Sentinel lymph node biopsy after nipple?sparing mastectomy in early postoperative period: Is it feasible?

Background: Axillary lymph node status is one of the most important prognostic factors for breast cancer. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) after mastectomy is highly controversial. There is not enough data about SLNB in the early period after nipple?sparing mastectomy (NSM). This study investigated the feasibility of SLNB in the early postoperative period of NSM. Materials and Methods: Patients who were operated on for breast cancer in Acibadem Maslak Hospital between 2009 and 2018 were searched retrospectively. Results of SLNB as the second session in patients whose final pathology report revealed breast carcinoma after contralateral/bilateral prophylactic mastectomy and mastectomy for benign lesions were evaluated. Results: In the early period (median 14 days) after NSM, SLNB was performed by intradermal radioisotope injection in five patients with occult breast cancer in contralateral/bilateral prophylactic mastectomy and in one patient with preoperatively suspicious mass which yielded breast cancer at final pathology. In five (80%) patients, SLNB was performed, whereas in one patient axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was performed due to the undetectability of SLN. In one patient, micrometastasis was observed, whereas no metastasis was observed in other patients including the one who underwent ALND. No complication due to SLNB was detected. No recurrence and distant metastasis were detected in a mean follow?up of 42.82 (19�) months. While SLNB did not change the treatment of patients with contralateral occult carcinoma, other patients had hormonal therapy due to negative SLNB. Conclusion: SLNB in the early postoperative period of NSM can be performed by intradermal radioisotope injection. However, further studies are needed to determine the feasibility of SLNB in the early postoperative period of NSM

Enfermedad de Paget pigmentada de la mama simuladora de melanoma cutáneo / Pigmented mammary Paget's disease mimicking cutaneous melanoma

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: La enfermedad de Paget pigmentada de la mama es una variante poco frecuente de este padecimiento cutáneo, una dermatosis que afecta al complejo areola-pezón de manera típicamente unilateral. La importancia del reconocimiento de esta dermatosis pigmentada inespecífica es que forma parte del diagnóstico diferencial del melanoma cutáneo, por manifestarse como una mácula pigmentada irregular, cuyo estudio histopatológico muestra una proliferación de melanocitos en los estratos suprabasales de la epidermis, fagocitosis de melanina y melanófagos en dermis, hallazgos muy similares al melanoma cutáneo, además de la coexistencia de células claras malignas, características de la enfermedad de Paget. La inmunohistoquímica es una técnica auxiliar en la dermatopatología, que forma parte del proceso diagnóstico de los pacientes para lograr el diagnóstico certero que, al correlacionar la clínica y el estudio histopatológico, le permite al dermatólogo tratar a los pacientes con enfermedad de Paget pigmentada de la mama junto con un equipo multidisciplinario para la búsqueda, diagnóstico y, en su caso, tratamiento quirúrgico de las neoplasias subyacentes que suelen relacionarse con esta variante pigmentada. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 35 años con una lesión pigmentada que afectaba el complejo areola-pezón derecho. Con la correlación histopatológica e inmunohistoquímica se estableció el diagnóstico de enfermedad de Paget pigmentada de la mama y posterior al procedimiento ginecológico, se asoció esta dermatosis con un adenocarcinoma microinvasor triple negativo. CONCLUSIONES: La enfermedad de Paget pigmentada de la mama es un diagnóstico complejo que requiere correlación clínico-patológica y estudios de extensión para valorar su asociación con neoplasias subyacentes.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Pigmented Mammary Paget's Disease is a rare variant of this skin condition, an unilateral dermatosis that typically affects the areola-nipple complex. The importance of recognizing this nonspecific pigmented dermatosis resides in its differential diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma, as it presents as an irregular pigmented macula. The histopathological study shows proliferation of melanocytes in the suprabasal layers of epidermis, phagocytosis of melanin and melanophages in dermis. These findings are very similar to cutaneous melanoma, in addition to the presence of malignant clear epitelial cells that are characteristic of Paget's disease. Immunohistochemistry is part of the approach of patients with lesions that shows proliferating melanocytes to rule out other neoplasms. Making an accurate diagnosis by correlating the clinical, histopathological study and immunohistochemistry allows the dermatologist to approach patients with mammary pigmented mammary Paget's disease with a multidisciplinary team for the diagnosis and surgical treatment of the underlying neoplasms that are usually related to this pigmented variant. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 35 years old woman with a pigmented lesion that affected the right areola-nipple complex. With the histopathological and immunohistochemical correlation, the diagnosis of pigmented mammary Paget's disease was made and after the gynecological approach, this dermatosis was associated with a triple negative microinvasive adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSION: Pigmented mammary Paget's disease is a complicated diagnosis that requires clinicopathological correlation and extension studies to assess its association to underlying neoplasms.

