Factores predisponentes a enfermedades no transmisibles en un área de salud del municipio de Santiago de Cuba / Predisposing factors to non-communicable diseases in a health area from Santiago de Cuba municipality i: en

Introducción: Hoy en día las enfermedades no transmisibles constituyen un grave problema que afecta el estado de salud de la población, con una tendencia ascendente preocupante. Objetivo: Identificar los factores predisponentes a las enfermedades no transmisibles en pacientes de un área de salud. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 286 individuos, escogidos a través de un muestreo aleatorio bietápico en el área de salud Josué País García del municipio de Santiago de Cuba, durante el 2021. Las variables analizadas fueron antecedentes patológicos personales, consumo de productos del tabaco y alcohol, hábitos dietéticos y evaluación nutricional. Se utilizaron como medidas de resumen las frecuencias absolutas, el porcentaje y la tasa de prevalencia para variables cualitativas; la media aritmética y el mínimo e intervalo de confianza para variables cuantitativas. Resultados: El mayor riesgo de presentar hipertensión arterial figuró en las féminas (35,6 %) y existió alta prevalencia de fumadores en hombres (30,5 %) y mujeres (27,7 %). Asimismo, predominaron la exposición al humo de tabaco (fumadores pasivos) y el consumo de alcohol en edades tempranas (25-34 años). De los encuestados, 33,3 % resultó estar sobrepeso u obeso. Conclusiones: Los factores predisponentes a las enfermedades no transmisibles pudieran estar asociados con estilos de vida no saludables como el consumo de productos del tabaco y el alcohol, los hábitos dietéticos inadecuados y el sobrepeso.

Introduction: Nowadays non-communicable diseases are a serious problem that affects the health of the population, with a worrying upward tendency. Objective: To identify the predisposing factors to non-communicable diseases in patients from a health area. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 286 individuals, chosen by a two-stage random sampling in Josué País García health area from Santiago de Cuba municipality, was carried out during 2021. The analyzed variables were personal pathological history, consumption of tobacco and alcohol products, dietary habits and nutritional evaluation. The absolute frequencies, percentage and prevalence rate were used as summary measures for qualitative variables; the arithmetic mean and the minimum and interval of confidence were used for quantitative variables. Results: The highest risk of presenting hypertension was in females (35.6%) and there was a high prevalence of smokers in men (30.5%) and women (27.7%). Also, the exposure to tobacco smoke (passive smokers) and alcohol consumption at an early age (25-34 years) prevailed. Of those interviewed, 33.3% was overweight and obese. Conclusions: The predisposing factors to non-communicable diseases could be associated with the non healthy lifestyle as the consumption of tobacco and alcohol products, inadequate dietary habits and overweight.

Addiction to Tobacco Smoking and Vaping

ABSTRACT The tobacco epidemic has been one of the biggest public health threats, and smoking is one of the world's largest preventable causes of premature death. An estimated 15.4% of all deaths in the world are attributable to tobacco smoking. The present review aims to describe addiction to tobacco smoking and vaping. Tobacco and vaping devices contain nicotine, a highly addictive drug, which explains why smoking is so prevalent and persistent. Electronic cigarettes are a group of novel nicotine or tobacco products that have rapidly gained popularity in recent years. Electronic cigarette devices allow for the use of other drugs, including THC, while the lax regulation may allow for the introduction of toxic compounds that can lead to acute or subacute toxicity, such as the e-cigarette- or vaping-associated lung injury that has been linked to vitamin E acetate. In addition, regular vapers and heated tobacco devices emit toxins, although at lower concentrations than burned tobacco. However, more and more side effects have been identified. No new effective treatment for nicotine addiction has been developed recently, despite its huge adverse impact on overall health and other outcomes. As for the primary line of medications, the last one started in 2006, the varenicline, demonstrating a low interest in developing new medications against smoking, an unacceptable state of affairs, given the huge impact of smoking on morbidity and mortality.

