ABSTRACT
El papel del endotelio en la insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) ha sido el centro de intensa investigación, puesto que tiene importantes implicaciones sistémicas expresadas en su efecto vasomotor, hemostático e inflamatorio. Existen diferencias individuales en el patrón de la disfunción endotelial de acuerdo a la etiología y severidad de la IC. La disfunción endotelial tiene un importante valor pronóstico en la IC y, aunque aún necesitamos conocer más aspectos de relevancia clínica, es evidente que esta condición se relaciona con desenlaces negativos en estos pacientes. Estamos a la espera de nuevos agentes farmacéuticos dirigidos específicamente al endotelio vascular. En esta revisión, nuestro objetivo es ofrecer un análisis crítico y contemporáneo de la evidencia disponible sobre las consecuencias patológicas y pronóstico de las anomalías endoteliales que definen el inicio, la historia natural y, en última instancia, los desenlaces en la IC...
The role of the endothelium in heart failure has been the focus of intense research, since it has important biologic implications. There are individual differences in the pattern of endothelial dysfunction according to the etiology and severity of heart failure. Endothelial dysfunction is also associated with negative outcomes. We are eagerly waiting for new pharmacological agents targeted specifically to the vascular endothelium. In this review, we aim to provide a critical analysis of the available evidence on the pathological consequences and prognosis of endothelial abnormalities as related to the onset and natural history of heart failure...
Subject(s)
Humans , Endothelial Cells , Endothelium , Heart Failure , Nitric OxideABSTRACT
Recently advanced treatment of head injury has substantially improved result. Aggressive and intensive treatment has not only saved lives but has also reduced morbidity. This article elucidates the problems that must be dealt with in the management of severe head injury patients and develops guidelines in basic principles of modern treatment of head injury in making surgical decision. The rapid establishment of adequate ventilation and circulation is the first step. Next is followed by rapid evacuation of space-occupying mass lesions. Intensive monitoring of intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure is important. Finally deteriorating secondary injuries should be avoided. Many drugs have been claimed to be beneficial in animal studies, including lipid peroxidation inhibitors, free radical scavengers, NMDA receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, monosialic gangliosides, and polyamine. New agents with efficacy either in lowering raised ICP or protecting the nervous system are introduced, and the results of their application are to be included.