Simulação virtual sobre amamentação e lesões mamilo-areolares: desenvolvimento e validação de protótipo / Simulación virtual sobre lactancia y lesiones en el pezón y areola: elaboración y validación de prototipo / Virtual simulation on breastfeeding and nipple-areolar lesions: prototype development and validation

Resumo Objetivo Construir e validar conteúdo e aparência do protótipo do Serious game "AleitaGame" sobre amamentação e lesões mamilo-areolares. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo realizado em três etapas, sendo elas: seleção do conteúdo através de uma Scoping Review, desenvolvimento de software educativo embasado no método de Benitti, Seara e Schlindwen, e um estudo metodológico para a validação de conteúdo, aspectos técnicos e pedagógicos, realizada com seis juízes especialistas na temática. A análise descritiva foi utilizada nesse estudo, bem como o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo para o instrumento de avaliação do conteúdo. Resultados O conteúdo dos casos clínicos e dos cenários simulados foi construído a partir de 115 estudos e foi validado por seis juízes em relação ao conteúdo e os aspectos técnico-pedagógicos, sendo esses os únicos que apresentaram sugestões no design e feedback do game. A versão final do serious game contém diferentes recursos de mídia e gamificação para uma interação com o tema que trata da técnica de amamentação como causa de lesão mamilo-areolar em lactantes. Conclusão O protótipo do "AleitaGame" foi validado por juízes especialistas e está adequado para a etapa final de desenvolvimento do software educativo.

Resumen Objetivo Elaborar y validar el contenido y la apariencia del prototipo del serious game "AleitaGame" sobre lactancia y lesiones en el pezón y areola. Métodos Se trata de un estudio realizado en tres etapas, a saber: selección de contenido a través de una Scoping Review, desarrollo del software educativo basado en el método de Benitti, Seara y Schlindwen, y un estudio metodológico para la validación del contenido, aspectos técnicos y pedagógicos, realizada con seis jueces especialistas en el tema. En este estudio se utilizó el análisis descriptivo, así como también el Índice de Validez de Contenido para el instrumento de evaluación de contenido. Resultados El contenido de los casos clínicos y de los escenarios simulados fue elaborado a partir de 115 estudios y validado por seis jueces con relación al contenido y a los aspectos técnico-pedagógicos, que fueron los únicos que presentaron sugerencias sobre el diseño y feedback del juego. La versión final del serious game contiene diferentes recursos multimedia y de gamificación para interactuar con el tema que trata sobre la técnica de lactancia como causa de lesiones en el pezón y areola en lactantes. Conclusión El prototipo de "AleitaGame" fue validado por jueces especialistas y está preparado para la etapa final de desarrollo del software educativo.

Abstract Objective To develop and validate the content and appearance of the prototype of the Serious game "AleitaGame" on breastfeeding and nipple-areolar lesions. Methods This is a study carried out in three stages, namely: content selection through a Scoping Review, development of educational software based on the Benitti, Seara and Schlindwen approach, and a methodological study for content validation, technical and pedagogical aspects, carried out with six expert judges on the subject. Descriptive analysis was used in this study, as well as the Content Validity Index for the content assessment instrument. Results The content of the clinical cases and the simulated scenarios was built from a total of 115 studies and was validated by six judges in relation to the content and the technical-pedagogical aspects, the only ones who presented suggestions in the design and feedback of the game. The final version of the serious game contains different media and gamification resources for an interaction with the theme that deals with the breastfeeding technique as a cause of nipple-areolar lesion in lactating women. Conclusion The "AleitaGame" prototype was validated by expert judges and is suitable for the final stage of educational software development.

Resection of superior polar gland flap of the breast combined with dual plane augmentation through Omega nipple root approach / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective:To investigate the feasibility of superior polar gland flap resection combined with biplanar augmentation mammoplasty through the root of the nipple to correct pseudoptosis/mild breast ptosis.Methods:From January 2019 to January 2021, 20 patients (40 breasts) with pseudoptosis/mild breast ptosis underwent augmentation mammoplasty with superior polar gland flap through the root of the nipple and microvilli anatomical silica gel prosthesis.Results:No postoperative complications such as hematoma infection, capsular contracture and abnormal sensation of the nipple and areola were found in 20 patients. During the follow-up of 3 to 18 months, the patients' breasts were plump and straight, the appearance was good, and the prolapse was basically corrected. Postoperative satisfaction was achieved in 20 cases (95%), and the satisfaction of incision scar was 100%.Conclusions:The comprehensive surgery restores the normal anatomical suspension system of the breast, achieves a long-term mechanical stable balance among prosthesis, muscle, breast gland and skin, and receives high satisfaction with breast shape after operation.

