Ayahuasca e saúde mental: efeitos do seu uso associado a casos de depressão / Ayahuasca and mental health: effects of its use in association with depresion cases / Ayahuasca y salud mental: efectos de sue uso en asociación con casos de depressión

O aumento de casos de depressão na população mundial leva ao questionamento sobre a eficácia dos tratamentos farmacológicos e fomenta a busca por tratamentos alternativos. Estudos a respeito da ayahuasca e seus efeitos na depressão vêm sendo realizados. Por meio de uma revisão integrativa, a partir da questão norteadora: "Quais são os efeitos da ayahuasca em indivíduos com depressão?", neste estudo buscou-se: (1) identificar potenciais usos terapêuticos do chá de ayahuasca; (2) analisar as características de segurança e riscos à saúde no seu uso; (3) investigar se o contexto do uso influencia seus efeitos. A busca de artigos foi realizada nas bases BVS e PubMed, produzidos entre 2017-2022, resultando em 8 artigos para análise. Os estudos evidenciaram efeitos antidepressivos advindos das interações neuroquímicas e das experiências psicológicas por meio da ayahuasca e apresentaram que a segurança e potencial terapêutico estão atrelados ao contexto de uso e à dosagem ingerida do chá (AU).

The increase in cases of depression in the world's population leads to questioning the effectiveness of pharmacological treatments and encourages the search for alternative treatments. Studies about ayahuasca andyour effectsondepressionhavebeenconducted. Guided by the question: "What are the effects of ayahuasca in individuals with depression?" this study was a integrativereview that aimed to: (1) identify potential therapeutic uses of ayahuasca tea;(2) analyzethesafetycharacteristics andhealthrisks inyour use; (3) investigatewhetherthecontextofuseinfluences your effects.The search for articles was conducted in the BVS and PubMed databases, produced between 2017-2022, resulting in 8 articles for analysis. Thestudies showed antidepressanteffectsresultingfromneurochemical interactions andpsychologicalexperiences as results of the use of ayahuasca and showed that the safety and therapeutic potential are linked to the context of use and the ingested dosage of the tea (AU).

El aumento de los casos de depresión en la población mundial lleva a cuestionar la eficacia de los tratamientos farmacológicos y fomenta la búsqueda de tratamientos alternativos. Se han realizado estudios sobre la ayahuasca y sus efectos sobre la depresión. Por medio de la cuestión: "¿Cuáles son los efectos de la ayahuasca en personas con depresión?", este estudio de revisión integrativabuscó: (1) identificar los usos terapéuticos potenciales del té de ayahuasca; (2) analizar las características de seguridad y los riesgos para la salud en su uso; (3) investigar si el contexto de uso influye en sus efectos. La búsqueda de artículos se realizó en las bases de datos BVS y PubMed, producidas entre 2017-2022, resultando 8 artículos para análisis. Fueron observados en los estudios efectos antidepresivos advenidos de la ayahuasca y que la seguridad y potencial terapéutico están vinculados al contexto de uso y la dosis ingerida del té (AU).

Ensamblando un Actor-red Biosocial: La Agrupación de Familiares de Pacientes Psiquiátricos (AFAPs) en las políticas de salud mental chilenas / Assembling a Biosocial Actor-network: The Association of Relatives of Psychiatric Patients (AFAPs) in Chilean mental health policies / Montagem de uma Rede de Atores Biossociais: A Associação de Familiares de Pacientes Psiquiátricos (AFAPs) nas políticas de saúde mental chilenas

Resumen: El presente artículo busca comprender las prácticas socio-materiales que fueron produciendo la emergencia de la agrupación de familiares de pacientes psiquiátricos (AFAPs), en contigüidad con las transformaciones de las políticas públicas en salud mental chilenas. Con ese fin, en un primer momento se contextualizan los cambios en las normativas reguladoras de las políticas en salud mental hasta la adopción de la perspectiva comunitaria, para luego discutir a partir de los conceptos de Ciudadanía Biológica/neuroquímica y Biosocialidad las posibilidades analíticas que brindan para comprender la especificidad del activismo social en salud mental. Metodológicamente, se presentan algunas herramientas analíticas de la teoría del actor-red (ANT) en tanto permitieron aproximarse a la red de prácticas socio-materiales que posibilitaron la emergencia de la agrupación. Finalmente se describen 4 ensambles identificados durante la investigación y se presentan conclusiones asociadas a caracterizar el activismo desplegado y sus implicancias políticas.

