Epidemic retinitis during the COVID-19 pandemic

Purpose: To study the impact of the novel coronavirus disease?2019 (COVID?19) pandemic on incidence, seasonal variation, clinical presentation, and disease outcome of epidemic retinitis (ER) and to compare clinical outcomes with positive and negative COVID?19 serology. Methods: This is a retrospective, observational study conducted at a tertiary eye care hospital from August 2020 to June 2022. A graph of ER cases against the month of presentation was compared with the graph of the COVID?19 pandemic in the same region. Cases presented before COVID?19 vaccination, with positive COVID?19 serology (Group 1) were compared with cases with negative serology (Group 2). Results: One hundred and thirty?two cases of ER were seen. The least number of cases were seen during and immediately after the peak of the pandemic (May 2021–August 2021). COVID?19 serology was positive in 13 (22 eyes)/60 (21.6%) unvaccinated cases. Along with COVID?19, positive serology for other ER etiologies was seen in 5/13 cases (38.4%). All patients received oral doxycycline with/without steroids. Groups 1 and 2 included 22 and 21 eyes of 13 cases each. Macular edema resolved in 43.6 and 32 days in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Retinitis resolved at 1 month in both groups. Corrected distant visual acuity was 20/50 and 20/70 at the presentation, which improved to 20/20 and 20/25 in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Mean and median follow?up was 6 months and 4.5 months, respectively, in both groups. No complications or recurrences were seen. Conclusion: No significant impact of the COVID?19 pandemic on ER was observed

Alteraciones oftalmológicas en pacientes con COVID-19 / Ophthalmologic Alterations in Patients with COVID-19

Introducción: Las alteraciones oftalmológicas asociadas al SARS-CoV-2 se pueden clasificar como efectos directos del virus, por reacción inmunológica o por la vacunación. Objetivo: Describir las alteraciones oftalmológicas en pacientes con COVID-19. Métodos: Se presenta una serie de casos con diagnóstico clínico y serológico de COVID-19 en el curso de la enfermedad, posterior a esta o por la vacunación. Fueron estudiados 7 casos (4 mujeres y 3 hombres), que acudieron de forma consecutiva a la consulta de Neuroftalmología del Hospital "Hermanos Ameijeiras" (HHA), remitidos por especialistas que evalúan el protocolo de casos "Pos-COVID-19" en esta institución con las siguientes alteraciones: neurorretinitis (NR), papilitis (P), uveítis y papilitis (U-P), membrana epirretiniana (MER) y parálisis facial periférica (PFP), en el periodo de agosto a noviembre de 2021. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 44 años. La NR, P y MER unilateral predominaron en la serie estudiada. La etiología inmunológica fue la más frecuente. Los síntomas y signos referidos por los pacientes fueron: disminución visual y déficit en la visión de los colores. Los resultados terapéuticos no fueron satisfactorios en los casos 1 y 6, con un tiempo de evolución prolongado, desde el inicio de los síntomas hasta el diagnóstico y tratamiento con esteroides y vitaminas del complejo B. Conclusiones: Existe una asociación entre las enfermedades oftalmológicas encontradas en pacientes jóvenes con antecedentes de padecer la COVID-19 o relacionado con la vacunación. La efectividad terapéutica estuvo condicionada por el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad(AU)

Introduction: Ophthalmologic alterations associated with SARS-CoV-2 can be classified as direct effects of the virus, by immunologic reaction or by vaccination. Objective: To describe the ophthalmologic alterations in patients with COVID-19. Methods: A series of cases with clinical and serologic diagnosis of COVID-19 during the course of the disease, after the disease or after vaccination is presented. Seven cases were studied (4 women and 3 men), who consecutively attended the Neurophthalmology Consultation of the "Hermanos Ameijeiras" Hospital (HHA), referred by specialists who evaluate the "Post-COVID-19" case protocol in this institution with the following alterations: neuroretinitis (NR), papillitis (P), uveitis and papillitis (U-P), epiretinal membrane (MER) and peripheral facial palsy (PFP), in the period from August to November 2021. Results: The average age was 44 years. NR, P and unilateral MER predominated in the series studied. Immunologic etiology was the most frequent. The symptoms and signs referred by the patients were visual impairment and color vision deficit. Therapeutic results were not satisfactory in cases 1 and 6, with a prolonged evolution time, from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis and treatment with steroids and B-complex vitamins. Conclusions: There is an association between the ophthalmologic diseases found in young patients with a history of suffering from COVID-19 or related to vaccination. Therapeutic effectiveness was conditioned by the time of evolution of the disease(AU)