Procedure for correction of inverted nipple using tiny incision with primary breast ducts reserved / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective:To discuss the procedure for correction of inverted nipple using tiny incision with primary breast ducts reserved.Methods:A total of 35 patients (63 sides) with primary inverted nipples from January 2006 to March 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. Tiny radial incisions were made on the areola around the base of the inverted nipple which had been pulled out. Without skin removed, shorten fiber bundles which caused nipple inverted were totally cut and released. While the primary breast ducts were preserved, purse-string suture was taken around the base of the nipple. The nipple protector was prepared by ourselves, and the nipple was pulled and suspended for 2-6 months.Results:Sixty-three sides of 35 patients with inverted nipples were successfully corrected by this minimally invasive surgery. There was no nipple necrosis. One patient developed mild swelling 3 weeks after operation, and the swelling subsided after symptomatic anti-inflammatory treatment. The average follow-up period was 39 months. After removing the nipple protector, 2 sides (2/63) had a certain degree of recurrence. The rest of the nipples had ideal shape, no obvious scar, good nipple feeling, and retained the possibility of lactation.Conclusions:The procedure for correction of inverted nipple using tiny incision with primary breast ducts reserved has advantages of minimal invasion, safety, less pain, while retaining the possibility of lactation in the future. The clinical effect is satisfactory. It is especially suitable for the correction of type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ inverted nipples.

Retrospective study of "integrated prevention strategy" in preventing nipple and areola ischemia after single-port endoscopic subcutaneous mastectomy / 国际外科学杂志

Objective:To explore the preventive value of "integrated prevention strategy" for nipple and areola ischemia after single-port endoscopic subcutaneous mastectomy.Methods:The clinical data of 72 patients with breast cancer who received single-port endoscopic subcutaneous mastectomy in Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University from July 2019 to July 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, they were all female. The follow-up period was up to July 2022. According to the perioperative treatment methods, the patients were divided into observation group ( n=40) and control group ( n=32). The patients in the observation group who adopted the "integrated prevention strategy" scheme, and patients in the control group who adopted the conventional treatment scheme. The incidence of postoperative nipple and areola ischemic was compared between the two groups, and the postoperative cosmetic effect, quality of life and satisfaction of patients were evaluated. Measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation ( ± s), and t-test was used for comparison between groups; the Chi-square test was used to compare the data groups. Results:The postoperative drainage volume in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group [(632.40±226.37) mL vs (774.91±239.85) mL], and the difference was statistically significant ( P=0.013). Two weeks after operation, there was 1 case of nipple and areola ischemia in the observation group, and 7 cases in the control group, the difference was statistically significant between the two groups ( P=0.019). Twelve months after operation, the score of breast satisfaction (83.93±11.64 vs 67.28±11.52), chest satisfaction (89.63±8.06 vs 83.03±9.49) and psychosocial well-being (89.43±12.42 vs 78.88±10.40) in the observation group were better than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusion:"Integrated prevention strategy" can effectively prevent the occurrence of nipple and areola ischemic after single-port endoscopic subcutaneous mastectomy and improve patient satisfaction, which has certain promotion value.

Oncological Outcomes of Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy in an Unselected Population Evaluated in a Single Center / Desfechos oncológicos da mastectomia poupadora do complexo areolo-mamilar em uma população não selecionada avaliada em um único centro

Abstract Objective Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) has been traditionally used in selected cases with tumor-to-nipple distance > 2 cm and negative frozen section of the base of the nipple. Recommending NSM in unselected populations remains controversial. The present study evaluated the oncological outcomes of patients submitted to NSM in an unselected population seen at a single center. Methods This retrospective cohort study included unselected patients with invasive carcinoma or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) who underwent NSM in 2010 to 2020. The endpoints were locoregional recurrence, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS), irrespective of tumor size or tumor-to-nipple distance. Results Seventy-six patients (mean age 46.1 years) (58 invasive carcinomas/18 DCIS) were included. The most invasive carcinomas were hormone-positive (60%) (HER2 overexpression: 24%; triple-negative: 16%), while 39% of DCIS were high-grade. Invasive carcinomas were T2 in 66% of cases, with axillary metastases in 38%. Surgical margins were all negative. All patients with invasive carcinoma received systemic treatment and 38% underwent radiotherapy. After a mean of 34.8 months, 3 patients with invasive carcinoma (5.1%) and 1 with DCIS (5.5%) had local recurrence. Two patients had distant metastasis and died during follow-up. The 5-year OS and DFS rates for invasive carcinoma were 98% and 83%, respectively. Conclusion In unselected cases, the 5-year oncological outcomes following NSM were found to be acceptable and comparable to previous reports. Further studies are required.

