Initial nipple damages in breastfeeding women: analysis of photographic images and clinical associations / Lesiones tempranas del pezón derivadas de la lactancia materna: análisis de imágenes fotográficas y asociaciones clínicas / Lesões mamilares precoces decorrentes da amamentação: análise de imagens fotográficas e associações clínicas

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the initial nipple damage degree by breastfeeding practice and to associate findings with clinical manifestations of breastfeeding women. Methods: a retrospective, cross-sectional study with primary data and photographic images database from two randomized clinical trials. Photographic images were analyzed by two independent evaluators using the Nipple Trauma Score. For analysis, the chi-square, Mann-Whitney tests and Kappa coefficient were applied. Results: 115 breastfeeding women and their respective 186 photographic images were analyzed. The degree of agreement of evaluators using the Nipple Trauma Score was 93.6%. The nipple pain score during breastfeeding was moderate and compromised more than 25% of the nipple surface area. Conclusions: assistance to breastfeeding women should prioritize nipple pain intensity instead of the nipple damage size.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el grado de afectación tisular en las lesiones tempranas del pezón resultantes de la lactancia materna y asociar los hallazgos con las manifestaciones clínicas de las mujeres que amamantan. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo, transversal, con datos primarios y banco de imágenes fotográficas de dos ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. Las imágenes fotográficas fueron analizadas por dos evaluadores independientes, utilizando el Nipple Trauma Score. Para el análisis se aplicaron las pruebas de Chi-Cuadrado, Mann-Whitney y coeficiente Kappa. Resultados: se analizaron 115 mujeres lactantes y sus respectivas 186 imágenes fotográficas. El grado de acuerdo de los evaluadores utilizando el Nipple Trauma Score fue del 93,6%. El nivel de dolor en el pezón durante la lactancia es moderado y existe presencia de lesiones del pezón con más del 25% de la superficie del pezón comprometida. Conclusiones: la asistencia a la mujer lactante debe priorizar el nivel de dolor que presenta en detrimento del tamaño de la lesión del pezón.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o grau de comprometimento tecidual das lesões mamilares precoces decorrentes da amamentação e associar achados com as manifestações clínicas de mulheres em amamentação. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo, transversal, envolvendo o uso de dados primários e de banco de imagens fotográficas provenientes de dois ensaios clínicos randomizados. Imagens fotográficas foram analisadas por duas avaliadoras independentes a partir do instrumento Nipple Trauma Score. Para análise, aplicou-se os testes Qui-Quadrado, Mann-Whitney e coeficiente Kappa. Resultados: foram analisadas 115 lactantes e respectivas 186 imagens fotográficas. O grau de concordância das avaliadoras pelo instrumento Nipple Trauma Score foi de 93,6%. O nível de dor mamilar encontrado durante as mamadas é moderado e há presença de lesões mamilares com mais de 25% de área da superfície do mamilo comprometida. Conclusões: a assistência a mulheres que amamentam deve priorizar o nível de dor apresentado em detrimento do tamanho da lesão mamilar.

Bipedicled and structured mammoplasty "in three pillars" / Mamoplastia bipediculada e estruturada "em três pilares"

Introduction: Reduction mammoplasty has a long and established history. Since the end of the 19th century, numerous techniques for reducing and elevating breast tissue have been described, seeking the best aesthetic result and greater safety in relation to areolar vascularization and innervation. The purpose of the present study is to describe a new bipedicled and structured mammoplasty technique: safe, reproducible, with a fast-learning curve and predictable esthetic results. Methods: From January 2015 to August 2021, 86 patients underwent surgical treatment of mammoplasty using the technique in question. The analysis of the cases was carried out retrospectively through the evaluation of medical records and review of pre and postoperative photographs. Results: The support and projection achieved were lasting results. There were no hematomas or necrosis of the nipple-areola complex or other areas. Conclusion: The technique has high reproducibility, easy execution, high applicability and versatility, extremely satisfactory aesthetic and functional results for surgeon and patient, and above all, a high degree of safety.

Introdução: A mamoplastia redutora tem uma história longa e estabelecida. Desde o final do século XIX, foram descritas inúmeras técnicas para redução e elevação do tecido mamário, buscando não apenas o melhor resultado estético, como também maior segurança em relação a vascularização e inervação areolar. O presente estudo tem como propósito a descrição de uma nova técnica de mamoplastia bipediculada e estruturada: segura, reprodutível, de baixa curva de aprendizado e com resultados estéticos previsíveis. Método: De janeiro de 2015 a agosto de 2021, 86 pacientes foram submetidas ao tratamento cirúrgico de mamoplastia com a utilização da técnica em questão. A análise dos casos foi realizada de forma retrospectiva, através de avaliação de prontuários e revisão de fotografias de pré e pós-operatório. Resultados: A sustentação e projeção atingidas foram duradouras. Não houve ocorrência de hematomas ou necrose do complexo areolomamilar ou de quaisquer outras áreas. Conclusão: Tratase de uma técnica de alta reprodutibilidade, fácil execução, alta aplicabilidade e versatilidade, resultados estéticos e funcionais extremamente satisfatórios para cirurgião e paciente, além de, principalmente, um alto grau de segurança.