Abstract: The present article seeks to understand the socio-material practices that produced the emergence of the Association of Relatives of Psychiatric Patients (AFAPs) in contiguity with the transformations of Chilean public mental health policies. In this sense, at first the changes in the regulatory regulations of mental health policies are contextualized until the adoption of the community perspective, to then discuss from the concepts of Biological/Neurochemical Citizenship and Biosociality the analytical possibilities they provide to understand the specificity of social activism in mental health. Methodologically, some analytical tools of the actor-network theory (ANT) are presented, as they allowed us to approach the network of socio-material practices that made possible the emergence of the Association. Finally, four assemblages identified during the investigation are described and conclusions are presented associated with characterizing the activism deployed and its political implications.

Resumo: O presente artigo busca compreender as práticas sócio-materiais que estão produzindo o surgimento do grupo de familiares de pacientes psiquiátricos (AFAPs) em contiguidade com as transformações das políticas públicas de saúde mental no Chile. Nesse sentido, a princípio as mudanças nas regulações regulatórias das políticas de saúde mental são contextualizadas até a adoção da perspectiva de comunidade, para então discutir, a partir dos conceitos de Cidadania Biológica/Neuroquímica e Biossocialidade, as possibilidades analíticas que elas fornecem para entender a especificidade do ativismo social na saúde mental. Metodologicamente, algumas ferramentas analíticas da teoria ator-rede (TAR) são apresentadas, pois permitiram abordar a rede de práticas sócio-materiais que possibilitaram o surgimento do grupo. Finalmente, quatro assemblages identificados durante a investigação são descritos e as conclusões são apresentadas associadas à caracterização do ativismo implantado e suas implicações políticas.

Application of Planar Microelectrode Array Modified by Nano-structure Titanium Nitride on Dual Mode Neural Information Recording / 分析化学

The nano-structure TiN was modified on the laboratory self-made planar microelectrode array pMEA by magnetron sputtering method. The performance of modified pMEA was investigated. Research on neuroelectrical and neurochemical recording was studied in vitro. The impedance of the modified pMEA was decreased almost one order of magnitude, and the background noise level was reduced to ±6 μV. In the same testing environment, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of modified electrodes was 1. 7 times of bare electrodes. The SNR of neuroelectrical recording on the brain slice of SD rats reached 10:1 , and the weak signal such as ±12 μV was separated easily. For neuroelectrical recordings, the detection limit of dopamine ( DA) solution reached 50 nmol/L with the 2:1 (S/N). During the concentration range of 0. 05-100 μmol/L, the linearly correlation coefficient of the DA oxidation currents was 0 . 998 . The modification of nano-structure TiN on pMEA reduced pMEA impedance and background noise level, meanwhile the SNR was increased. The weak signals of neuroelectrical and neurochemical recording were successfully recorded.

Changes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus during aging: implications for biological rhythms

Animals have neural structures that allow them to anticipate environmental changes and then regulate physiological and behavioral functions in response to these alterations. The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN) is the main circadian pacemaker in many mammalian species. This structure synchronizes the biological rhythm based on photic information that is transmitted to the SCN through the retinohypothalamic tract. The aging process changes the structural complexity of the nervous system, from individual nerve cells to global changes, including the atrophy of total gray matter. Aged animals show internal time disruptions caused by morphological and neurochemical changes in SCN components. The effects of aging on circadian rhythm range from effects on simple physiological functions to effects on complex cognitive performance, including many psychiatric disorders that influence the well-being of the elderly. In this review, we summarize the effects of aging on morphological, neurochemical, and circadian rhythmic functions coordinated by the main circadian pacemaker, the SCN...