A case of neuro retinitis in association with COVID-19

A 36?year?old female presented with blurring of vision in one eye for 10 days after 1 month of an episode of COVID?19 infection. Her fundus showed disc edema with blurring of margins along with exudation around the fovea. Her C?reactive protein levels were raised. She responded well to oral steroids. A likely association with COVID?19 infection and its associated immune response was suspected.

An analysis of the clinical profile of patients with uveitis following COVID-19 infection

Purpose: To describe the clinical profile of patients presenting with uveitis following COVID?19 infection at a tertiary care eye hospital in South India. Methods: In this retrospective chart review, all consecutive cases presenting with an acute episode of intraocular inflammation and a history of COVID?19 infection diagnosed within the preceding 6 weeks, between March 2020 and September 2021, were included. Data retrieved and analyzed included age, sex, laterality of uveitis, and site of inflammation. The diagnosis was categorized based on the SUN working group classification criteria for uveitis. Details regarding clinical features, investigations, ophthalmic treatment given, response to treatment, ocular complications, and status at last visit were also accessed. Statistical analysis of demographical data was done using Microsoft Excel 2019. Results: Twenty?one eyes of 13 patients were included in this hospital?based retrospective observational study. The study included six male and seven female patients. The mean age was 38 ± 16.8 years. Eight patients had bilateral involvement. Seven patients were diagnosed with anterior uveitis, three with intermediate uveitis, one with posterior uveitis, and two with panuveitis. All patients responded well to treatment and were doing well at their last visit. Two patients had complications that necessitated surgical treatment, following which they recovered good visual outcomes. Conclusion: With prompt diagnosis and appropriate management, all the patients with uveitis post?COVID?19 infection recovered with good visual outcomes. Thus, ophthalmologists must be aware of the possible uveitic manifestations following even uneventful COVID?19 infection

Case Series of Neuroretinitis in Cat Scratch Disease

@#Introduction: Neuroretinitis is a typical ocular presentation of cat scratch disease (CSD). It is characterised by optic disc swelling with macular star formation. Bartonella henselae is the commonest cause of neuroretinitis. Case series: This article provides a retrospective review of the variations in three patients’ clinical presentations and responses to the two of the treatment options available for the disease. We report a retrospective case series of neuroretinitis in CSD with three patients who presented to the ophthalmology clinic at Selayang Hospital from June 2016 to August 2019. All patients had a history of contact with cats with two of them had a history of fever before developing ocular symptoms. All patients presented with optic disc swelling and macular star. In addition, Case 2 presented with mild vitritis and Case 3 with multiple foci of choroiditis. A serology analysis of Bartonella henselae was positive for both immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG in all three patients. Two of the patients were treated with oral doxycycline, while Case 3 was treated with oral sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. All patients had a poor vision at their initial presentation, but none of them warranted oral prednisolone and had good visual outcomes. Conclusion: Neuroretinitis is a typical ocular presentation of CSD. Diagnosis is confirmed via positive serologic testing for Bartonella henselae. Although neuroretinitis is self-limiting, various treatment options can hasten disease recovery with good visual outcomes.