Traumas mamilares em nutrizes: revisão de escopo / Nipple trauma in nursing mothers: scope review

OBJETIVO: investigar, na literatura, a definição de trauma mamilar relacionado à amamentação, os tipos de trauma e seus tratamentos. MÉTODO: revisão de escopo. Foram consultados: PubMed; Literatura Latino Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS); Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL); SCOPUS; Web of Science; Base de dados de enfermagem (BDENF), EMBASE e Biblioteca Cochrane. Incluídos estudos publicados de 2015 a 2020. RESULTADOS: a amostra final foi composta por 23 artigos, sendo que 14 deles abordaram a definição de trauma mamilar. Esse evento inclui dor, sendo um dos problemas mais comuns durante a amamentação e relevante fator para desmame precoce. A melhor forma de preveni-lo e tratá-lo é por meio de posicionamento e pega adequados. CONCLUSÃO: não há padronização quanto à definição de trauma mamilar e os diferentes tipos. Há necessidade de refinamento da nomenclatura, a fim de auxiliar no diagnóstico e tratamento adequados.

OBJECTIVE: to investigate the definition of nipple trauma related to breastfeeding, the types of trauma and their treatments in the literature. METHOD: scope review. The following were consulted: PubMed; Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS); Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL); SCOPUS; Web of Science; Nursing database (BDENF), EMBASE and Cochrane Library. Studies published from 2015 to 2020 were included. RESULTS: the final sample consisted of 23 articles, 14 of which addressed the definition of nipple trauma. This event includes pain, one of the most common problems during breastfeeding and a relevant factor for early weaning. Proper positioning and latch-on is the best way to prevent and treat it. CONCLUSION: there is no standardization regarding the definition of nipple trauma and the different types. There is a need for refinement of the nomenclature, in order to assist in the diagnosis and adequate treatment.

Procedure for correction of inverted nipple using tiny incision with primary breast ducts reserved / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective:To discuss the procedure for correction of inverted nipple using tiny incision with primary breast ducts reserved.Methods:A total of 35 patients (63 sides) with primary inverted nipples from January 2006 to March 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. Tiny radial incisions were made on the areola around the base of the inverted nipple which had been pulled out. Without skin removed, shorten fiber bundles which caused nipple inverted were totally cut and released. While the primary breast ducts were preserved, purse-string suture was taken around the base of the nipple. The nipple protector was prepared by ourselves, and the nipple was pulled and suspended for 2-6 months.Results:Sixty-three sides of 35 patients with inverted nipples were successfully corrected by this minimally invasive surgery. There was no nipple necrosis. One patient developed mild swelling 3 weeks after operation, and the swelling subsided after symptomatic anti-inflammatory treatment. The average follow-up period was 39 months. After removing the nipple protector, 2 sides (2/63) had a certain degree of recurrence. The rest of the nipples had ideal shape, no obvious scar, good nipple feeling, and retained the possibility of lactation.Conclusions:The procedure for correction of inverted nipple using tiny incision with primary breast ducts reserved has advantages of minimal invasion, safety, less pain, while retaining the possibility of lactation in the future. The clinical effect is satisfactory. It is especially suitable for the correction of type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ inverted nipples.

Construction and validation of an instrument for classifying nipple and areola complex lesions resulting from breastfeeding / Construcción y validación de un instrumento para la clasificación de las lesiones areolares del pezón derivadas de la lactancia / Construção e validação de um instrumento de classificação das lesões mamilo-areolares decorrentes da amamentação

ABSTRACT Objectives: to construct and validate a classification of nipple and areola complex lesions resulting from breastfeeding, according to content and appearance. Methods: this is a methodological study, developed in four stages: operational definition, instrument construction, content and appearance validation. The Delphi technique and a Likert-type scale were used to validate content and appearance, through the participation of ten and sixteen judges, respectively. For analysis, Content Validity Index and Kappa Coefficient were applied. Results: Content Validity Index obtained an overall value of 0.93 and, for appearance, 0.94. Kappa values ranged between 0.46 and 1. The high rates of agreement among judges demonstrated the quality of the proposed content validity. Conclusions: the Nipple and Areola Complex Lesions Classification Instrument developed obtained acceptable values of its indexes, proving to be valid in terms of content and appearance.

RESUMEN Objetivos: construir y validar una clasificación de las lesiones pezón-areolares resultantes de la lactancia materna según su contenido y apariencia. Métodos: estudio metodológico, desarrollado en cuatro etapas: definición operativa, construcción del instrumento, validación de contenido y apariencia. Para validar contenido y apariencia se utilizó la técnica Delphi y la escala tipo Likert, mediante la participación de diez y dieciséis jueces, respectivamente. Para el análisis se aplicó el Índice de Validez de Contenido y el Coeficiente Kappa. Resultados: el Índice de Validez de Contenido obtuvo un valor global de 0,93 y, por apariencia, 0,94. Los valores de Kappa oscilaron entre 0,46 y 1. Las altas tasas de acuerdo entre los jueces demostraron la calidad de la validez del contenido propuesto. Conclusiones: el Instrumento de Clasificación de Lesiones Pezón-Areolares desarrollado obtuvo valores aceptables para sus índices, demostrando ser válido en términos de contenido y apariencia.