A mídia e o processo de pulverização da figura do sujeito cerebral / Media and the process of spraying of the figure of the cerebral subject / Los medios de comunicación y el proceso de difusión de la figura del sujeto cerebral / Les médias et le processus de pulvérisation de la figure du sujet cérébral

A expressão "sujeito cerebral" diz respeito a uma forma de relação consigo mesmo que expressa os modos contemporâneos de subjetivação, os quais têm tomado o cérebro como referência para o sentimento de identidade, definindo o que se é e o que/como se deve ser. O objetivo deste estudo é colocar em análise o modo como a figura do sujeito cerebral é veiculada na mídia, tomando como analisadores reportagens apresentadas em dois telejornais brasileiros. Entende-se que as reportagens possibilitam a compreensão do modo como a linguagem científico-acadêmica é agregada ao cotidiano, propiciando uma pulverização e naturalização da figura do sujeito cerebral. A partir da perspectiva da ontologia do presente, delineada por Michel Foucault, propõe-se deslocar aquilo que as reportagens veiculam da posição de evidência para a posição de problematização. Ao analisar reportagens que veiculam o que acontece no cérebro como explicação para comportamentos e transtornos mentais, discute-se a ambiguidade do significado da palavra "explicação", assim como a diferença entre o cérebro ser entendido como causa de determinado fenômeno ou condição de possibilidade para que ele aconteça...

The term "cerebral subject" refers to a way of expressing one's relationship with oneself. It express a contemporary modes of subjectivation, which has the brain as reference to the sense of identity, and to define who people are and what / how they should be. The goal of this study is to analyze how the figure of the cerebral subject is conveyed in the media, taking as analyzers stories presented in two Brazilian TV news programs. It is understood that the reports conveyed in the TV programs show how scientific-academic language is aggregated to daily life, providing a spraying and naturalization of the figure of the cerebral subject. From the perspective of the ontology of the present, outlined by Michel Foucault, it is proposed to interchange, from an evidence position to a questioning one, what the reports convey. In examining reports that show what happens in the brain as an "explanation" for behavior and mental disorders, it is discussed the ambiguous meaning of the "explanation" term, as well as the difference between the brain understood as a cause of a particular phenomenon or a condition of possibility for it to happen...

La expresión "sujeto cerebral" se refiere a una forma de relación consigo que expresa los modos contemporáneos de subjetivación, los cuales tienen tomado el cerebro como referencia para el sentimiento de identidad, definiendo lo que somos y lo que/como debemos ser. Nuestro objetivo es analizar el modo como la figura del sujeto cerebral es vehiculada en los medios de comunicación. Este análisis se hará a partir de reportajes presentados en dos telediarios brasileños. Entendemos que los reportajes posibilitan la comprensión del modo como el lenguaje científico-académico es agregado en el cotidiano, propiciando una 'difusión' y naturalización de la figura del sujeto cerebral. Desde la perspectiva de la ontología del presente, propuesta por Michel Foucault, proponemos cambiar lo que los reportajes vehiculan de la posición de evidencia para la posición de problematización. Al analizar reportajes que vehiculan lo que ocurre en el cerebro como explicación para comportamientos y trastornos mentales, discutimos la ambigüedad del significado de la palabra "explicación", así como la diferencia entre el cerebro ser entendido como causa de determinado fenómeno o condición de posibilidad para que el ocurra...

L'expression "sujet cérébral" veut dire d'une forme de relation avec lui-même qui extériorise les mouens contemporains de subjectivation, lesquels ont pris le cerveau comme référence au sentiment d'identité, pour définir ce que nous sommes et ce que/comme nous devons être. Notre objectif est de faire une analyse des moyens comme la figure du sujet cérébral est véhiculé dans les médias, à partir des reportages présentées en deux programmes de la télévision brésilienne. Nous comprenons que les reportages donnent la possibilité de compréhension du moyen comme le langage scientifique-académique est prise dans le quotidien et comme ceci permet une pulvérisation et naturalisation de la figure du sujet cérébral. À partir de la perspective de l'ontologie du présent, proposée par Michel Foucault, nous voulons modifier ce que les reportages véhiculent sur la proposition d'évidence pour une position de problèmatisation. À analyser les reportages qui véhiculent ce qui se passe avec le cerveau comme explication pour des conduites et tourments mentaux, nos avons discuté l'ambiguïté de la signification de la parole explication et de la différence entre le cerveau compris comme cause d'un certain phénomène ou comme condition de possibilité pour que ce phénomène se passe...