Neurorretinitis por Bartonella henselae en un adolescente / Bartonella henselae neuroretinitis in an adolescent

La neurorretinitis como manifestación de la enfermedad por arañazo de gato se presenta en el 1-2 % de los pacientes con afecciones oculares porBartonella henselae. Las manifestaciones oculares suelen suceder a las sistémicas, aunque pueden aparecer en ausencia de estas. La presencia de exudado macular en forma de estrella es característico y sugestivo de dicha infección. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 14 años de edad, previamente sano, con disminución de la agudeza visual de 15 días de evolución, que ingresó por sospecha de neuritis óptica izquierda con edema de papila. El seguimiento oftalmológico reveló la aparición de la lesión característica en "estrella macular" que permitió arribar al diagnóstico de infección por B. henselae, confirmándose luego con serología positiva

Neurorretinitis as a manifestation of cat scratch disease occurs in 1-2 % of patients with Bartonella Henselae eye disease. Ocular manifestations tend to follow systemic ones, although they can appear in their absence. The presence of star-shaped macular exudate is characteristic and suggestive of this infection. We report a case of a 14-year-old healthy boy, with 15 days of decreased visual acuity, who was admitted for suspected left optic neuritis with papilledema. Ophthalmological examination revealed the characteristic "macular star" that led to the diagnosis of infection by Bartonella Henselae, later confirmed by positive serology.

Role of PASCAL and optical coherence tomography angiograpgy in the treatment of diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis caused by large live motile worm

A 46-year-old male presented with best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/125 in his right eye. Fundus showed disc edema, multiple yellow outer retinal crops, macular edema and a live motile worm in the subretinal space. Diagnosis of diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (DUSN) was made and pattern scanning laser photocoagulation (PSLP) was performed along with administration of oral albendazole, diethylcarbamazine and corticosteroids. Complete disappearance of the worm was observed at 2 weeks. At last follow up, final BCVA improved to 20/30. Herein, we report role of PSLP in the management of DUSN.

An unusual case of tuberculous optic neuropathy associated with choroiditis

Tuberculous optic neuropathy that includes papillitis, neuroretinitis, and optic nerve tubercle is a rare presentation of ocular tuberculosis. Though contagious spread from choroid following the hematogenous dissemination of the bacilli has been implicated in the optic nerve involvement, unlike neuroretinitis, optic nerve and choroidal involvement are usually considered as two separate clinical entities. We report a case of optic nerve involvement in a 33-year-old male who had concurrent choroidal involvement at present and also in the past. A strong history of contact with patients of pulmonary tuberculosis, positive tuberculin skin test, interferon gamma release assay, and high-resolution computed tomography helped us to clinch the diagnosis. Patients responded to systemic corticosteroid therapy and anti-tuberculosis treatment. Choroidal involvement in a case of inflammatory optic neuropathy should arise suspicion of tuberculous etiology.

Optic nerve involvement in ocular toxoplasmosis: 12 year data from a tertiary referral center in Turkey / Acometimento de nervo óptico na toxoplasmose ocular: um relato de 12 anos de um centro de referência terciário na Turquia

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and types of optic nerve involvement in patients with ocular toxoplasmosis. Methods: For this retrospective cross-sectional study, we examined all patients with active ocular toxoplasmosis referred to our Uveitis Section during the last 12 years, and we included patients with optic nerve involvement in the study. The primary outcome was the prevalence of optic nerve involvement, and secondary outcomes included the types of optic nerve involvement and the final best-corrected visual acuity after treatment. Results: The prevalence of optic nerve involvement was 14.4%, with the leading cause being the activation of a juxtapapillary lesion (70.5%). We found papillitis in two eyes and neuroretinitis in two eyes (11.7% for each). We only detected one optic nerve involvement secondary to a distant active lesion (5.8%). Sixteen patients (94.1%) had unilateral ocular toxoplasmosis. The overall final best-corrected visual acuity after treatment was 10/10 (LogMAR = 0.0) excluding the three patients with a juxtapapillary scar involving the macula. Conclusions: Optic nerve involvement was common in patients with ocular toxoplasmosis. The main type of optic nerve involvement was caused by activation of an old juxtapapillary lesion. Treatment was quickly effective, but the best-corrected visual acuity was dependent on the presence of a scar in the papillomacular bundle.