RESUMO Objetivos: construir e validar uma classificação das lesões mamilo-areolares decorrentes da amamentação segundo conteúdo e aparência. Métodos: estudo metodológico, desenvolvido em quatro etapas: definição operacional, construção do instrumento, validação de conteúdo e de aparência. Utilizaram-se a técnica Delphi e a escala tipo Likert para a validação de conteúdo e de aparência, por meio da participação de dez e dezesseis juízes, respectivamente. Para análise, aplicou-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo e o Coeficiente Kappa. Resultados: o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo obteve valor global de 0,93 e, de aparência, 0,94. Os valores de Kappa variaram entre 0,46 e 1. As altas taxas de concordância entre os juízes demonstraram a qualidade da validade de conteúdo proposta. Conclusões: o Instrumento de Classificação das Lesões Mamilo-Areolares desenvolvido obteve valores aceitáveis de seus índices, mostrando-se válido quanto ao conteúdo e aparência.

Intervenções eficazes para tratamento de trauma mamilar decorrente da amamentação: revisão sistemática / Intervenciones eficaces para el tratamiento de trauma mamilar resultante de la lactancia: revisión sistemática / Effective interventions for treating nipple trauma resulting from breastfeeding: a systematic review

Resumo Objetivo Identificar intervenções baseadas em evidências científicas eficazes para o tratamento de trauma mamilar decorrente da amamentação. Métodos Revisão sistemática realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE®/PubMed, Scopus, Cinahl, Web of Science, Cochrane e Lilacs, entre agosto e setembro de 2020. Foram utilizados os descritores nipple* AND wound and injuries OR trauma AND therapeutic OR treatment AND breastfeeding (Mamilo* e ferida e lesões ou trauma e terapêutica ou tratamento e amamentação). Os critérios de elegibilidade foram: estudos de intervenção, sem restrição de idioma e tempo, texto completo e que não abordassem trauma mamilar não relacionado à amamentação. Foram consideradas intervenções eficazes aquelas com desfecho positivo para reparação tecidual e/ou dor. As buscas foram em pares, e a qualidade dos ensaios foi avaliada pela escala Jadad e pelo Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Resultados A amostra final foi de sete artigos, encontrados nas bases de dados Cinahl, Web of Science e Scopus. As intervenções eficazes encontradas envolveram: pomada de camomila, uso de lanolina altamente purificada, fotobiomodulação com laser de baixa potência, mel, mil-folhas e leite materno. Cada intervenção encontrada foi usada em situações e de maneiras diferentes, que devem ser consideradas para a prática clínica. Orientações sobre a pega estiveram presentes em associação com a maioria das intervenções eficazes. Conclusão As intervenções evidenciadas podem contribuir para diminuir as dificuldades na amamentação, na redução da dor e na reparação tecidual das lesões.

Resumen Objetivo Identificar intervenciones con base en evidencias científicas eficaces para el tratamiento de trauma mamilar resultante de la lactancia. Métodos Revisión sistemática realizada en las bases de datos MEDLINE®/PubMed, Scopus, Cinahl, Web of Science, Cochrane y Lilacs, entre agosto y septiembre de 2020. Se utilizaron los descriptores nipple* AND wound and injuries OR trauma AND therapeutic OR treatment AND breastfeeding (pezón* y herida y lesiones o trauma y terapéutica o tratamiento y lactancia). Los criterios de elegibilidad fueron: estudios de intervención, sin restricción de idioma y tiempo, con texto completo y que no trataran trauma del pezón no relacionado a la lactancia. Se consideraron intervenciones eficaces las que presentaron desenlace positivo para la reparación de los tejidos y del dolor. Las búsquedas se hicieron por pares y la calidad de los ensayos se evaluó a través de la escala Jadad y por el Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Resultados La muestra final estuvo formada por siete artículos, encontrados en las bases de datos Cinahl, Web of Science y Scopus. Las intervenciones eficaces encontradas contuvieron: pomada de camomila, uso de lanolina altamente purificada, fotobiomodulación con láser de baja potencia, miel, milenrama y leche materna. Cada intervención encontrada fue usada en situaciones y de maneras distintas, que deben ser consideradas para la práctica clínica. Orientaciones sobre la prendida estuvieron presentes junto con la mayoría de las intervenciones eficaces. Conclusión Las intervenciones evidenciadas pueden contribuir para reducir las dificultades de la lactancia y el dolor, y para reparar los tejidos de las lesiones.

Abstract Objective To identify interventions based on effective scientific evidence for treating nipple trauma due to breastfeeding. Methods This is a systematic review, carried out in the MEDLINE®/PubMed®, Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane and LILACS databases, between August and September 2020. The descriptors nipple* AND wound and injuries OR trauma AND therapeutic OR treatment AND breastfeeding were used. Intervention studies, without language and time restriction, full text and that did not address nipple trauma not related to breastfeeding were included. Effective interventions were considered those with positive outcome for tissue repair and/or pain. The searches were in pairs, and the quality of the trials was assessed by the Jadad scale and by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Results The final sample was composed of seven articles, found in the CINAHL, Web of Science and Scopus databases. The effective interventions found involved chamomile ointment, use of highly purified lanolin, low-level laser photobiomodulation, honey, millefeuille and breast milk. Each intervention found was used in different situations and in different ways, which should be considered for clinical practice. Guidance on the handle was present in association with most effective interventions. Conclusion The interventions evidenced may contribute to reduce difficulties in breastfeeding, in the reduction of pain and injury tissue repair.

