Growth and nitrogen uptake by Arthrospira platensiscultured in aquaculture wastewater from Nile tilapia reared in biofloc system

This study aimed to evaluate the growth of Arthrospira (Spirulina)platensiscultivated in Zarrouk culture medium and effluent from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in biofloc system. Four treatments were used: Control (100% Zarrouk), E50 (50% Zarrouk + 50% Tilapia effluent), E75 (25% Zarrouk + 75% Tilapia effluent), and E100 (100% Tilapia effluent), and the experiment lasted 10 days. Growth parameters such as maximum cell density (MCD), doubling time (DT), and growth rate (K) were daily evaluated, as well aspH and water temperature. In addition, the concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite-N (NO2-N), and nitrate-N (NO3-N) were analyzed in order to compare nitrogen absorption. Among treatments, E50 and E75 obtained higher maximum cell densities and presented an exponential growth rate similar to the control treatment. Regarding the concentrations of nitrogen compounds, a significant reduction was observed in all treatments, with an NO3-Nuptake of 99%, followed by 80% of TAN and 90% of NO2-N. Thus, giving the results obtained, besides being able to grow in wastewater, A. platensis can also be used in bioremediation processes, confirming the potential of this species.

Fractionation of carbohydrates and proteins in Tifton 85 bermudagrass hay at different cutting levels and storage time / Fracionamento de carboidratos e proteína em feno de capim Tifton 85 sob duas alturas de corte e tempos de armazenamento

This study aimed to evaluate the fractionation of carbohydrates and protein of grass hay Tifton 85 bermudagrass under two cutting heights in relation to ground level (0.04 and 0.08 m) during 120 days of storage. Samples were collected in the baling and hay stored in shed at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of storage, after, it was subjected to laboratory procedures, in which the levels of soluble carbohydrates were determined, carbohydrate fractionation and protein fractionation. The results were studied in a randomized complete block design with split plot with two treatments allocated the plots: cutting height of 0.04 to 0.08 m from the ground and five times in the subplots: baling, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of storage hay, with five repetitions. The soluble carbohydrate concentration hay responded in a quadratic manner to the storage time for cutting heights of 0.04 and 0.08 m above soil level; minimum values of 11.53 and 10.70 g kg-1 of DM were estimated for 93.44 and 91.16 storage days, respectively. The carbohydrate fraction A + B1 responded negatively linear to periods of storage evaluated in both cutting heights. The contents of the carbohydrate fraction B2 and proteins A and C exhibited a positive linear response to storage time for a cutting height of 0.04 m and a quadratic effect for hay cutting height at 0.08 m above soil level, with an opposite behavior for both cutting heights for the B1 protein levels and C carbohydrate fraction. The B2 fraction showed a negative linear response as a function of storage time, with a reduction in the fraction of 0.09 and 0.11 percentage units for each day of storage, for hay cutting height of 0.04 and 0.08 m, respectively. The B3 fraction responded quadratically to the storage time, the two studied cutting heights. The storage of Tifton 85 hay cut at 0.04 m above soil level for 120 days leads to a decrease in fractions of rapid ruminal degradation and increase of the indigestible fraction in carbohydrate and protein fractions. Based on the results obtained it is recommended the cutting of the Tifton 85 bermuda grass forage to produce hay at 0.08 m and its storage up to 30 days provided that under ideal conditions.(AU)