Resumo Objetivo A mastectomia poupadora do complexo areolo-mamilar (MPM) tem sido tradicionalmente utilizada em casos selecionados com distância tumor-mamilo > 2 cm e biópsia de congelação da base do mamilo negativa. Recomendar MPM em populações não selecionadas continua controverso. Este estudo avaliou os resultados oncológicos de pacientes submetidas à MPM em uma população não selecionada atendida em um único centro. Métodos Coorte retrospectivo incluindo pacientes não selecionadas com carcinoma invasivo ou carcinoma ductal in situ (CDIS) submetidas à MPM entre 2010 e 2020. Os desfechos incluíram: recorrência locorregional, sobrevida livre de doença (SLD) e sobrevida global (SG), independentemente do tamanho do tumor ou da distância tumor-mamilo. Resultados Setenta e seis pacientes (média: 46,1 anos de idade) (58 carcinomas invasivos/18 CDIS) foram incluídas. A maioria dos carcinomas invasivos era hormônio-positivo (60%) (superexpressão de HER2: 24%; triplo-negativo: 16%), enquanto 39% dos CDIS eram de alto grau histológico. Os carcinomas invasivos foram T2 em 66% dos casos, com metástases axilares em 38%. As margens cirúrgicas foram todas negativas. Todas as pacientes com carcinoma invasivo receberam tratamento sistêmico e 38% receberam radioterapia. Após um período médio de 34,8 meses, 3 pacientes com carcinoma invasivo (5,1%) e 1 com CDIS (5,5%) apresentaram recidiva local. Durante o acompanhamento, duas pacientes tiveram metástase à distância e vieram a óbito. As taxas de SG e SLD aos 5 anos para carcinoma invasivo foram de 98% e 83%, respectivamente. Conclusão Em casos não selecionados, os resultados oncológicos de 5 anos após MPM foram considerados aceitáveis e comparáveis a resultados anteriores. Estudos adicionais são necessários.

Bilateral choanal atresia – An unusual case of severe respiratory distress in a newborn without nasal flaring

Respiratory distress in a newborn can be due to various causes and some need active intervention. Choanal atresia (CA) is a rare congenital anomaly with its incidence estimated to be 1 case/5,000–8,000 births. It is characterized by narrowing or blockage of the nasal passages. It is important to make an early clinical diagnosis with emphasis on timely management as it can be life-threatening. The pediatrician may be not able to pass a feeding tube through the neonate’s nostril even on repeated attempts. Detailed evaluation should be performed for the CHARGE association. High-resolution computed tomography can aid the diagnosis and transnasal endoscopic surgery is the preferred treatment modality. Here is a case report of a term neonate born with severe respiratory distress who was diagnosed to have bilateral CA on evaluation and managed with nasal endoscopic surgery.

Free nipple graft: current indications and applications of a centenary breast surgery technique ­ an integrative review

Introduction: Free nipple graft is a mammaplasty technique first described about 100 years ago. Its indication, restricted to reduction mammoplasty earlier, has been expanding into areas in mastology intervention, such as transgender and oncological surgery. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and outcomes of the technique. Methods: Electronic literature search was conducted, using PubMed and LILACS databases. The search strategy consisted of the keywords, MeSH terms, and free text words and variants for the free nipple graft and its application in reduction and mammaplasty, transgender, and oncoplastic surgery. Results: A total of 397 articles were found and, after inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 were selected. Their outcomes have been shown, despite lack of standardized scores, as well as clinical trials to postulate better scientific evidence on its use and indications, that the technique, analyzed in over 1290 patients, achieved high safety rates and reproducibility. Conclusion: Aesthetics and patients satisfaction were found positive, as recommended by the authors in different studies discussed in this article.

Dermatosis en la región mamaria: estudio retrospectivo de 171 pacientes atendidas en el Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González / Skin diseases of the breast: A retrospective study of 171 patients at "Dr. Manuel Gea González" General Hospital

Resumen OBJETIVO: Describir las dermatosis de la región mamaria que para su diagnóstico durante la consulta dermatológica ameritaron estudio histopatológico. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo llevado a cabo con base en los expedientes electrónicos de pacientes atendidas en el servicio de Dermatopatología entre 1992 y 2021. Los términos de búsqueda fueron: "mama", "seno", "areola" y "pezón". RESULTADOS: Se reunieron 171 reportes histopatológicos. El diagnóstico clínico de envío más común en mujeres fue la infiltración cutánea por cáncer de mama y en hombres el pezón supernumerario. Las dermatosis más frecuentes pertenecieron al grupo de tumoraciones benignas (78 de 171), seguidas de las dermatosis inflamatorias no infecciosas (48 de 171), en tercer lugar las neoplasias malignas (39 de 171) y 6 de 171 correspondieron a dermatosis inflamatorias infecciosas. CONCLUSIONES: Las enfermedades cutáneas de la mama tienen diversas manifestaciones clínicas que, en ocasiones, ameritan un estudio histopatológico, sobre todo para un diagnóstico oportuno de neoplasias malignas.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Describe dermatoses of the mammary region that warranted histopathological diagnosis in dermatologic consults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Hospital "Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez" Dermatopathology Department record database was reviewed in the 1992 to 2021 period, using the search engine terms "breast," "mammary," "nipple," and "areola." Lesions were classified as benign, malignant, infectious and noninfectious inflammatory tumors. RESULTS: 171 histopathological reports were reviewed. There was a female predominance in histopathological studies (153/171). The most frequent clinical diagnosis for referral in female patients was breast cancer with cutaneous infiltration; supernumerary nipple was the most frequent clinical diagnosis for male patients. The most frequent dermatoses belonged to the benign tumor category (78/171), followed by noninfectious inflammatory dermatoses (48/171). Malignant neoplasms were in third place (39/171), and 3.5% of dermatoses were infectious inflammatory dermatoses. CONCLUSIONS: Cutaneous mammary disease has diverse clinical presentations that might occasionally warrant histopathological studies, mainly for the early diagnosis of malignant neoplasms.