Managing nipple necrosis secondary to inverted nipple repair / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective:Nipple inversion is relatively common, occurring in up to 10% of females, various techniques have been described for correction of inverted nipples. However, data are limited on the associated complications. The presented study aimed to assess the management of nipple necrosis after inverted nipple repair.Methods:A retrospective chart review was performed on 25 cases of nipple necrosis after correction of nipple inversion between January 2018 and June 2020. All patients were female. Age ranged from 10 to 37 years with the average of 24.4 years. 13 cases were partial nipple necrosis with retract recurrence, and 12 cases were complete nipple necrosis.Results:The follow-up period was 6 months. All cases achieved primary healing. No infection or nipple necrosis occurred. All patients had satisfactory appearance.Conclusions:Appropriate intervention time, accurate preoperative evaluation and well-performed operation are important factors for the management of nipple necrosis after inverted nipple repair.

Retalho triangular para reconstrução da papila mamária / Triangular flap for nipple reconstruction

Introdução: Apesar das muitas técnicas publicadas, há dificuldades para se atingir de forma satisfatória uma placa areolopapilar (PAP) com resultado duradouro a longo prazo. O objetivo é demonstrar resultados pela técnica do retalho cutâneo triangular nas reconstruções de papila e comparar com as técnicas já descritas na literatura. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo da reconstrução papilar pela técnica do retalho cutâneo triangular de 1 janeiro de 2015 a 1 de março de 2016. Técnica cirúrgica: Marcação em triângulo equilátero; decorticação dos três vértices do triângulo que são unidos em forma de envelope, com a área central aderida à neomama; Enxertia de pele total para confecção da neoareolar. Os pacientes foram avaliados e classificados como totalmente satisfatórios, satisfatórios, parcialmente satisfatórios ou insatisfatórios. Tipo de reconstrução mamária primária, realização de quimio ou radioterapia pós-operatórias ou neoadjuvantes, comorbidades, complicações pós-operatórias foram avaliados. Avaliação estatística por testes exato de Fisher, Qui quadrado e análise post hoc (p < 0,05 significativo). Resultados: Trinta e uma pacientes submetidas à reconstrução mamilar pela técnica do retalho cutâneo triangular, sendo 17 unilaterais e 14 bilaterais, totalizando 45 reconstruções. Média de idade de 50 anos, IMC médio de 24,95 kg/m2 e acompanhamento médio de 14 meses. Avaliados: dados demográficos, complicações dos pacientes versus o tipo de reconstrução primária mamária e realização de quimio e/ou radioterapia, tipos de reconstrução mamária realizados, avaliação das papilas versus reconstrução, avaliação da técnica de reconstrução papilar versus satisfação dos avaliadores e complicações papilares versus técnica de confecção. Conclusão: A técnica original do retalho cutâneo triangular apresenta as vantagens de fácil execução e segurança na reconstrução das placas areolopapilares.

Introduction: Despite the many published techniques, there are difficulties in satisfactorily achieving a nipple areola complex (NAC) with long-lasting results. The objective is to demonstrate results using the triangular cutaneous flap technique in nipple reconstructions and compare it with previously published techniques. Methods: A prospective study of nipple reconstruction using the triangular cutaneous flap technique from January 1, 2015, to March 1, 2016. Surgical technique: Marking of an equilateral triangle; decortication of the three points of the triangle that are united in the form of an envelope, with the central area adhered to the neo-breast; total skin grafting for construction of the areola. The patients were evaluated and results classified as fully satisfactory, satisfactory, partially satisfactory, or unsatisfactory. Primary type of breast reconstruction, postoperative or neoadjuvant chemo- or radiotherapy complications, comorbidities, and postoperative complications were evaluated. Statistical evaluation was performed using Fisher's exact test, chi-square test, and post hoc analysis (significance p < 0.05). Results: Thirty-one patients underwent nipple reconstruction using the triangular cutaneous flap technique, 17 unilateral and 14 bilateral, totaling 45 reconstructions. Mean age was 50 years, mean body mass index was 24.95 kg/m2, and mean follow-up period was 14 months. Rated: demographic data, complications of patients versus the type of primary breast reconstruction and completion of chemo- and/or radiotherapy, types of breast reconstruction performed, evaluation of the nipples versus reconstruction, evaluation of the nipple reconstruction technique versus satisfaction of evaluators, and nipple complications versus reconstruction technique. Conclusion: The original triangular cutaneous flap technique presents the advantages of easy execution and safety in reconstruction of the NAC.