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência, características clínicas e tipos de acometimento do nervo óptico em pacientes com toxoplasmose ocular. Métodos: Para este estudo retrospectivo transversal, examinamos todos os pacientes com toxoplasmose ocular ativa encaminhados ao nosso Setor de Uveíte nos últimos 12 anos, e incluímos pacientes com comprometimento do nervo óptico no estudo. O resultado primário foi a prevalência do envolvimento do nervo óptico, e os resultados secundários incluíram os tipos de envolvimento do nervo óptico e a acuidade visual final melhor corrigida após o tratamento. Resultados: A prevalência de acometimento do nervo óptico foi 14,4%, sendo a principal causa a ativação de uma lesão justapapilar (70,5%). Encontramos papilite em dois olhos e neuroretinite em dois olhos (11,7% para cada um). Apenas detectamos um comprometimento do nervo óptico secundário a uma lesão ativa distante (5,8%). Dezesseis pacientes (94,1%) apresentavam toxoplasmose ocular unilateral. A acuidade visual final com melhor correção após o tratamento foi 10/10 (LogMAR= 0,0) excluindo os três pacientes com uma cicatriz justapapilar envolvendo a mácula. Conclusões: O comprometimento do nervo óptico foi comum em pacientes com toxoplasmose ocular. O principal tipo de comprometimento do nervo óptico foi causado pela ativação de uma lesão justapapilar antiga. O tratamento foi rapidamente eficaz, mas a acuidade visual final com melhor correção foi dependente da presença de uma cicatriz no feixe papilomacular.

Intravitreal dexamethasone as an adjunct for the treatment of dengue virus related maculopathy: a case report

Dengue infection related ocular pathology whether as a direct manifestation of coagulopathy or as a sequale of immunological reaction is being increasingly recognized in endemic regions and has expanded out into a spectrum with pan ocular presentation. Authors present a case of a young female from an endemic region who developed visual field abnormality and loss of vision several days after onset of fever. She was diagnosed with dengue virus infection and subsequently went on to develop thrombocytopenia requiring transfusion. Detailed ophthalmological evaluation revealed maculae edema, and changes consistent with neuroretinitis and posterior segment vasculitis. She was treated with a combination of pulse steroid therapy and intravitreal dexamethasone injection. Patient went on to have excellent visual recovery on follow up with no persisting visual field deficit.

A review article on neuroretinitis

@#Neuroretinitis is an inflammatory optic neuropathy with a classic fundoscopic appearance of optic disc swelling and hard exudates on the macula in a star formation. It can be a manifestation of systemic, infectious or autoimmune disease. In nearly half of cases, the etiology is idiopathic. This review aims to summarize the clinical presentation, fundoscopic mimics, etiologies, investigation, and treatment of neuroretinitis. Cat-scratch disease, the most common cause of infectious neuroretinitis, and recurrent idiopathic neuroretinitis, which can cause ocular morbidity, are discussed in detail.

Clinical Manifestation and Outcomes of Neuroretinitis in Korea

PURPOSE: In the present study, the clinical characteristics and outcomes of neuroretinitis in Korea were investigated. METHODS: Seven consecutive patients with neuroretinitis from 2012 to 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The present study included 9 eyes of 7 patients. The subjects consisted of 5 males and 2 females and the mean age was 45.1 ± 13.2 years. Two patients had Influenza-like symptoms and the others had no specific general symptoms. The mean best corrected visual acuity was logMAR 0.48 ± 0.55 (0-1.6) on the initial visit. Four patients 40 years of age or under had no abnormal findings in laboratory work-up. Conversely, 3 patients over 40 years of age were positive for Toxocara based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Two of 3 patients positive for Toxocara were treated with albendazole and 1was not. Eight eyes had good visual recovery over 20/30 except for 1 patient who did not take the albendazole despite being positive for Toxocara detected using ELISA. CONCLUSIONS: Three of 7 patients with neuroretinitis in Korea showed positive results for Toxocara based on ELISA. In cases with seropositive Toxocara ELISA results, albendazole treatment should be considered.

Update on pathology of ocular parasitic disease.