Surgical management of nipple areola complex in central breast cancer / 中华肿瘤杂志

Objective: To explore the surgical strategy of nipple areola complex (NAC) management in central breast cancer. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 164 cases of central breast cancer who underwent surgery treatment from December 2017 to December 2020 in the Breast Center of Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University. Prior to the surgery, the tumor-nipple distance (TND) and the maximum diameter of the tumor were measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The presence of nipple invagination, nipple discharge, and nipple ulceration (including nipple Paget's disease) were recorded accordingly. NAC was preserved in patients with TND≥0.5 cm, no signs of NAC invasion (nipple invagination, nipple ulceration) and negative intraoperative frozen pathological margin. All patients with signs of NAC involvement, TND<0.5 cm or positive NAC basal resection margin confirmed by intraoperative frozen pathology underwent NAC removal. χ(2) test or Fisher exact test was used to analyze the influencing factors. Results: Of the 164 cases of central breast cancer, 73 cases underwent breast-conserving surgery, 43 cases underwent nipple-areola complex sparing mastectomy (NSM), 34 cases underwent total mastectomy, and the remaining 14 cases underwent skin sparing mastectomy (SSM). Among the 58 cases of NAC resection (including 34 cases of total mastectomy, 14 cases of SSM, and 10 cases of breast-conserving surgery), 25 cases were confirmed tumor involving NAC (total mastectomy in 12 cases, SSM in 9 cases, and breast-conserving surgery in 4 cases). The related factors of NAC involvement included TND (P=0.040) and nipple invagination (P=0.031). There were no correlations between tumor size (P=0.519), lymph node metastasis (P=0.847), bloody nipple discharge (P=0.742) and NAC involvement. During the follow-up period of 12 to 48 months, there was 1 case of local recurrence and 3 cases of distant metastasis. Conclusions: For central breast cancer, data suggest that patients with TND≥0.5cm, no signs of NAC invasion (nipple invagination, nipple ulceration) and negative NAC margin in intraoperative frozen pathology should be treated with NAC preservation surgery, whereas for those with TND<0.5 cm or accompanied by signs of NAC invasion, NAC should be removed. In addition, nipple reconstruction can be selected to further improve the postoperative appearance of patients with central breast cancer.

Innovation and practice of endoscope-assisted nipple-sparing mastectomy combined with immediate subpectoral implant breast reconstruction without gas and mesh through small skin incisions / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Objective:To examine the feasibility and safety of endoscopic subcutaneous mastectomy and immediate reconstruction via a small skin incision approach without gas and mesh for early breast carcinomas.Methods:We analyzed 7 patients diagnosed with breast cancer who underwent an endoscopic subcutaneous mastectomy and immediate reconstruction from Jun. to Nov. 2021 using a gasless and meshless small skin incision approach at the Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC. Mean age was 44.9 (29-63) years. Clinical stage, postoperative complications and other data of patients were collected. Patients were required to fill in BREAST-Q scale anonymously before and during postoperative follow-up. The difference was considered significant for P < 0.05. Results:The tumors were all unilateral and solitary lesions, with a mean diameter of 1.74 (0-5) cm. The average distance of mass from the nipple on imaging was 2.11cm (range 0 to 4) . Postoperative pathological clinical stage,1 patient was in Tis, 3 patients were in stage I, 2 patients were in stage II and a pathological complete response was achieved in one patient (ypT0pN0cM0 CR) . The mean operative time was 245.3 (195-316) min, the mean intraoperative bleeding volume was 37.1ml, the mean postoperative hospital stay was 5.1 d, and the median follow-up time was 8.8 (6-11.2) months. All the 7 patients had incision healing at the first stage, and no complications such as infection, incision complications, capsular contracture, nipple-areola complex or skin flap necrosis, removal or displacement of breast implant occurred. No local recurrence or metastasis was detected during the follow-up period. Compared with preoperative, the scores of postoperative psychosocial status, chest wall status were lower ( P<0.05) , but still ideal, while breast satisfaction and sexual satisfaction scores were not significantly different from preoperative baseline ( P>0.05) . Conclusion:This study indicates that endoscope-assisted breast reconstruction with gasless and meshless is a safe and feasible surgical intervention method for early breast cancer, with good cosmetic effects, and can be promoted as a new type of breast reconstruction.