The Effect of Nicotine Lozenge Over Teeth Bleaching During Cigarette's Addiction Treatment

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nicotine lozenge on teeth staining with/without bleaching in animal model study. A total of 15 Wistar rats were exposed in an acrylic container to 10 cigarettes smoke three times a day for 8 minutes per time, and sacrificed after 60 days. A total of 30 incisor teeth were treated (n=10) as the following: Group-1: in-office bleaching, at-home bleaching and immersion in artificial saliva; group-2: in-office bleaching, at - home bleaching and immersion in nicotine lozenge solution and in artificial saliva; group-3: immersion in nicotine lozenge solution and in artificial. The specimens of all groups were photographed using a stereomicroscope at T1) immediately after the extraction and before any treatment; T2) after one month of the treatment; and T3) after two months of the treatment. Four equidistant points of each specimen were analyzed using CMYK shade guide. The data were analyzed one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey test for multiple comparisons with (a ≤ 0.05). In group-1, there was a significant difference of the color saturation of specimens between T1 and T2, and between T1 and T3 readings (P<0.0001). In group-2, there was a significant difference of the color saturation of specimens between T1 and T2, between T2 and T3 readings (P<0.0001). In group-3, there was a significant difference of the color saturation of specimens between T1 and T2, and between T1 and T3 readings (P<0.0001). The usage of nicotine lozenge promotes teeth lighting with/without bleaching.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de comprimidos de nicotina sobre la tinción de los dientes con/sin blanqueamiento en un estudio de modelo animal. Un total de 15 ratas Wistar fueron expuestas en un recipiente acrílico al humo de 10 cigarrillos tres veces al día durante 8 minutos por vez, y sacrificadas después de 60 días. Se trataron un total de 30 dientes incisivos (n=10) de la siguiente manera: Grupo-1: blanqueamiento en consultorio, blanqueamiento en casa e inmersión en saliva artificial; grupo-2: blanqueamiento en consultorio, blanqueamiento en casa e inmersión en solución de comprimidos de nicotina y en saliva artificial; grupo-3: inmersión en solución de nicotina en comprimidos y en artificial. Los especímenes de todos los grupos fueron fotografiados utilizando un microscopio estereoscópico en T1) inmediatamente después de la extracción y antes de cualquier tratamiento; T2) después de un mes del tratamiento; y T3) a los dos meses del tratamiento. Se analizaron cuatro puntos equidistantes de cada espécimen utilizando la guía de colores CMYK. Los datos se analizaron con la prueba ANOVA unidireccional seguida de la prueba de Tukey para comparaciones múltiples con (a ≤ 0,05). En el grupo 1, hubo una diferencia significativa de la saturación de color de las muestras entre T1 y T2, y entre las lecturas T1 y T3 (P<0,0001). En el grupo 2, hubo una diferencia significativa de la saturación de color de las muestras entre T1 y T2, entre las lecturas de T2 y T3 (P<0.0001). En el grupo 3, hubo unadiferencia significativa de la saturación de color de las muestras entre T1 y T2, y entre las lecturas T1 y T3 (P<0,0001). El uso de comprimidos de nicotina promueve la iluminación de los dientes con/sin blanqueamiento.

El desafío de la neuropatía óptica epidémica cubana / The challenge of the Cuban epidemic optic neuropathy

A partir del trienio 1989-1991 la economía cubana comenzó a debilitarse por la caída de los precios del azúcar y el petróleo, así como por el descenso de la cotización del dólar americano y la desintegración de la Unión Soviética, que trajo aparejada la carencia de divisas convertibles, combustibles, alimentos, y además imposibilitó la solicitud de créditos a instituciones financieras internacionales. Se inició, así, el llamado «período especial¼, fundamentado en un plan para enfrentar un posible bloqueo militar en tiempos de paz, y durante el cual fueron racionalizados estrictamente los alimentos y disminuyeron las industrias esenciales y el transporte. En tales circunstancias apareció una rara enfermedad que se convirtió en epidemia, la cual fue nombrada neuropatía óptica epidémica cubana; esta afectó a más de 50 000 cubanos y se convirtió en un verdadero desafío para la comunidad médica del país. Al respecto, en el presente artículo se analizan sucesos históricos relacionados con el surgimiento de dicha oftalmopatía, se defiende la teoría de su causa tóxico-nutricional debido a la situación de Cuba en aquel momento y se destaca el liderazgo del Comandante en Jefe Fidel en la conducción de las acciones multidisciplinarias que llevaron a controlar dicha epidemia, lo que resultó un logro para el Sistema Nacional de Salud y un triunfo de la Revolución cubana.

Since the triennium 1989-1991 the Cuban economy began to weaken due to the fall of sugar and petroleum prices, as well as due to the descent in the rate of the American dollar and due to the disintegration of the Soviet Union that brought the lack of convertible foreign currencies, fuels, foods, and disabled the application of credits to international financial institutions. This way, began the so call "special period", based in a plan to face a possible military blockade in times of peace, and during which foods were strictly rationalized and the essential industries and transport diminished. In such circumstances a strange disease appeared that became epidemic, which was named Cuban epidemic optic neuropathy; it affected more than 50 000 Cubans and became a true challenge for the medical community of the country. In this respect, historical events related to the emergence of this ophtalmopathy are analyzed in this work, that defends the theory of its toxic-nutritional cause due to the situation of Cuba in that moment and the leadership of Commander in Chief Fidel is outstanding in the conduction of the multidisciplinary actions that lead to control this epidemic, what became an achievement for the Health National System and a victory of the Cuban Revolution.