Parasites are a group of eukaryotic organisms that may be free‑living or form a symbiotic or parasitic relationship with the hosts. Consisting of over 800,000 recognized species, parasites may be unicellular (Protozoa) or multicellular (helminths and arthropods). The association of parasites with human population started long before the emergence of civilization. Parasitic zoonotic diseases are prevalent worldwide including India. Appropriate epidemiological data are lacking on existing zoonotic parasitic diseases, and newer diseases are emerging in our scenario. Systemic diseases such as cysticercosis, paragonimiasis, hydatidosis, and toxoplasmosis are fairly common. Acquired Toxoplasma infections are rising in immune‑deficient individuals. Amongst the ocular parasitic diseases, various protozoas such as Cystoidea, trematodes, tissue flagellates, sporozoas etc. affect humans in general and eyes in particular, in different parts of the world. These zoonoses seem to be a real health related problem globally. Recent intensification of research throughout the world has led to specialization in biological fields, creating a conducive situation for researchers interested in this subject. The basics of parasitology lie in morphology, pathology, and with recent updates in molecular parasitology, the scope has extended further. The current review is to address the recent update in ophthalmic parasites with special reference to pathology and give a glimpse of further research in this field.

Aspectos epidemiológicos, diagnósticos y de tratamiento de la toxocariasis ocular / Epidemiological aspects, diagnosis, and treatment of ocular toxocariasis

Objetivo: Analizar la epidemiología, los métodos diagnósticos y los abordajes terapéuticos de la toxocariasis ocular en el Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional y descriptivo en el Servicio de Oftalmología del Hospital de Pediatría J. P. Garrahan analizándose en forma retrospectiva los pacientes con ELISA positivo para IgG anti-Toxocara canis vistos en el laboratorio de Parasitología y evaluados en el servicio de Oftalmología entre enero 2006 a junio de 2013. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio 301 pacientes de los cuales 95 (31,5%), presentaron diagnóstico de toxocariasis ocular (59 niños y 36 niñas) y 206 no tuvieron afección oftálmica por Toxocara canis. El 100% de los pacientes con afección ocular por el parásito presentó algún grado de alteración de la visión. Las formas de toxocariasis ocular que se registraron son: granuloma periférico aislado en 12 pacientes (12,6%), granuloma periférico con pliegue unido a papila en 36 (37,9%), granuloma de polo posterior en 7 (7,4%), endoftalmitis crónica en 3 (3,2%), neurorretinitis subaguda unilateral difusa en 2 (2,1%), desprendimiento de retina en 23 (24,2%) y en 12 (12,6%) forma indeterminada. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico de la toxocariasis ocular en la infancia tiende a hacerse en forma tardía ya que los niños pequeños no suelen manifestar a los padres la disminución visual de un ojo siendo el motivo de consulta más frecuente el estrabismo. El diagnóstico es clínico. La forma oftalmoscópica de presentación más frecuente en nuestro estudio fue el granuloma periférico con pliegue falciforme unido a papila. Oftalmoscopicamente la toxocariasis ocular puede presentarse de formas sumamente disímiles, lo cual hace dificultoso su diagnóstico y obliga a pensar siempre en éste en un niño que presenta inflamación intraocular unilateral. El uso de antiparasitarios en nuestros pacientes fue irregular (AU)

Objective: To assess the epidemiology, diagnostic methods, and treatment approach in ocular toxocariasis at the Pediatric Hospital Juan P. Garrahan. Material and methods: An observational descriptive study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology of the Pediatric Hospital Juan P. Garrahan. Patients with a positive ELISA for anti-Toxocara canis IgG seen at the laboratory of parasitology and evaluated at the Department of Ophthalmology between January 2006 and June 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: 301 patients were included in the study of whom 95 (31.5%) had a diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis (59 boys and 36 girls) and in 206 the eyes were not affected by toxocariasis. All patients with ocular toxocariasis had some degree of visual impairment. The forms of ocular toxocariasis found were: isolated peripheral granuloma in 12 patients (12.6%), peripheral granuloma with the fold united to the papilla in 36 (37.9%), posterior pole granuloma in 7 (7.4%), chronic endophthalmitis 3 (3.2%), diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis 2 (2.1%), retinal detachment in 23 (24.2%), and an indeterminate form in 12 (12.6%). Conclusions: The diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis in childhood is often late as children are not able to report vision loss to their parents. Strabism is the most common reason for consult. The diagnosis is clinical. The most frequent ophthalmoscopic presentation was peripheral granuloma with a falciform fold attached to the papilla. Ophthalmoscopically, ocular toxocariasis may present heterogeneously, resulting in a difficult diagnosis. The disease should always be suspected in a child with unilateral intraocular inflammation. The use of antiparasitic agents was variable in our patients (AU)