Reconstrução areolar com pele palpebral / Areolar reconstruction using eyelid skin

Introdução: Sabe-se que o câncer de mama é hoje a segunda neoplasia mais frequente entre as mulheres, as quais são submetidas desde a tratamentos clínicos até cirúrgicos mutilantes da mama. Ter mamas bonitas e harmoniosas é um direito legítimo, sendo assim o conceito de reconstrução mamária e do complexo areolo papilar se torna importante na reinserção social feminina. Este estudo visa apresentar uma técnica eficaz de reconstrução areolar, utilizando enxerto cutâneo livre palpebral bilateral, demonstrando sua eficácia através de resultados fotográficos, comparação com outras técnicas já descritas e questionários de satisfação dos pacientes. Resultados: Foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, 50 pacientes operados de reconstrução areolar com enxerto de pele palpebral e outras técnicas já descritas, operados por um único cirurgião sênior. O grupo de pacientes operados com pele palpebral não obtiveram diferenças significativas dentro da análise de resultados, comparados com outras técnicas de reconstrução. Houve boa satisfação por parte dos pacientes, quanto ao resultado das cirurgias das aréolas. Conclusão: O estudo obteve baixos índices de complicações, apresentando-se como boa opção terapêutica, dentro do arsenal cirúrgico de reconstrução areolar.

Introduction: Breast cancer is currently the second most common neoplasm among women who undergo clinical treatments and breast-mutilating surgeries. Having beautiful and harmonious breasts is a legitimate right, so the concept of reconstructing the breast and nipple-areolar complex becomes important in female social reinsertion. This study aimed to present an effective technique of areolar reconstruction using free bilateral eyelid skin grafts and demonstrate its effectiveness through photographic results, comparison with previously described techniques, and patient satisfaction questionnaires. Results: The authors retrospectively evaluated 50 patients who underwent areolar reconstruction with eyelid skin grafts and other techniques performed by a single senior surgeon. Patients who underwent eyelid skin graft surgery did not achieve significantly different results from those who underwent other reconstruction techniques. Patients who underwent areola surgeries reported good satisfaction. Conclusion: The study revealed low complication rates and demonstrated that the use of eyelid skin is a good therapeutic option for areolar reconstruction.

Revisión sistemática de las causas y tratamientos para las grietas en los pezones durante la lactancia materna / Systematic review of causes and treatments for cracked nipples during breastfeeding / Revisão sistemática das causas e tratamentos para fissuras mamilares durante a amamentação

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los factores más frecuentemente relacionados con las grietas en los pezones y los distintos tratamientos utilizados para tratar este problema en madres que lactan, a través de una revisión de la literatura científica. La búsqueda se realizó utilizando las bases de datos: SCIENCE DIRECT EMBASE, PROQUEST, SCOPUS y SCIELO, publicados entre 2000 al 2018, además referencias bibliográficas citadas en los artículos seleccionados. Los términos utilizados fueron en inglés y español, estandarizados en los sistemas de descriptores para inglés y español, pero también se utilizaron términos no estandarizados identificados en algunos artículos. Los resultados arrojan que el uso de lanolina, compresas de agua tibia, leche materna extraída y la aplicación de menta son referidos como más efectivos para el trauma del pezón. Considerando los tratamientos encontrados, aquellos que contienen mejores efectos en la estimulación del crecimiento epitelial del pezón agrietado son: lanolina, la colágenas y apósitos de hidrogel. De acuerdo a lo anterior, no se recomienda un tratamiento por encima de otro, debido a que los métodos encontrados mostraron ser eficaces y beneficiosos tanto para el manejo del dolor como la disminución de trauma del pezón.

Abstract To identify the factors most frequently related to cracks in the nipples and the different treatments used to treat this problem in nursing mothers was do a review of the scientific literature. The search was conducted using the databases: SCIENCE DIRECT, EMBASE, PROQUEST SCOPUS and SCIELO, published between 2000 and 2018, and bibliographic references cited in some of the selected articles were added. The terms used were in English and Spanish, standardized in the descriptor systems for both languages, but non-standardized terms identified in some articles were also used. The results show that the use of lanolin, warm water compresses, expressed breast milk and the application of mint are the most effective for nipple trauma. Considering the treatments found, those that contain better effects in the stimulation of the epithelial growth of the cracked nipple are: lanolin, collagenase and hydrogel dressings. According to the above, one treatment is not recommended over another because the methods found to be effective and beneficial both for the management of pain and the reduction of nipple trauma.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os fatores mais frequentemente relacionados às fissuras nos mamilos e os diferentes tratamentos utilizados para tratar esse problema em nutrizes, através de uma revisão da literatura científica. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados SCIENCE DIRECT, EMBASE, PROQUEST, SCOPUS e SCIELO, publicadas entre 2000 e 2018, além de referências bibliográficas citadas nos artigos selecionados. Os termos utilizados foram em inglês e espanhol, padronizados nos sistemas descritores para inglês e espanhol, mas também foram utilizados termos não padronizados identificados em alguns artigos. Os resultados mostram que o uso de lanolina, compressas de água morna, leite materno extraído e a aplicação de hortelã-pimenta são referidos como mais eficazes no trauma mamilar Considerando os tratamentos encontrados, aqueles que contêm os melhores efeitos sobre a estimulação do crescimento epitelial do mamilo trincado são: pensos de lanolina, colágeno e hidrogel. De acordo com o exposto, um tratamento não é recomendado em relação a outro, porque os métodos encontrados se mostraram eficazes e benéficos para o manejo da dor e a redução do trauma mamilar

Correlation of nipple eczema in pregnancy with atopic dermatitis in Northern India: a study of 100 cases