Analysis of risk factors related to distant metastasis in patients with early breast cancer undergoing endoscopic nipple-areola-sparing subcutaneous gland resection / 国际外科学杂志

Objective:To analyze the risk factors related to distant metastasis in patients with early breast cancer who undergoing endoscopic nipple-areola-sparing subcutaneous gland resection.Methods:A retrospective analysis was used to select 402 patients with early breast cancer from January 2012 to January 2016. According to the breast cancer metastasis within 5 years after surgery, the patients were divided into the metastasis group ( n=37) and the control group ( n=365). Metastasis group refers to patients with breast cancer metastasis within 5 years after surgery, and control group refers to patients without breast cancer metastasis within 5 years after surgery. The age, family history of breast cancer, breast cancer stage, location of lesion, number of lesions, diameter of tumor, histopathological type, histological grade, molecular classification, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis site, number of distant metastasis, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, axillary operation, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 125 (CA125), cancer antigen 153 (CA153), cancer antigen 199 (CA199), postoperative extubation time, drainage amount, postoperative subcutaneous effusion, flap necrosis, incision infection, poor incision healing, dyskinesia of affected limbs, length of hospital stay were compared between the two groups. Measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation ( ± s), and t-test was used for comparison between groups; Chi-square test was used for comparison of enumeration data between groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the independent risk factors of distant metastasis undergoing endoscopic nipple-areola-sparing subcutaneous gland resection in patients with early breast cancer. Using SPSS decision tree model to predict the intensity and hierarchical nodes of each risk factor. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) were drawn using R 4.0.2 software, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was used to validate stratified nodes for continuous variables. Results:Multivariate Logisitic regression analysis showed that age < 40 years ( OR=2.715, 95% CI: 2.349-3.168, P=0.002), lymph node metastasis ( OR=2.604, 95% CI: 2.413-2.825, P=0.009), histological grade G3 ( OR=2.473, 95% CI: 2.331-2.701, P=0.007), CEA ≥ 4.10 ng/mL ( OR=2.481, 95% CI: 2.357-2.616, P=0.003) and CA153 ≥ 18.90 U/mL ( OR=2.467, 95% CI: 2.344-2.620, P=0.002) were independent risk factors for distant metastasis after endoscopic nipple-areola-sparing subcutaneous gland resection in patients with early breast cancer. The decision tree model showed that age < 40 years ( χ2=16.18, P<0.001), lymph node metastasis ( χ2=9.53, P=0.002), histological grade G3 ( χ2=11.73, P<0.001), CEA ≥ 4.10 ng/mL ( χ2=13.62, P=0.001) and CA153 ≥ 18.90 U/mL ( χ2=7.39, P=0.010) could predict distant metastasis after endoscopic nipple-areola-sparing subcutaneous gland resection in patients with early breast cancer.The AUC values of ROC curves of each node were 0.814, 0.789, 0.761, 0.696 and 0.745 respectively, the sensitivity were 84.35%, 74.96%, 79.35%, 71.59% and 73.10% respectively, and the specificity were 80.16%, 77.55%, 76.54%, 70.32% and 76.83%, respectively. The prediction performance of the model was good. Conclusion:Age < 40 years, lymph node metastasis, histological grade G3, CEA ≥ 4.10 ng/mL and CA153 ≥ 18.90 U/mL are independent risk factors for distant metastasis after endoscopic nipple-areola-sparing subcutaneous gland resection in early breast cancer patients.

Anatomy and preservation of the nipple-areola complex / 国际外科学杂志

Preserving nipple-areola complex (NAC) in breast-conserving surgery and nipple-areola complex-sparing mastectomy (NSM) can achieve good tumor safety and breast aesthetics under the premise of appropriate case selection. However, there are still many doubts about the local anatomy of the nipple and NAC and how to preserve the NAC and reshape the shape of the nipple on the basis of selecting cases to achieve individualized treatment and complete tumor resection. In this paper, the NAC, internal nipple and posterior nipple anatomy are described in detail; Combined with the operation of NAC during NSM operation, the treatment of breast duct bundle inside the nipple and behind the nipple were introduced with author′s experience and pictures. The pathologic evaluation of preserving NAC, NAC conservation in breast cancer patients with nipple discharge and radiotherapy after NAC conservation were discussed. In fact, the current situation in our country is that too many patients may be suitable for immediate breast reconstruction or delayed breast reconstruction after NSM. It is very important to be familiar with the local anatomical characteristics of nipples and NAC for standardized breast conserving surgery and NSM. Therefore, more patients with breast cancer can safely retain NAC and breast, and breast reconstruction can be further accomplished on the basis of preserving NAC.

Endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy for early breast cancer: A case series of a minimally-invasive technique

@#This study aimed to share the authors’ preliminary experience with endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy in the Philippines. All medical records of patients who underwent endoscopic mastectomy done by the same surgeons in two institutions from March to October 2019 were collected and analyzed. Surgical margin, operating time, blood loss volume, and post-operative complications were noted. Three cases were recorded during the study period. The mean operative time was 341 minutes and the mean blood loss volume was < 20 mL. All cases had negative margins of resection on final histopathology. One patient developed ecchymosis on the axilla, while the other patients had unremarkable post-operative courses. Endoscopic nipplesparing mastectomy is a potentially safe and feasible alternative in breast cancer management. Further evaluation of the procedure is recommended.

