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Objectives To analyze and understand the risk factors related to HIV new infections among men who have sex with men (MSM).Methods A longitudinal observational study among MSM was conducted to collect information on HIV related behaviors and sero-conversion.Univariate and multivariate generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to discuss the risk factors for HIV new infection.Results A total number of 4 305 MSM were followed during 2013-2015.Among those self-reported MSM who are seeking partners on the Interner tended to have higher proportion on receptive anal intercourse and consistent condom use during anal intercourse than the subgroups seeking their partners in gay bars or bathrooms.HIV incidence among followed MSM during the study period appeared as 4.3/100 person years,with adjusted RR (aRR) of HIV infection for receptive anal intercourse as group 2.20 (95％ CI:1.49-3.24) times than that of insertion anal intercourse group.Those who used rush-poppers (aRR=1.55,95％CI:1.10-2.17),unprotected anal intercourse (aRR=2.24,95％ CI:1.62-3.08),and those with syphilis infection (aRR=2.95,95％ CI:2.00-4.35) were also risk factors for HIV new infections.After controlling other factors,the relationship between the ways of seeking partners and HIV new infection was not statistical significant.Conclusion Risk factors for HIV new infection among MSM appeared complex and interactive,suggesting that further studies are needed to generate tailored strategies for the prevention of HIV epidemic among MSM population.
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Objectives To analyze and understand the risk factors related to HIV new infections among men who have sex with men (MSM).Methods A longitudinal observational study among MSM was conducted to collect information on HIV related behaviors and sero-conversion.Univariate and multivariate generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to discuss the risk factors for HIV new infection.Results A total number of 4 305 MSM were followed during 2013-2015.Among those self-reported MSM who are seeking partners on the Interner tended to have higher proportion on receptive anal intercourse and consistent condom use during anal intercourse than the subgroups seeking their partners in gay bars or bathrooms.HIV incidence among followed MSM during the study period appeared as 4.3/100 person years,with adjusted RR (aRR) of HIV infection for receptive anal intercourse as group 2.20 (95％ CI:1.49-3.24) times than that of insertion anal intercourse group.Those who used rush-poppers (aRR=1.55,95％CI:1.10-2.17),unprotected anal intercourse (aRR=2.24,95％ CI:1.62-3.08),and those with syphilis infection (aRR=2.95,95％ CI:2.00-4.35) were also risk factors for HIV new infections.After controlling other factors,the relationship between the ways of seeking partners and HIV new infection was not statistical significant.Conclusion Risk factors for HIV new infection among MSM appeared complex and interactive,suggesting that further studies are needed to generate tailored strategies for the prevention of HIV epidemic among MSM population.
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Objective@#To investigate the seroprevalence and epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in pregnant women in Xiamen.@*Methods@#Sera samples of 910 pregnant women were collected from September 2014 to June 2015 in Xiamen Huli District Maternity and Child Care Hospital. Those who intended to give birth in target hospital were included in a subgroup which was asked to collect the second serum sample. All samples were tested for anti-HEV IgM and IgG antibody by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HEV RNA was tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the positive samples of anti-HEV IgM antibody, meanwhile, the quantitative detections for anti-HEV IgG were conducted in specimens positive for anti-HEV IgG.@*Results@#Of the 910 pregnant women, 8 (0.88%, 95%CI 0.45%-1.73%) were anti-HEV IgM positive. HEV RNA was found in 3 cases through RT-PCR and viral load values were between 600 and 700 copies/ml; 140 (15.38%, 95%CI 13.19%-17.68%) were anti-HEV IgG positive and geometric mean concentration of the samples was 0.385 Wu/mL (95%CI 0.332-0.445 Wu/ml). The positive rate of anti-HEV IgG increased with age (P=0.004). In the subgroup, 150 pregnant women were included and followed up, 4 of those were defined as 'new HEV infection cases’ and the incidence was evaluated as 10.7/100 person-year (95%CI 3.39-25.7/100 person-year).@*Conclusions@#There were a low percentage of HEV carriers in pregnant women in Xiamen, but the risk of new primary infection in pregnant women during pregnancy was much higher than the general population, suggesting that it is necessary to expand sample size to clarify the burden of HEV infection during pregnancy.
