected by MTT. The mitochondrial membrane potential and expression of apoptosis related protein Caspase3 were measured by kits. Results Compared with con-trol group,MPTP reduced the movement distance of ze-brafish,and with the increase of concentration, QZXK promoted the movement distance and reversed the swimming behavior abnormality of zebrafish. Compared with control group, QZXK could inhibit the apoptosis induced by MPTP and promote the cell viability of PC12 cells with MPTP. QZXK improved the membranepotential and decreased the expression of Caspase3 . Conclusions QZXK exerts neuroprotective effect in the process of nerve injury induced by MPTP. The mechanism may be related with inhibiting apoptosis of neural cells. These experiment provides experimental and theoretical foundation for QZXK promoting cogni-tive function.
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Objective:To investigate the effects of cerebral ischemic postconditioning (CIP)on the expressions of Cyclin D1 and CDK4 proteins in hippocampal neurons of the rats with global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R)based on Notch1 signaling pathway,and to explore the mechanisms.Methods:A total of 128 healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group,I/R group (modified Pulsinelli four vessel occlusion method), CIP group (repeated 3 times of reperfusion or blocking blood vessel before complete reperfusion)and DAPT group (intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg·kg-1 ·d-1 DAPT 3 h before CIP),and there were 32 rats in each group.HE staining was used to observe the morphology of the neurons at 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after ischemia;immunohistochemical staining was used to observe the expressions of Cyclin D1, CDK4 and Notch1 in the hippocampus of the rats;Western blotting method was used to observe the expression levels of Cyclin D1,CDK4 and Notch1 proteins in the hippocampus of the rats at different time points. Results:The HE staining results showed that compared with sham operation group,the structure of neurons in hippocampus area of the rats in I/R group was damaged and the survival rate of neurons was significantly decreased (P <0.05).Compared with I/R group,the survival rates of neurons in the hippocampus area of the rats in CIP group were significantly increased at the corresponding time (P <0.05).Compared with CIP group,the survival rates of neurons in hippocampus area of the rats in DAPT group at the corresponding time were significantly decreased (P < 0.05 ). The immunohistochemical staining results showed that compared with sham operation group,the number of cells with positive Notch1,Cyclin D1 and CDK4 in I/R group was increased (P < 0.05).Compared with I/R group,the number of Cyclin D1 and CDK4 positive cells in CIP group was decreased (P <0.05),and the number of Notch1 positive cells of was significantly increased (P <0.05).Compared with CIP group,the number of Cyclin D1 and CDK4 positive cells in DAPT group was increased (P < 0.05 ),and the number of Notch1 positive cells was significantly decreased (P < 0.05 ). The Western blotting results showed that compared with sham operation group,the expression levels of Notch1,Cyclin D1 and CDK4 proteins in the hippocampus of the rats in I/R group were increased (P <0.05);compared with I/R group,the expression levels of Cyclin D1 and CDK4 proteins in the hippocampus of the rats in CIP group were significantly decreased (P <0.05),and the expression level of Notch1 protein in the hippocanpus of the rats was significantly increased (P < 0.05 ); compared with CIP group,the expression levels of Cyclin D1 and CDK4 proteins in the hippocampus of the rats in DAPT group were increased (P <0.05),and the expression level of Notch1 protein was significantly decreased (P < 0.05).Conclusion:CIP may play an important role in protecting the neurons by increasing the activity of Notch1 and inhibiting the expressions of Cyclin D1 and CDK4.
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Objective To investigate the effects of melatonin on the changes of superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , reactive oxygen species (ROS),and malondialdehyde(MDA) in N2A cells under hypoxia conditions.Methods Randomly divided the primary cultured neuroblasto-ma cells of mouse into the control group ,hypoxia group ,and MT treatment group .The MT treatment group were given melatonin 5μg/mL for 24 h to set up the treatment model .Rsbiotech of the hypoxia group and MT treatment group were given gaseous mixture of 95%N2 and 5%CO2 ,The ischemia hypoxia model of N 2A cells was set up with cells in the oxidative stress state and cultured for 24 hours at low concentra-tions of serum .The content of SOD , ROS, and MDA was measured respectively by xanthine oxidase , fluorogenic quantitative detection and thiobarbituric acid chromatometry .Results The expression of SOD in hypoxia group and MT treatment group were significantly decreased compared with that in control group(P<0.05).The level of SOD in MT treatment group significantly recovered compared with hypoxia group with singnificant difference (P<0.05).The expression of MDA and ROS in hypoxia group and MT treatment group were significantly in-creased compared with that in control group (P<0.05).The level of MDA and ROS in MT treatment group significantly recovered compared with hypoxia group with singnificant difference (P<0.05).Conclsion Melatonin provides a protective effect on the secondary damage of nerve cells with hypoxia ischemia .The possible mechanism is melatonin could play the role of free radical scavenging and up -regulate the ex-pression level of antioxidants .