Role of genetic susceptibility in nicotine addiction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Although cigarette smoking is the major risk factor, only 10-20% of smokers develop COPD. The extent of cigarette smoking (pack-years and smoking duration) accounts for only 15% of the variation in lung function, indicating that differences in susceptibility to COPD must exist. We provide an overview of the complexity of nicotine addiction and COPD, with special attention to the involvement of genetic factors. The following aspects are discussed in the present article: (1) epidemiology in Mexico and (2) a review of the published literature on genetic association studies using the National Center for Biotechnology Information database of the United States as a search tool. COPD is unique among complex genetic diseases where an environmental risk factor is known and the level of exposure can be documented with some precision. The high morbidity and mortality associated with COPD and its chronic and progressive nature has prompted the use of molecular genetic studies to identify susceptibility factors for the disease. Biomedical research has a remarkable set of tools to aid in the discovery of genes and polymorphisms. We present a review of the most relevant genetic associations in nicotine addiction and COPD.

Results of Smoking Cessation Outpatient Treatment and Examination of Long-term Continuation of Smoking Cessation / 日本プライマリ・ケア連合学会誌

Objective: Smoking cessation treatment, which is now covered by insurance, is usually provided on an outpatient basis for approximately 3 months. It should ideally be evaluated not only by the rate of smoking cessation at the end of the treatment, but also by the length of the continuation of smoking cessation. However, as it is difficult to conduct long-term follow-up after the end of smoking cessation treatment, few studies have followed up successful cases of short-term smoking cessation for a long period in Japan.Methods: In this study, we examined the behaviors of nicotine-addicted patients who consulted our smoking cessation clinic, and investigated the current situation of long-term smoking cessation and involved factors.Results: The rate of smoking cessation at the end of the treatment was 71.8%. We found that 61.1%, 54.0%, and 50.6% of patients successfully quit smoking after the end of treatment for one, 2, and 3 years, respectively. However, 41.1% of male patients who succeeded restarted smoking within 6 months after the end of treatment.Conclusion: Additional support for patients who successfully quit smoking at an early stage at one year, or 6 months for males, is required to encourage them to continue to cease smoking.

Factores de riesgo de enfermedad renal crónica en pacientes del municipio de II Frente / Risk factors of chronic renal disease in patients from the II Frente municipality

Se realizó un estudio analítico observacional, de tipo caso-control, que incluyó a 65 pacientes (casos), atendidos en Consulta de Nefrología por presentar enfermedad renal crónica y 130 personas supuestamente sanas (controles), desde enero hasta diciembre del 2014, con vistas a determinar algunos factores de riesgo asociados a la aparición de dicha enfermedad en los consultorios de la zona urbana del municipio de II Frente. El sexo, los antecedentes patológicos familiares, la hipertensión arterial, la diabetes mellitus y el tabaquismo, estuvieron relacionados con la aparición de la enfermedad renal crónica. También se determinó el riesgo atribuible en expuesto porcentual para identificar aquellos factores predisponentes que al actuar sobre ellos, se lograría un mayor impacto en la población expuesta, a saber: hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus y tabaquismo

An observational analytic case-control study, that included 65 patients (cases) was carried out. They were assisted in the Nephrology Service due to chronic renal disease and 130 supposedly healthy patients (controls), from January to December, 2014, aimed at determining some risk factors associated to the emergence of this disease in the doctor´s offfices of the urban area in II Frente. Sex, the family pathological history, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and nicotine addiction were related to the emergence of the chronic renal disease. The attributable risk in exposed percentage was also determined to identify those predisposing factors that when acting on them, a higher impact would be achieved in the exposed population, that is: hypertension, diabetes mellitus and nicotine addiction

Effect of differential rearing environments on nicotine-stimulated locomotor activity and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