Toxoplasmosis ocular. Descripción de tres pacientes con presentación atípica / Ocular toxoplasmosis. Description of three patients with an atypical presentation.

Objetivo: Describir una forma de presentación atípica de toxoplasmosis ocular, enfatizando la importancia de la jerarquización de los hallazgos clínicos y las limitaciones de la serología para realizar un diagnóstico temprano. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de tres casos clínicos de toxoplasmosis ocular activa, con presentación atípica (compromiso del nervio óptico), derivados al Servicio de Oftalmología del Hospital J. P. Garrahan en el periodo comprendido entre 2007 y 2010. Resultados: En los tres casos presentados la sospecha clínica de toxoplasmosis ocular no se correlacionó con evidencia serológica de infección reciente. En un caso, la terapéutica específica temprana, basada en la sospecha clínica, resultó en una excelente recuperación funcional. Un tratamiento tardío puede interferir en el resultado visual. Conclusiones: Basados en los hallazgos clínicos y la alta sospecha de esta patología debe iniciarse el tratamiento específico sin esperar que los resultados serológicos la confirmen. Eventualmente, la mejoría clínica confirmara el diagnóstico. El comportamiento de los títulos de anticuerpos en el curso de la enfermedad ocular no siempre es confiable, y en muchos casos retrasa el comienzo de la terapéutica con la consiguiente mala rehabilitación visual de estos pacientes (AU)

Objective: To describe an atypical presentation of ocular toxoplasmosis, emphasizing the importance of clinical findings and the limitations of serology in the early diagnosis. Patients and Methods: A retrospective, descriptive study was conducted of three cases with active ocular toxoplasmosis with an atypical presentation (optic nerve involvement), referred to the Department of Ophthalmology of Hospital J. P. Garrahan between 2007 and 2010. Results: In the three cases presented here clinical suspicion of ocular toxoplasmosis did not correlate with serological evidence of a recent infection. In one case, early treatment, based on clinical suspicion, resulted in excellent functional recovery. Late management may compromise visual outcome. Conclusions: Based on clinical findings and suspicion of the pathology, specific treatment should be started without waiting for serological confirmation. Eventually, clinical improvement will confirm the diagnosis. The behavior of antibody titres in the course of the ocular disease is not always reliable and often delays treatment initiation with subsequent difficulties in the visual rehabilitation of these patients (AU)

Diffuse Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis in a Healthy Korean Male: The First Case Report in Korea

A 52-yr-old male was referred for progressive visual loss in the left eye. The decimal best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.01. Fundus examination revealed diffuse retinal pigment epithelial degeneration, focal yellow-white, infiltrative subretinal lesion with fuzzy border and a live nematode within the retina. Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (DUSN) was diagnosed and the direct laser photocoagulation was performed to destroy the live nematode. During eight months after treatment, BCVA gradually improved to 0.2 along with the gradual restoration of outer retinal layers on SD-OCT. We report on the first case of DUSN in Korea. DUSN should be included in the differential diagnosis of unexplained unilateral visual loss in otherwise healthy subjects.