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?As a globally recognized irreversible blindness disease, glaucoma can lead to pathological intraocular hypertension, loss of optic ganglion cells and axonal progressive, more and more deep optic cup, and the expanded visual field defect. Various researches show that excitatory amino acid toxicity, oxidative damage, apoptosis, intracellular Ca2+overloading etc. , pathogenic factors are all involved in the occurrence and development of glaucoma. Now, a variety of clinical drugs and operation treatment are applied to control the glaucoma progress. Further more, there are many new drugs and methods in the process of development. This is an article on the current anti-glaucoma drugs.
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Objective: To investigate the protective effect of exogenous cardiotrophi-1 (CT-1) against spinal cord injury and the possible mechanism. Methods: Ninety rats were evenly randomized into 9 groups, namely, before injury (0 h) and 1, 6, 12 hours, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 days after injury. RT-PCR was used to examine the expression of CT-1, its receptor gp130, and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) in the injured spinal cord tissues. Rats were also divided into spinal cord injury model group, nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment group and CT-1 treatment group, receiving intradural infusion of normal saline, NGF, and rhCT-1(100 μg·k-1·-1), respectively; the injured tissues were harvested at the 3rd day, one week and 2 weeks after injury for H-E and Nissl staining; and the neuron counts were compared between different groups. Sixty rats were divided into model group and CT-1 treatment group (n=30); the triceps muscle wet weight and total protein weight were compared between the two groups at 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks after spinal cord injury. Results: CT-1 mRNA expression had a transient significant increase after injury (P<0.05), and then it decreased gradually; meanwhile, expression of its receptors increased consequently. The numbers of neurons and Nissl bodies were similar in CT-1-treated group and NGF-treated group, but the numbers of both groups were significantly more than that in the model control group (P<0.05). In addition, the muscle wet weight and protein content in the CT-1-treated group were significantly higher than that in the model control group at 4 weeks and 12 weeks after injury (P<0.05). Conclusion: CT-1 exhibits a protective effect on the survival and function of neurons after spinal cord injury in rats.
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OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the nerve protective effect and mechanism of baicalin on newborn rats with hypoxic ischemic brain damage (HIBD).@*METHODS@#A total of 64 SD newborn rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, nerve growth factor group and baicalin group, with 16 in each group. Left carotid artery ligation method was adopted to establish the HIBD model except for in control group, which was treated with intraperitoneal injection of salin e10 mL/kg for 3 d. After oxygen recovery on hypoxia ischemia rats, intraperitoneal injection of saline 10 mL/kg was adopted in model group for 3 d. Intraperitoneal injection of nerve growth factor injection 50 μg/kg per day was adopted in nerve growth factor group for 3 d; intraperitoneal injection of radix scutellariae 16 mg/kg per day was adopted in baicalin group for 3 d after modeling. Four rats of each group were sacrificed at Day 1, 2, 3, 7 for microscopic observation of pathological morphological changes in brain tissue after HE staining, S-P immunohistochemical method was used for observation of Fas and FasL expression in brain cells.@*RESULTS@#Neat structure of cells was observed in control group; edema cells in disordered arrangement was observed in model group, with some cells necrosis and cavity change; tissue injury in nerve growth factor group and baicalin group was significantly lighter than that in model group; Fas and FasL expression in model group, nerve growth factor group and baicalin group were significantly higher than that in control group at different time points (P0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Baicalin can reduce expression of Fas and FasL in HIBD rats, inhibit apoptosis of nerve cells, thus achieve the protective effect on HIBD rat nerves.
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Objective To investigate the exposure and protection of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) in the reoperation for thyroid diseases.Methods Clinical data of 214 cases undergoing thyroid reoperation were retrospectively analyzed.The patients with a short interval between the 2 thyroid operations or with external-infiltrated thyroid cancer were approached at the lateral strap muscles and the leading edge of the sternocleidomastoid.RLNs were exposed in the lateral region of superior mediastinum tracheoesophageal groove or at the point where RLN enters to throat.RLNs of patients with lymph node metastasis were exposed beside the enlarged lymph nodes.The patients with a long interval between the 2 thyroid operations and with benign tumor or tumor without external infiltration were exposed their thyroids at the anterior midline and then RLNs were exposed at the posterior lateral of the middle thyroid veins or at the inferior thyroid artery.Results Among the 214 cases,344 RLNs were anatomically exposed including 188 right and 156 left.84 cases had single exposure and 130 cases had bilateral exposure.44 RLNs were exposed at the point where RLN enters to throat,104 RLNs at the posterior lateral of the middle thyroid veins,40 RLNs at the inferior thyroid artery,124 RLNs at the lateral region of superior mediastinum tracheoesophageal groove,and 32 RLNs beside the enlarged lymph nodes.For the 2 cases suffering hoarse voice the day after they underwent thyroid operation in other hospital,suture ligation at the the entrance point was found when they received the reoperation in our hospital.Three of the total 344 RLNs (0.87％ ) had RLN branch injury in the entire group.Conclusion It is possible to reduce RLN injury during the reoperation for thyroid disease if surgeons are familiar with the dissection of RLN under normal or pathological condition,avoid adhesive or scar tissues,and select the appropriate anatomic approach.