Effects of psychological stress on cognitive function and the related neurochemical mechanism: Recent progress / 第二军医大学学报

Psychological stress refers to the process of psychological, physiological function changes induced by perceived threat of the original stress through cognition and evaluation. Psychological stress is almost always accompanied by emotional reactions, so previous studies on influence of psychological stress on the cognitive function were carried out under certain emotional state. Recent studies have shown that stress-induced glucocorticoid increase and catecholamine and glucocorticoid increase caused by stress-induced emotional reactions have different effects on cognitive functions, which is reviewed in this article.

Neurochemical Profile Quantification of Regional Adult Mice Brain Using: ex vivo 1H High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning NMR Spectroscopy / 의학물리

The purpose of this study is to quantitate regional neurochemical profile of regional normal adult mice brain and assess regional metabolic differences by using ex vivo 1H high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H HR-MAS NMRS). The animals were matched in sex and age. The collected brain tissue included frontal cortex, temporal cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus. Quantitative 1D spectra were acquired on 40 samples with the CPMG pulse sequence (8 kHz spectral window, TR/TE = 5500/2.2 ms, NEX = 128, scan time: 17 min 20 sec). The mass of brain tissue and D2O+TSP solvent were 8~14 mg and 7~13 mg. A total of 16 metabolites were quantified as follow: Acet, NAA, NAAG, tCr, Cr, tCho, Cho, GPC + PC, mIns, Lac, GABA, Glu, Gln, Tau and Ala. As a results, Acet, Cho, NAA, NAAG and mIns were showed significantly different aspects on frontal cortex, hippocampus, temporal cortex and thalamus respectively. The present study demonstrated that absolute metabolite concentrations were significantly different among four brain regions of adult mice. Our finding might be helpful to investigate brain metabolism of neuro-disease in animal model.

In Vitro Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Detected a Differential Neurochemical Response in Rabbit Brain Administered Thiopental or Ketamine / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Cellular target sites and the neurochemical compounds responsible for anesthetic action remain unclear. This study was designed to detect regional changes in neurochemical compounds by NMR spectroscopy of extracted rabbit brain tissue after anesthetizing with thiopental or ketamine. METHODS: Nine healthy white New Zealand rabbits (2.5-3.0 kg) were studied. A marginal ear vein was punctured for continuous intravenous infusion. Controlled breathing was maintained using a Jackson-Ree circuit after intubation during thiopental (n = 3) or ketamine (n = 3) anesthesia. After maintaining anesthesia for 30 minutes, brains were extracted and placed in liquid nitrogen. Rabbits in the control group (n = 3) were sacrificed using KCl and processed in the same manner. Extracted brain tissues were divided into frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, pons, midbrain, basal ganglia and spinal cord. The 1H-NMR spectra of extracted regional brain tissues were obtained, and neurochemical compounds such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline-containing compounds (Cho), and creatine (Cr) were compared with those of normal control tissues. RESULTS: In the thiopental group, the GABA/Cr and NAA/Cr ratios of brain regions were not significantly different from those of the control group. The Cho/Cr ratios of the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and basal ganglia were significantly higher than those of the control group. In the ketamine group, the GABA/Cr ratio of the midbrain was significantly lower than that of the control group. However, Cho/Cr ratios of the parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and midbrain were significantly higher than those of the control group, though the NAA/Cr ratio was similar to that of the control. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the anesthetic actions of thiopental, such as, its sedative and hypnotic effects are due to increased GABA activity. Inhibition of acetylcholine induced neurotransmission was observed particularly in the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and basal ganglia in thiopental anesthesia and in the parietal lobe, temporal lobe and midbrain in ketamine anesthesia. Neurotoxicity was not observed for either drug in anesthetized brain tissue.

Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and apparent progress in genetic research / 中国药理学通报

This paper briefly describes the mechanism of neurochemical changes in AD,the roles of the epigenetics,the regulation of gene expression and the mechanism of epigenetics in SAD.On the basis of the basic study on the AD during the decades,researchers initially revealed the mystery of the unfathomable neurochemical changes attack on AD.Especially in recentyears,researchers summarized the abnormal protein expression on SAD into epigenetics disease.This achievement helps researchers point out the new and strategic direction on AD pathogenesis,prevention and control mechanism.With the understanding of biological characteristics of epigenetics,AD needs to be studied in depth.