Abstract Background Nipple eczema is a less common presentation of atopic dermatitis. No studies in the literature have correlated nipple eczema in pregnancy as a manifestation of atopic dermatitis. Objective To evaluate whether nipple eczema presenting in pregnancy is a manifestation of atopic dermatitis. Methods This was a prospective observational study including 100 women who presented with nipple eczema for the first time during pregnancy. The exclusion criteria were any patient with previous history of nipple eczema, those already on oral or topical treatment for atopic dermatitis or nipple eczema, and other disorders mimicking eczema. Patients were divided into two groups ‒ nipple eczema with atopic dermatitis and without atopic dermatitis. Demographic data, clinical features, total leukocyte count, differential leukocyte count, absolute eosinophil counts, and serum IgE levels were compared between the two groups to detect association between nipple eczema in pregnancy and atopic dermatitis. Results Out of 100 patients, 39 were diagnosed with atopic dermatitis, whereas 61 were ruled out to have any features suggestive of atopic dermatitis. There were no statistically significant differences in mean age, mean duration of symptoms, and serum IgE levels. In patients with atopic dermatitis, bilateral symptoms were noted more commonly than in patients without the disease, but this was statistically insignificant. Study limitations Lack of long term follow-up and no large studies in literature to compare results. Conclusion Nipple eczema in pregnancy follows a similar pattern as in other age groups. The clinical profile of patients is similar in cases with and without atopic dermatitis.

Breast state improvement by using the lymphatic drainage disposable bra pads

Background: The health and good esthetic conditions of the breast are important indicators of women’s life quality. One factor that negatively affects this quality is the breast ptosis, associated with the sagging of the mammary glands due to tissue stretching and the loss of tissue and skin elasticity. New tools and methods able to improve the shape and beautiful contour of the breast are highly desirable.Methods: We investigated how the disposable bra pads by BAE International Inc., having the lymphatic drainage effect for the breast, influenced the female breast state. We applied two methods, the ultrasound elasticity imaging and the pattern recognition of the nipples position, to monitor the breast state dynamics in two groups of females, the study and control ones.Results: Preliminary results showed that both the breast elasticity and the pattern of nipple positions improved for females wearing the bra pads as compared to females wearing regular bras without pads (P<0.05 for the difference between the two groups of females).Conclusions: Overall, the bra pads by BAE can be considered as an effective tool encouraging metabolism by improving the flow of blood circulation and lymph in the breast.

Crusted nipple and areola: A new aetiology of secondary hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola

Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola is a rare condition first described by Tauber in 1923. Less than 100 cases have been reported in the literature. Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola presents as hyperkeratotic, hyperpigmented plaques on the nipple and areola. It is more common in females. An 18-year-old female patient presented with hyperkeratotic, plaque-like, hard crusts on both nipples and areolas. The examining physician could successfully remove this crust using his finger. The crust had accumulated as a result of the patient's reluctance to touch or clean the breast area due to psychological issues. A crusted nipple and areola may occur as a secondary condition due to a patient's reluctance to touch or clean their breasts.

Tratamiento de la ptosis mamaria utilizando la técnica de Liacyr Ribeiro tipo I modificada / Treatment of the mammary ptosis utilizing the technique of Liacyr Ribeiro type I modified

RESUMEN Fundamento: la mastopexia tiene como objetivo reposicionar el complejo areola-pezón que ha descendido por disminución de la capacidad elástica de los tejidos y remodelar la mama remanente, al reestructurar el tejido glandular y resecando el excedente cutáneo secundario. Objetivo: determinar los resultados estéticos de la mastopexia al utilizar la técnica de Liacyr Ribeiro pedículo tipo I modificada por el autor. Métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo, de corte transversal acerca de la aplicación de la técnica de mastopexia descrita por el profesor Liacyr Ribeiro, pedículo tipo I a la cual se le realizó una modificación al utilizar para su diseño el patrón de Wise, desde enero de 2014 a diciembre de 2017, la muestra fue de 24 pacientes con diferentes grado de ptosis mamaria, tomada de forma no probabilística lo que coincidió con el universo. Resultados: la mayoría de las pacientes operadas tenían un grado tres de ptosis mamaria. Del total de las pacientes solo el 5,85 % presentó diferentes grados de complicaciones relacionadas con el proceder. El 91,67 % estuvieron satisfechas con el proceder y los resultados obtenidos. Conclusiones: la mastopexia es un procedimiento quirúrgico con altos niveles de seguridad, que logra un cambio importante en la imagen corporal de las pacientes y que produce gran satisfacción en ellas.

ABSTRACT Background: the mastopexy aims at repositioning the areole - nipple complex that has descended because of the decrease of the elastic capability of tissues and remodeling the remaining mamma, restructuring the glandular tissue and resecting the cutaneous secondary surplus. Objective: to determine the mastopexy's esthetic results using Liacyr Ribeiro's technique peduncle type I modified by the author. Methods: it was carried out a prospective, cross-sectional study about the application of the technique of mastopexy described by the professor Liacyr Ribeiro peduncle type I to which a modification was made by using for its design Wise's pattern, from January, 2014 to December, 2017. The sample was 24 patients with different grade of mammary ptosis, taken in a not-probabilistic form coinciding with the universe. Results: the majority of the patient that underwent surgery had a grade 3 of mammary ptosis. Of the total of patients, the 5.85 % presented different grades of complications related to procedure. The 91.67 % was pleased with the procedure and the obtained results. Conclusions: the mastopexy is a surgical procedure with high security levels, that achieves an important change in the patients' corporal image and produces great satisfaction in them.