Diffuse Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis in a Healthy Korean Male: The First Case Report in Korea

A 52-yr-old male was referred for progressive visual loss in the left eye. The decimal best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.01. Fundus examination revealed diffuse retinal pigment epithelial degeneration, focal yellow-white, infiltrative subretinal lesion with fuzzy border and a live nematode within the retina. Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (DUSN) was diagnosed and the direct laser photocoagulation was performed to destroy the live nematode. During eight months after treatment, BCVA gradually improved to 0.2 along with the gradual restoration of outer retinal layers on SD-OCT. We report on the first case of DUSN in Korea. DUSN should be included in the differential diagnosis of unexplained unilateral visual loss in otherwise healthy subjects.

Treatment options for atypical optic neuritis.

Context: Optic neuritis (ON) is defined as inflammation of the optic nerve and can have various etiologies. The most common presentation in the US is demyelinating, or “typical” ON, usually associated with multiple sclerosis. This is in contrast to “atypical” causes of ON, which differ in their clinical presentation, management, and prognosis. These atypical cases are characterized by lack of eye pain, exudates, and hemorrhages on exam, very severe, bilateral or progressive visual loss, or with failure to recover vision. Aims: The aim was to describe the clinical presentations of atypical ON and their treatments. Settings and Design: Review article. Materials and Methods: Literature review. Results: Types of atypical ON identified include neuromyelitis optica, autoimmune optic neuropathy, chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy, idiopathic recurrent neuroretinitis, and optic neuropathy associated with systemic diseases. Atypical ON usually requires corticosteroid treatment and often will require aggressive immunosuppression. Conclusions: Unlike demyelinating ON, atypical ON requires treatment to preserve vision.

Intravitreal Bevacizumab Injection for Serous Retinal Detachment Associated with Leber's Idiopathic Stellate Neuroretinitis

PURPOSE: To report the effectiveness of intravitreal bevacizumab treatment for serous retinal detachment associated with Leber's idiopathic stellate neuroretinitis. CASE SUMMARY: A 56-year-old male visited our clinic complaining of visual disturbance for three days in his right eye. His best corrected visual acuity was 0.5. Relative afferent pupillary defect and pain when moving eyes were noted in his right eye as well as inflammatory cells in the vitreous cavity. On funduscopic examination, disc swelling with hemorrhage and stellate-shaped hard exudates were noted at the perifovea. Ishihara color vision test showed anomalous trichromacy in his right eye. Hyperfluorescence around the disc was observed on fundus fluorescein angiography. Optical coherence tomography showed disc swelling with serous retinal detachment at the fovea. Inferior altitudinal scotoma was noted on visual field examination. The patient underwent intravitreal bevacizumab injection and topical steroid medication. After six days, the patient's symptoms and disc swelling improved, and decreased subretinal fluid was observed. After six weeks, his best corrected visual acuity was 1.0. Nine weeks later, visual field examination showed nonspecific scotoma. CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal bevacizumab injection is useful for treating serous retinal detachment associated with Leber's idiopathic stellate neuroretinitis.

Presumed Ocular Toxoplasmosis Presenting as Isolated Unilateral Papillitis

PURPOSE: To report an atypical case of ocular toxoplasmosis presenting as isolated unilateral papillitis. CASE SUMMARY: A 53-year-old female presented with visual difficulty in her right eye that had begun 1 week previously. Best corrected visual acuity was 0.8 in the right eye and 1.0 in the left eye. On fundoscopic examination, optic disc swelling and focal edema with hard exudates in the nasal parapapillary retina were found in her right eye. Fluorescein angiography revealed marked leakage of dye from the swollen optic disc. There was no evidence of vasculitis and chorioretinitis. Pupillary light reflex and color vision were normal. Visual field (VF) showed generalized reduction in the right eye, and was normal in the left eye. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed right optic disc swelling. Serology was positive for toxoplasma IgM and IgG. The patient was treated with oral steroids and antitoxoplasma antibiotics. Two months later, visual acuity was 1.0 in the right eye. There was no disc swelling on fundoscopy or OCT and VF was normal. CONCLUSIONS: Ocular toxoplasmosis can present atypically as isolated papillitis without chorioretinitis and mimic idiopathic optic neuritis. A thorough serologic examination for toxoplasmosis along with proper treatment should be performed.