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Aim To demonstrate nerve protection and/or treatment effect of Acalypha indica Linn. extract on nerve paralysis induced by subcutaneus injection of pancuronium bromide on frog’s back. Methods The study was performed on sixty frogs (Bufo melanostictus Schneider) that divided into two groups, i.e. the neuro-protection and neuro-therapy group. Each group was divided further into 6 sub-treatment groups: negative control group treated by water and positive control group treated by piracetam, treatment groups received the extracts 200, 300, 400, 500 mg/kgBW. Pancuronium bromide 0.2% (1 : 20 dilutions) were injected subcutaneously as muscle relaxant. The protective effect was studied by giving the extract orally, 1 hour prior to injection; while the therapeutic effect of the extract was studied by 10 minute treatment after injecting pancuronium bromide solution. The parameters measured were the onset and duration of paralysis (in minutes) and the recovery time (time needed to recover into normal condition). Results The study showed signifi cantly different protective effect of Acalypha indica Linn. root water extract at 400 and 500 mg/Kg.BW compared to negative control group and positive control group (piracetam (p<0.05); while the therapeutic effect was obvious at the dose 200-500 mg/Kg.BW compared to negative control group (p=0.000). There was no signifi cant difference compared to positive control group (piracetam), except at 300 mg/Kg.BW (p=0,012). Conclusion These results have proven that the water extract of Acalypha indica Linn. root has comparable protective and treatment effect on nerves system, as piracetam, but further studies should be performed to provide more evidences particularly pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies on two animal models that commonly used.
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Oculomotor Nerve Diseases , AnuraABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo study the methods of how to protect facial nerve function following complete resection of acoustic neurinomas and the value of the techniques of F wave assisted electrophysiological monitoring intraoperatively.Methods Retrospectivelysummarizing theresultsof combining three electrophysiological monitoring techniques such as nasal muscle F wave recording,online EMG and triggered EMG to monitor 46 cases of microoperations for acoustic neurinomas intraoperatively during the period of Feb.2004 to Dec. 2008. Correlating every intraoperative monitoring index with their follow-up results of facial nerve function 1 day and 6 months after their operations.The tendency of the two continuous monitoring techniques between nasal F wave recording and online EMG of facial muscles has also been studied in this paper. Results Among 46 cases of acoustic neurinomas, 45(97.83 %) tumors have been totally resected, and 1 (2.17 %) tumor subtotally resected,lcase (2.17 %)died after operation,and 2ases occurred the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) which have been cured through conservative treatment. The whole anatomic protection rate of facial nerve is 97.83 %,and their functional protection rates 6 months after operation are:HB Ⅰ - Ⅱ,75.56 %;Ⅲ-Ⅳ,22.22 % and Ⅴ-Ⅵ,2.22 %.The completely accordant rate between the intraoperative findings of nasal F wave recording and online EMG is 52.17 %, partially accordant rate is 45.65 %, and totally opposite rate is 2.17 % (x2 趋势= 6.113, P ＜0.05). The intraoperative monitoring indexes in nasal muscle F wave recording are correlated well with the facial nerve function in the 6th month' s follow-up (κ=0.429, P ＜0.001).In triggered EMG monitoring after tumors being resected,the stimulus threshold ratio and maximum amplitude ratio of facial nerve between leaving brain stem part and inner acoustic porus part are also correlated well with the facial nerve function 6 months after operation(κ=0.576, P ＜0.001; κ=0.595, P ＜0.001). ConclusionNasal muscle F wa recording cooperated well with online EMG and triggered EMG intraoperatively and correlates well with the postoperative facial nerve function, so they should be routinely applied together intraoperatively.
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OBJECTIVE: To study the protective effect of astragaloside on nerve of in vitro and in vivo model of Parkinson disease (PD).METHODS: MPP+ induced PC12 cell injury to establish in vitro PD model.PD mice model was induced by MPTP.MTT assay was used to determine the effect of astragaloside on survival rate of PC12 cell induced by MPP+ and the content of LDH and MDA.The effect of astragaloside on spontaneous behavior and the content of striatal DA and HVA were also detected.RESULTS: 25 ?mol?L-1,50 ?mol?L-1,100 ?mol?L-1 dose of astragaloside inhibited the decrease of survival rate of PC12 cell induced by MPP+ in dose dependent manner.10 ?mol?L-1,20 ?mol?L-1,40 ?mol?L-1 dose of astragaloside can obviously enhanced spontaneous behavior of model mice,and reduced the content of striatal DA and HVA.CONCLUSION: Astragaloside can protect nerve of in vivo PD and in vitro PD model.