Fatores associados à autoeficácia da amamentação segundo os tipos de mamilos / Factors associated with breastfeeding self-efficacy according to nipple types

Objetivo analisar os fatores associados à autoeficácia da amamentação segundo os tipos de mamilo. Método estudo transversal realizado com 60 puérperas internadas em alojamento conjunto. Foi utilizado um questionário, além da aplicação da Escala de Ansiedade Traço-Estado e da Escala de Autoeficácia na Amamentação. Resultados a proporção de mamilos protusos e não protusos foi de 31(51,6%) e 29(48,3%), consecutivamente. A ansiedade avaliada foi maior nas mulheres com mamilos não protusos. Enquanto a autoeficácia na amamentação foi maior nas mulheres com mamilos protusos (p=0,027). Os fatores que se associaram a amamentação segundo os tipos de mamilos foram: dificuldade na pega (p=0,019), auxílio durante a amamentação (p=0,003) e satisfação ao amamentar (p=0,043). Conclusão o escore da Escala de Autoeficácia na Amamentação foi maior no grupo de mulheres com mamilo protuso promovendo maior satisfação durante a prática, enquanto os não protusos relacionam-se a dificuldade na pega, bem como a necessidade de auxílio durante a amamentação.

Objective to analyze factors associated with breastfeeding self-efficacy according to nipple types. Methods cross-sectional study conducted with 60 mothers admitted to rooming-in. A questionnaire was used in addition to the application of the State-Trait Anxiety Scale and the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale. Results the proportion of protruding and non-protruding nipples was 31 (51.6%) and 29 (48.3%), consecutively. The anxiety evaluated was higher in women with non-protruding nipples. While breastfeeding self-efficacy was higher in women with protruding nipples (p=0.027). Factors associated with breastfeeding according to nipple types were: difficulty in gripping (p=0.019), breastfeeding aid (p=0.003) and breastfeeding satisfaction (p=0.043). Conclusion the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale score was higher in the group of women with protruding nipple promoting greater satisfaction during practice, while non-protruding women are related to difficulty in gripping, as well as the need for assistance during breastfeeding.

Enfermedad de Paget mamaria. Reporte de un caso clínico / Paget´s disease mammary. A clinical case report

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: La enfermedad de Paget mamaria es una alteración poco frecuente, caracterizada por cambios en el área del pezón-areola, que puede asociarse con carcinoma de mama in situ o invasor. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 69 años, con lesión mamaria de tres años de evolución, cambios en la coloración del pezón y descamación, acompañados de prurito, de aspecto eritematoso y escamoso en el área del pezón-areola izquierda, con retracción del pezón; se obtuvo una biopsia del área del pezón-areola. El estudio de patología reportó células neoplásicas grandes, con infiltración a la epidermis, aisladas o en pequeños grupos, con citoplasma claro, vacuolado, núcleo agrandado y nucléolo prominente, característico de la enfermedad de Paget mamaria. El estudio de inmunohistoquímica reportó positividad para CK7 y HER2, y negatividad para p53 a células neoplásicas, con lo que se estableció el diagnóstico definitivo de enfermedad de Paget mamaria. La mastografía no mostró alteraciones y la mastectomía reportó carcinoma intraductal. CONCLUSIÓN: El conocimiento de la enfermedad de Paget mamaria tiene importancia clínica, puesto que representa una afección poco frecuente, que debe considerarse en el diagnóstico diferencial de lesiones benignas del complejo areola-pezón.

Abstract BACKGROUND: The Paget´s disease mammary is an uncommon malignancy that presents with changes in the nipple-areolar region that may be associated with an underlying breast cancer. CLINICAL CASE: A 69-year-old patient with a breast lesion of three years of evolution, changes in nipple, characterized by coloration and scaling, pruritus, with an erythematous and scaly appearance in the nipple-areola left region, and nipple retraction. A biopsy of the nipple-areola was obtained. The Pathology service reported large neoplastic cells, with infiltration to the epidermis, isolated or in small groups, with clear cytoplasm, vacuolated, enlarged nucleus and prominent nucleolus, characteristic of Paget's disease mammary. The immunohistochemistry study reported positivity for CK7 and HER2, and negativity for p53 to neoplastic cells, which established the definitive diagnosis of Paget's disease of the breast. The mammography was normal and the mastectomy reported intraductal carcinoma. CONCLUSION: The knowledge of mammary Paget's disease is of clinical importance, since it represents a rare condition, which must be considered in the differential diagnosis of benign lesions of the areola-nipple complex.