OBJECTIVE Individuals vary in sensitivity to the behavioral effects of nicotine, resulting in differences in their vulnerability to addiction. The role of rearing environment in determining individual sensitivity to nicotine is unclear. The neuropharmacological mechanisms mediating the effect of rearing environment on the actions of nicotine are also understood. Thus, the contribution of rearing environment in determining the sensitivity to the locomotor effects of nicotine and regulating α4β2*- and α7-nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor expressionwas determined in rats reared in isolated (IC) or enriched (EC) conditions. METHODS To measure locomotor activity, adolescent rats (postnatal day 21- 51) were injected with saline (1 mL·kg-1) or nicotine (0.3 mg·kg-1) subcutaneously, then placed in chamber?swhere ambulatory activity was monitored for 30-min by computer for 14 daily sessions. α4β2*- andα7- nACh receptor expression in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway was determined by quantitative autoradiography of [125I]-epibatidine and [125I]-bungarotoxinbinding, respectively, in 16 μmol·L- 1 coronal sections. Values for receptor expression in fmol are x ± s of 8 brains and compared by two- tailed, unpaired t-test with P<0.05 considered significant. RESULTS EC-rats are similarly sensitive as IC-rats to the locomotor effects of nicotine. [125I]-epibatidine binding in the ventral tegmental area of EC-rats was reduced (2.8 ± 0.3 fmoL) compared to IC-rats (4.0 ± 0.4 fmoL); there was no difference in the nucleus accumbens. There was no difference between EC- and IC-rats in α7-nACh receptor expression in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway. CONCLUSION Rearing environment differentially regulates nACh receptor subtypes in EC and IC rats. These data suggest regulation of nACh receptors by environmental factors may be a mechanism for the protective effect of enrichment against altered sensi?tivity to nicotine in genetically vulnerable individuals. The characterization of these mechanisms will aid in development of novel pharmacological tools mimicking the protection afforded by environmental enrichment in nicotine-sensitive individuals.

Factores de riesgo de los accidentes cerebrovasculares durante un bienio / Risk factors of strokes during a biennium

Se realizó un estudio analítico, observacional de casos y controles en pacientes del Policlínico Docente "Carlos Montalbán" del municipio de Palma Soriano, provincia de Santiago de Cuba, a fin de determinar los principales factores de riesgo de los accidentes cerebrovasculares, desde enero de 2014 hasta diciembre de 2015. Fueron seleccionados 2 grupos: uno de 90 integrantes (casos) y otro de 180 (controles). Se calcularon la oportunidad relativa y el intervalo de confianza; se aplicó la prueba de Ji al cuadrado con 95 % de confiabilidad y se utilizó el porcentaje como medida resumen para variables cualitativas. Las condiciones predisponentes que predominaron en la serie fueron: edad, hipertensión arterial, obesidad, sedentarismo, tabaquismo y dislipidemia, las cuales ponen en riesgo la vida del afectado.

An analytic observational case-control study in patients of "Carlos Montalbán" Teaching Polyclinic in Palma Soriano, Santiago de Cuba, was carried out in order to determine the main risk factors of strokes, from January, 2014 to December, 2015. Two groups were selected: one with 90 members (case) and another one with 180 (control). The relative opportunity and the confidence interval were calculated; the Chi-square test was applied with 95% of confidence and the percentage was used as summary measure for qualitative variables. The predisposing conditions that prevailed in the series were: age, hypertension, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, nicotine addiction and dyslipemia, which put at risk the life of the ones affected.

E-cigarettes: Facts and legal status

The sale of tobacco-based cigarettes has declined in western countries, and ‘Big Tobacco’ is trying to make up the deficit in profits from the developing world. The recent introduction of e-cigarette, in which they have invested both their hopes and their finances, has been a boon to them as it serves to confuse smokers and non-smokers about the real issues relating to the toxicity, dangers, and the promotion of nicotine addiction especially among youths who have not previously smoked cigarettes. E-cigarettes cause inflammation and damage to epithelial cells in human airways and increased risk of infection. E-cigarette vapour contains more carcinogens like formaldehyde and acetaldehyde compared to a regular cigarette. Longterm vaping is associated with an incremental lifetime cancer risk. E-cigarettes are neither safe nor effective in helping smokers quit; there is enough evidence to caution children, adolescents, pregnant women, and women of reproductive age about e-cigarette’s potential for long term consequences to foetal and adolescent brain development that sub-serve emotional and cognitive functions. The nicotine effects that cause modification of late CNS development constitute a hazard of adolescent nicotine use. The American Heart Association (AHA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), World Health Organisation (WHO) and twothirds of the major nations in the world discourage the promotion of e-cigarettes as an alternative to proven nicotine-addiction treatments. Doctors, health care workers, and medical students should be armed with the facts about e-cigarettes, its dangers, and the legal status concerning its use, in order to be able to offer proper counselling to patients and adolescents, in particular, with special reference to the Malaysian context.