Intraoperative Assessment of Endogenous Microbiota in the Breast / Avaliação intraoperatória da microbiota endógena da mama

Abstract Objective: Breast surgery is considered a clean surgery; however, the rates of infection range between 3 and 15%. The objective of the present study was to intraoperatively investigate the presence of autochthonous microbiota in the breast. Methods: Pieces of breast tissue collected from 49 patients who underwent elective breast surgery (reconstructive, diagnostic, or oncologic) were cultured. The pieces of breast tissue were approximately 1 cm in diameter and were removed from the retroareolar area, medial quadrant, and lateral quadrant. Each piece of tissue was incubated in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth for 7 days at 37°C, and in cases in which the medium became turbid due to microorganism growth, the samples were placed in Petri dishes for culturing and isolating strains and for identifying species using an automated counter. Results: Microorganism growth was observed in the samples of 10 of the 49 patients (20.4%) and in 11 of the 218 pieces of tissue (5%). The detected species were Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, and Aeromonas salmonicida. No patient with positive samples had clinical infection postoperatively. Conclusion: The presence of these bacteria in breast tissue in approximately 20% of the patients in this series suggests that breast surgery should be considered a potential source of contamination that may have implications for adverse reactions to breast implants and should be studied in the near future for their oncological implications in breast implant-associated large-cell lymphoma etiology.

Resumo Objetivo: A cirurgia de mama é considerada uma cirurgia limpa; entretanto, as taxas de infecção variam entre 3 e 15%. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar no intraoperatório a presença de microbiota autóctone na mama. Métodos: Pedaços de tecido mamário coletados de 49 pacientes submetidas à cirurgia eletiva da mama (reconstrutiva, diagnóstica ou oncológica) foram cultivados. Os pedaços de tecido mamário tinham aproximadamente 1 cm de diâmetro e foram removidos da área retroareolar e dos quadrantes medial e lateral. Cada pedaço de tecido foi incubado em caldo BHI (brain heart infusion) por 7 dias a 37 ° C, e nos casos em que o meio ficou turvo devido ao crescimento de microrganismos, as amostras foram colocadas em placas de Petri para cultivo e isolamento de cepas e para identificação de espécies usando um contador automatizado. Resultados: O crescimento do microrganismo foi observado nas amostras de 10 das 49 pacientes (20,4%) e em 11 dos 218 pedaços de tecido (5%). As espécies detectadas foram Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Sphingomonas paucimobilis e Aeromonas salmonicida. Nenhum paciente com amostras positivas apresentou infecção clínica no pós-operatório. Conclusão: A presença dessas bactérias no tecido mamário em aproximadamente 20% das pacientes desta série sugere que a cirurgia mamária deve ser considerada uma fonte potencial de contaminação que pode ter implicações nas reações adversas aos implantes mamários e deve ser estudada em um futuro próximo por suas implicações oncológicas na etiologia do linfoma de células grandes associado ao implante de mama.

Análise retrospectiva dos efeitos da radioterapia sobre as aréolas reconstruídas com enxerto de pele total / Retrospective analysis of the effects of radiotherapy on the areolas reconstructed with a total skin graft

RESUMO Introdução: O câncer de mama aumentou progressivamente nos últimos anos e com isso a necessidade de diagnóstico e tratamento mais precoce também aumentaram. Atualmente, no Brasil, o câncer de mama corresponde há 29,7% dos casos de câncer nas mulheres. A reconstrução do complexo areolopapilar (CAP) tem sido foco de maior atenção devido à busca pela simetria e naturalidade, sendo a etapa final de todo esse processo. O objetivo é avaliar a manutenção do tamanho, contorno, coloração, simetria e mudança de formato do CAP reconstruído após mastectomias associadas à radioterapia. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo analisando a evolução das aréolas reconstruídas, após mastectomia total associada ao tratamento adjuvante com radioterapia. Dois grupos foram selecionados: grupo 1 (reconstrução unilateral) e grupo 2 (reconstrução bilateral). Foram realizadas comparações entre aréola do CAP reconstruído, grupo 1, com a do CAP contralateral e no grupo 2, entre as duas aréolas reconstruídas. Resultados: Após inclusão de 56 paciente no estudo, foi totalizando 71 complexos areolares reconstruídos. A simetria foi classificada como boa em 77,46% de todos os casos (p=0,706). 25 reconstruções realizadas em áreas sob efeito da radioterapia e apenas 9 casos apresentaram diminuição do tamanho da aréola (p=0,050), evoluindo com uma assimetria em 8 casos, sendo 4 em região de radioterapia (p=0,706). O contorno areolar apresentou uma similaridade entre casos tratados com radioterapia e não tratados (p=0,918). Conclusão: A radioterapia adjuvante se mostrou como um fator predisponente para as alterações que possam surgir no transcorrer do pós-operatório de reconstrução do complexo areolopapilar, conforme a análise estatística.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Breast cancer has increased progressively in recent years, and with this, the need for diagnosis and earlier treatment has also increased. Currently, in Brazil, breast cancer accounts for 29.7% of cancer cases in women. The reconstruction of the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) has focused on greater attention due to the search for symmetry and naturalness, which is the final stage of this whole process. The objective is to evaluate the maintenance of the size, contour, color, symmetry and shape change of reconstructed NAC after mastectomies associated with radiotherapy. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted analyzing the evolution of reconstructed areolas after total mastectomy associated with adjuvant treatment with radiotherapy. Two groups were selected: group 1 (unilateral reconstruction) and group 2 (bilateral reconstruction). Comparisons were made between the reconstructed NAC areola, group 1, with that of the contralateral NAC and in group 2, between the two reconstructed areolas Results: After the inclusion of 56 patients in the study, 71 reconstructed areolar complexes were included. Symmetry was classified as good in 77.46% of all cases (p=0.706). Twenty-five reconstructions were performed in areas under the effect of radiotherapy, and only 9 cases showed decreased areola size (p=0.050), evolving with an asymmetry in 8 cases, 4 in the radiotherapy region (p=0.706). The areolar contour showed a similarity between cases treated with radiotherapy and untreated (p=0.918). Conclusion: Adjuvant radiotherapy was a predisposing factor for changes that may arise during the postoperative period of reconstruction of the nipple-areolar complex, according to statistical analysis.