De-epithelialized dermal flap for nipple reconstruction: A modified star flap

BACKGROUND: Multiple approaches for nipple reconstruction exist, and none is considered superior to all others. The star flap is one of the most popular methods for nipple reconstruction, but gradual height loss is a major concern. We present a new modification of the star flap that incorporates a de-epithelialized dermal flap, along with the associated surgical results. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent nipple reconstruction using the modified star flap method. The design was different from the conventional star flap in that the lateral wings were changed into a trapezoidal shape and de-epithelialized dermal flaps were added. The patients were followed up at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months postoperatively, and nipple height was measured. The postoperative nipple height achieved using the modified method was compared with that obtained using the traditional method. RESULTS: From February 2013 to June 2017, 32 patients received surgery using the modified star flap, and 18 patients who underwent nipple reconstruction before 2013 comprised the conventional method group. All patients had undergone breast reconstruction with an abdominal tissue-based flap. The mean follow-up period was 14.4 months in the modified method group and 17.3 months in the conventional method group. The mean maintenance of projection at 12 months postoperatively was 56.28%±18.58% in the modified method group, and 44.23%±14.15% in the conventional method group. This difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The modified method using a de-epithelialized dermal flap provides reliable maintenance of projection in patients who have undergone abdominal tissue-based breast reconstruction.

Thermoplastic nipple splint: A simple method of maintaining nipple projection

Maintaining projection of the reconstructed nipple is important for achieving natural and aesthetically appealing outcomes in breast reconstruction. Although various methods of avoiding mechanical force on the reconstructed nipple have been developed, the existing methods are inconvenient, crude, non-reusable, and difficult to clean or adjust. In the present study, a simple method of creating a nipple splint using a thermoplastic material is described. This splint can be easily manipulated, washed, and reused, and it is comfortable to wear for long-term use without any complications and convenient for the patient to apply.

Mammary Paget's Disease of the Nipple: Relatively Common but Still Unknown to Many / 가정의학회지

Mammary Paget's disease is clinically defined as skin inflammation of the nipple area and is an adenocarcinoma of the epidermis of the nipple. The pathogenesis of mammary Paget's disease is relatively unknown; nonetheless, there are two popular theories that support the underlying carcinoma and de novo carcinogenesis. For the attending medical practitioner, mammary Paget's disease poses a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma, especially in the absence of a clinically palpable breast mass. We report a rare case of a 48-year-old Malay woman who presented at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia with the symptom of skin erosion on the left nipple and unresponsiveness to multiple topical treatments. A full evaluation and assessment of the patient were conducted, and mammary Paget's disease was diagnosed.

Comparative study of the use of HPA lanolin and breast milk for treating pain associated with nipple trauma / Estudo comparativo do uso de lanolina HPA e leite materno para o tratamento da dor associada ao trauma mamilar

Abstract Objective To compare two different treatments—the use of highly purified anhydrous (HPA) lanolin and expressed breast milk—for women with pain and nipple trauma during the breastfeeding process. Method A total of 180 puerperal women were randomly assigned to 2 groups: one was treated with HPA lanolin and the other with their own expressed breast milk. All of the participants received the same breastfeeding technique instructions and therapeutic care standard. Three assessments were performed: at the time of inclusion in the study (after randomization); after 48 hours; and after 7 days. At each interval, data was collected in relation to pain and trauma. A numerical/verbal category scale was used for the pain variable, and the nipple trauma score for the trauma variable. The results were subjected to statistical analysis using the chi-squared test, the Fisher exact test, the student t-test, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Generalized estimating equations were calculated using the STATA 12 statistical software package (StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX, USA) and IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA). Results There was pain improvement from the second to the third assessment in the group that used HPA lanolin, while the pain remained unchanged between these two periods (p< 0.001) in the breast milk group. In terms of trauma, improvement was identified in its extension and depth from the first to the third assessment, and it was higher in the HPA lanolin group than in the breast milk group (p= 0.025). Conclusion The treatment of pain and nipple trauma with HPA lanolin achieved better results than the one with breast milk, based on a 7-day treatment period.

Resumo Objetivo Comparar dois tratamentos distintos—o uso de lanolina anidra altamente purificada (HPA, na sigla em inglês) e o próprio leite materno—para mulheres com dor e trauma mamilar durante o processo de amamentação. Métodos Participaram do estudo 180 puérperas randomizadas para 2 grupos: um utilizou tratamento com lanolina HPA e o outro o próprio leite materno. Todas receberam a mesma orientação quanto à técnica de amamentação e rigor terapêutico e foram avaliadas em três momentos: na inclusão no estudo (após a randomização), em 48 horas e em 7 dias. Em todos os momentos, foram colhidos dados em relação à dor e ao trauma. Para a variável dor, utilizou-se escala de categoria numérica/nerbal e, para a variável trauma, a pontuação de traumas mamilares. Os testes estatísticos utilizados foram: Qui-quadrado, teste exato de Fisher, t de Student, e Kolmogorov-Smirnov, sendo que os modelos de equações de estimação generalizadas foram calculados por meio dos pacotes STATA 12 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX, EUA) e IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Versão 20.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, EUA). Resultados Houve melhora da dor da segunda para a terceira avaliação no grupo que utilizou a lanolina HPA, enquanto que no grupo que usou leite materno a dor permaneceu inalterada entre esses dois momentos (p< 0,001). Quanto ao trauma, foi identificada melhora em sua extensão e profundidade, da primeira para a terceira avaliação, e a melhora foi maior no grupo tratado com lanolina HPA do que no grupo tratado com leite materno (p= 0,025). Conclusão O tratamento da dor e do trauma mamilar com lanolina HPA teve melhor resultado comparado com o leite materno, com base em um período de tratamento de 7 dias.