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Objective Acute gastrointestinal dysfunction (AGD) is a common problem in critically ill patients, for whomearly enteral nutrition ( EN) is widely used, but its application dosage remains controversial.This study aimed to observe the influence of dif-ferent doses of early EN on acute gastrointestinal tolerance, new infections and other complications, inflammation indexes, and prognosis in AGD patients. Methods We selected 120 critically ill patients that met thecriteria of class-ⅡAGD and needed EN support andequal-ly randomized them intoa standard-dose and a low-dose ENgroup.The former group received EN at 20 mL/h, with an addition of 10 mL/h every 12 hours according to the tolerance and supplemented byparenteral nutrition (PN) to achieve the target calories(60%) on the 3 rd day, while the latterat 20 mL/h for 7 days, supplemented by PN to achieve the target calories on the 3 rd day and from the 7 th day gradu-ally increased to the full volume.We recorded the patients′ICUdays, hospitaldays, mortality rate, organ function support days, incidence of feeding intolerance within 7 days, incidence of new infections within 7 and 28 days, and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), procalci-tonin (PCT), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and compared these indexes between the two groups. Resulst There were no statistically significant differences between the low -and standardd-ose EN groups in the patients′ICU days, hospital days, mortality rate,organ function support days, or incidence of new infections within 7 and 28 days ( P>0.05) .The incidence of feeding intol-erance on the 7 th day was significantly lower in the low-dose than in the standard-dose EN group ( 13.3 vs 36.7%, P<0.05).On the 1st, 3rd, and 7 th day, the level of CRP was (5.90±0.72), (16.52± 3.09) , and ( 32.11 ±4.33 ) ng/L, respectively, in the low-dose groupversus(5.83±0.59), (15.83±1.19), and (33.16±4.51)ng/L in the standard-dose group, while that of PCTwas (4.71±1.25), (10.63± 2.21), and ( 16.89±3.39) ng/mL, respectively, in the former versus (4.55±0.67), (10.41±1.99), and (17.49±3.87)ng/mL in the latter, both increased in a time-dependent manner and with significant differ-ences among the three time points within the same group ( P<0.05) .The levels of TNF-αand IL-6 were elevated in the same manner and also with significant differences among the three time points within the same group ( P<0 .05) . Conc lusion Lowdose of early enteral nutrition can improve the feeding tolerance of AGDpatients, but does not influence the incidence of new infections and prognosis.
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Objective To learn 2009~2014 Shaanxi Province sentinel surveillance six classes of HIV infection focus groups, and estimates of HIV-1 new infection.Methods Used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)and Western blot (WB)experiments for the 2009~2014 HIV sentinel surveillance Shaanxi Province Category 6 focus groups conducted a total of 77 778 HIV antibody screening and confirmatory testing estimates of HIV-1 new infection.Results 2009~2014 men who had sex with men and people with HIV infection rate were 3.75%,8.77%,3.50%,5.00%,6.20% and 5.75%,and a slow upward trend;HIV-1 new infection were 5.04%,8.96%,5.01%,5.95%,4.68% and 6.39%,the overall downward trend. Young students,drug addicts,sex workers,pregnant women,and male STD clinic attenders five people with HIV infection and HIV-1 new infection were emerging to remain low.But male STD clinic attenders of HIV infection and HIV-1 new in-fection was emerging slowly rising trend.Conclusion Shaanxi MSM HIV infection and HIV-1 new infection were high,but HIV-1 new infection had decreased slowly.Emerging trend should continue to increase the population of the intervention ef-forts.The infection rate in other monitoring population was relatively low but a few people on the rise,the need to take the necessary coping methods.
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Objective To study the relationship between cleanliness of children′s hands and diminution of Ascaris lumbricoides infection. Methods Before the study all persons positive for ascaris eggs in the preliminary survey were treated with albendazole. Hand washing habit before meal and after defecation was kept in children of experimental group, but not in the control group. Kato thick smear stool examination was done once every two months for one year to compare the new infection rates in children without ascaris infection in the two groups, and the reinfection rates in the cured negative cases were also compared between them in half a month after chemotherapy. Results All the new infection rates as well as reinfection rates of each reexamination in the experimental group were significantly lower than that of the control group ( P