Application of two-stage implant-based breast reconstruction after breast cancer surgery / 国际外科学杂志

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and clinical value of two-stage implant-based breast reconstruction after total mastectomy for breast cancer patients.Methods:Thirty-two patients with breast cancer, who underwent nipple-sparing mastectomy or skin-sparing mastectomy, primary skin expander implantation, and permanent implant replacement after radiotherapy from January 2018 to December 2020 in the Breast Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University were analyzed retrospectively. Record the operation time of the patient, the interval between replacement surgery and radiotherapy, prosthesis volume, the difference between the volume of 0.9% sodium chloride solution in the dilator and the volume of the prosthesis, the retention time of the postoperative drainage tube, the satisfaction of the breast shape and the complications after the replacement.Results:The average operation time was (67.81±19.71) min; the average time interval between replacement surgery and radiotherapy was (9.88±2.00) months; the average volume of 0.9% sodium chloride solution in the dilator was (225.47±56.83) mL, and the average prosthesis volume was (259.06±70.88) mL, the average difference between the volume of the prosthesis and the volume of 0.9% sodium chloride solution in the dilator was (33.59±14.88) mL; the volume of the prosthesis is increased by an average of (13.65±5.19)% compared with the dilator; the average time of drainage tube retained after the operation was (9.03±1.40) d; satisfaction with breast shape after replacement: excellent in 23 cases (71.9%), general in 8 cases (25.0%), poor in 1 case (3.1%); postoperative complications: incision fat liquefaction 1 case of dehiscence (3.1%), 2 cases of seroma (6.3%), no serious complications such as external exposure and removal of the prosthesis.Conclusions:For patients with breast cancer, who need breast reconstruction after mastectomy, the two-stage implant-based breast reconstruction in which the replacement operation will be carried out more than 6 months after radiotherapy is safe. Moreover, achieve better symmetry and aesthetic effect by releasing the capsule, reconstructing the inframammary fold, and necessary plastic surgery of the contralateral breast.

Managing nipple necrosis secondary to inverted nipple repair / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective:Nipple inversion is relatively common, occurring in up to 10% of females, various techniques have been described for correction of inverted nipples. However, data are limited on the associated complications. The presented study aimed to assess the management of nipple necrosis after inverted nipple repair.Methods:A retrospective chart review was performed on 25 cases of nipple necrosis after correction of nipple inversion between January 2018 and June 2020. All patients were female. Age ranged from 10 to 37 years with the average of 24.4 years. 13 cases were partial nipple necrosis with retract recurrence, and 12 cases were complete nipple necrosis.Results:The follow-up period was 6 months. All cases achieved primary healing. No infection or nipple necrosis occurred. All patients had satisfactory appearance.Conclusions:Appropriate intervention time, accurate preoperative evaluation and well-performed operation are important factors for the management of nipple necrosis after inverted nipple repair.

Value of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis of pathological nipple discharge / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To explore the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for patients with pathologic nipple discharge.Methods:A retrospective analysis was made on patients with nipple discharge who underwent breast MRI and surgical excision between Oct 2010 to Oct 2020. Sensitivity, speci?city, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of MRI were calculated.Results:A total of 184 patients fulfilled our selection criteria, including breast cancer in 43 cases (23.4%), intraductal papilloma in 96 cases (52.2%) and other benign diseases in 45 cases (24.5%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of MRI for intraductal lesions of pathologic nipple discharge were respectively 76.8%, 52.2%, 82.8% and 42.9%. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of MRI for pathologic malignant nipple discharge were respectively 97.7%, 41.1%, 33.6% and 98.3%. Among the 43 cases of breast cancer, 10 cases (23.3%) were occult malignancy with negative ultrasound and mammography and malignant lesions were detected by MRI. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of MRI for occult malignancy were 81.8%, 53.7%, 24.4%, and 97.3%.Conclusion:MRI is a valuable additional diagnostic tool for the evaluation of pathologic nipple discharge, especially when conventional imaging is negative .