ABSTRACT
The development of obesity is closely related to the disruption of central appetite regulation. Gastric growth hormone-releasing peptide is the only appetite-promoting peptide known to be present in the circulatory system. Ghrelin may act on the central homeostatic and hedonic feeding neural pathways to promote appetite and feeding behavior, and may be a new target for appetite regulation. In addition, Ghrelin is also involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis via promoting growth, regulating gastrointestinal function, and suppressing inflammatory response. Therefore, the research on the mechanism of ghrelin and its receptors will help understand the pathophysiological changes in the central appetite regulation process of obese patients, and to find potential targets for the treatment of obesity. In this paper, we focus on the molecular mechanism of appetite regulation by Ghrelin and its clinical application.
ABSTRACT
Electromagnetic stimulation is an important neuromodulation technique that modulates the electrical activity of neurons and affects cortical excitability for the purpose of modulating the nervous system. The phenomenon of inverse stochastic resonance is a response mechanism of the biological nervous system to external signals and plays an important role in the signal processing of the nervous system. In this paper, a small-world neural network with electrical synaptic connections was constructed, and the inverse stochastic resonance of the small-world neural network under electromagnetic stimulation was investigated by analyzing the dynamics of the neural network. The results showed that: the Levy channel noise under electromagnetic stimulation could cause the occurrence of inverse stochastic resonance in small-world neural networks; the characteristic index and location parameter of the noise had significant effects on the intensity and duration of the inverse stochastic resonance in neural networks; the larger the probability of randomly adding edges and the number of nearest neighbor nodes in small-world networks, the more favorable the anti-stochastic resonance was; by adjusting the electromagnetic stimulation parameters, a dual regulation of the inverse stochastic resonance of the neural network can be achieved. The results of this study provide some theoretical support for exploring the regulation mechanism of electromagnetic nerve stimulation technology and the signal processing mechanism of nervous system.
Subject(s)
Action Potentials/physiology , Computer Simulation , Models, Neurological , Stochastic Processes , Neurons/physiology , Electromagnetic PhenomenaABSTRACT
Non-invasive transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (ta-VNS) is established on the basis of auricular acupuncture and the principle of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). The results of the comparative study of 4 indications of VNS show that ta-VNS achieves almost the equivalent effect as VNS. Moreover, the ta-VNS is advantageous at safety, economy and portability. Regarding the clinical prevention and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), it is still controversial for the effect of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy including auricular acupuncture. Moreover, it is the difficulty for the principle of acupoint selection and the treatment mechanism of this therapy to be in line with modern medicine. As neuroendocrine disease, PCOS and the ovary, its target organ are all associated with the vagus nerve. It is a new idea to introduce the ta-VNS in treatment of PCOS by regulating the reproductive and endocrinal disturbance of PCOS in terms of vagus nerve and improving the acupuncture and moxibustion therapy, such as the auricular acupuncture. In the paper, the potential mechanism of the ta-VNS in treatment of PCOS is presented: 1)the ta-VNS treats PCOS by improving insulin resistance; 2)the ta-VNS relieves PCOS-induced psychological disorders through the treatment of depression; 3)the ta-VNS is applicable in treatment of PCOS complications, such as hypertension and diabetes.
ABSTRACT
For tic disorders(TD),non -drug therapy including psychotherapy,behavioral intervention,neural regulation have demonstrated efficacy in reducing tic severity,managing co -occurring psychiatric symptoms and impro-ving life quality in addition to pharmacotherapy.Psychotherapy such as supportive psychotherapy,family intervention, school intervention can be major contributors to the development of evidence -based non -drug treatments.Different behavioural therapies that were used included positive reinforcement,extinction,massed negative practice,relaxation therapy,habit reversal training(HRT),exposure with response prevention,self -monitoring,contingency management, cognitive -behavioural therapy,assertiveness training,tension -reduction technique.Overall,HRT is the best -studied and most widely -used technique and there is sufficient experimental evidence to suggest that it is an effective treat-ment.Evidence suggests that exposure with response prevention and self -monitoring are effective,but comprehensive behavioral intervention for tics (CBIT)show more effective and durability of benefit over time.CBIT may promote nor-malization of aberrant cortico -striato -thalamo -cortical associative and motor pathways in individuals with tourette′s syndrome.Based on available evidence,recent published guidelines suggest that CBIT can be considered a first -line treatment for persons with TD.Neural regulation included electroencephalogram biofeedback,deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation are increasingly considered when tics become troublesome or even disabling or self -injurious despite optimal medical therapy.