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o fracionamento de carboidratos e proteína do feno de capim Tifton 85 sob duas alturas de corte em relação ao nível do solo (0.04 e 0.08 m), durante 120 dias de armazenamento. Foram coletadas amostras no enfardamento e no feno armazenado em galpão aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias de armazenamento. Após foram submetidas a procedimentos laboratoriais, onde foram determinados os teores de carboidratos solúveis, fracionamento de carboidrato e fracionamento de proteína. Os resultados foram estudados sob o delineamento em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo com 2 tratamentos alocados nas parcelas: altura de corte de 0.04 e 0.08 m do solo e cinco tempos nas subparcelas: enfardamento, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias de armazenamento do feno, com cinco repetições. A concentração de carboidratos solúveis respondeu de forma quadrática ao tempo de armazenamento, para altura de corte de 0.04 e 0.08 m do solo, estimando-se valores de mínima de 11.53 e 10.70 g kg-1 de MS aos 93.44 e 91.16 dias de armazenamento, respectivamente. A fração de carboidrato A + B1, respondeu de forma linear negativa aos períodos de armazenamento avaliados nas duas alturas de corte, não diferindo entre as alturas. Os teores da fração de carboidratos B2 e de proteína A e C apresentaram resposta linear positiva em função do tempo de armazenamento para altura de corte a 0.04 m e efeito quadrático para altura de corte do feno a 0.08 m do solo, sendo observado comportamento inverso em ambas as alturas de corte para os teores protéicos B1 e de carboidratos fração C. A fração proteica B2 apresentou resposta linear negativa em função do tempo de armazenamento, com redução da fração de 0,09 e 0,11 unidades percentuais a cada dia de armazenamento, para altura de corte do feno a 0.04 e 0.08 m, respectivamente. A fração B3 respondeu de forma quadrática ao tempo de armazenamento, nas duas alturas de corte estudadas. O armazenamento do feno de capim Tifton 85 cortado a 0.04 m de altura do solo, durante 120 dias, ocasiona diminuição das frações de rápida degradação ruminal e aumento da fração indigestível, nos fracionamentos de carboidratos e de proteína. Recomenda-se o corte da forrageira Tifton 85 para produção de feno a 0.08 m e seu armazenamento até 30 dias em condições ideais.(AU)

Chemical constituents from Dioscorea opposite / 中草药

Objective To study the chemical constituents of Dioscorea opposita. Methods The constituents were isolated and purified by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and ODS column chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by NMR spectra comparison with reference data. Results Fourteen compounds were isolated from 95% ethanol extract of D. opposite. All of them included eight diarylheptanoids (1-8) and six nitrogen compounds (9-14). They were elucidated by spectroscopic data as 5-ethoxy-1,7-diphenylheptan-3-one (1), 5-hydroxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-heptan-3-one (2), 1,7-diphenyl-4-hepten-3-one (3), 1,7-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-hepten-3-one (4), hannokinol (5), 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-heptanediol (6), 1,7-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3,5-heptanediol (7), 1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,5-epoxy-3-hydroxyheptane (8), trans-N- coumaroyltyramine (9), trans-N-feruloyltyramine (10), cis-N-coumaroyltyramine (11), trans-N-cinnamoyltyramine (12), pyrrolezanthine-6-ethyl ether (13), divaricataester A (14). Conclusion Compounds 1 is a new natural product, named as dioscoheptone A. Compounds 3, 4, 10, 12, 13, and 14 are isolated from the family of dioscoreaceae for the first time. Compounds 2, 6, and 8 are isolated from D. opposita for the first time.

Determination of 19 Kinds of Nonprotein Nitrogen Compounds in Powdered Formulas by Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry / 分析化学

Abstract A method based on dispersive solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for determination of 19 kinds of nonprotein nitrogen compounds including melamine, cyromazine, amidinourea, aminotriazine, 3-aminotriazole, 4-aminotriazole, allantoin, cyanuric acid, dicyandiamide, thiourea, semicarbazide, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-arginine, L-hydroxyproline, L-theanine, ammeline, ammelide and guanidine in powdered formulas was presented. The nonprotein nitrogen compounds were degreased by chloroform and extracted by acetonitrile, with MgSO4 to remove water and C18 to clean up. The samples were separated on Merck ZIC HILIC column (150 mm í2. 1 mm, 5 μm, 20 nm) with gradient elution. The electrospray ionization was operated in the positive mode and negative mode, and monitored by the multiple reaction monitoring ( MRM) mode. Allation was quantified by external standard method and the other 18 kinds of nonprotein nitrogen compounds were quantified by internal standard method. All of the correlation coefficients (r) were higher than 0. 99. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 0. 05-5. 0 mg/kg, the average recoveries were between 82 . 2% and 115 . 0%, and the relative standard deviations were less than 20%.

Assessment of an artificial free-flow wetland system with water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for treating fish farming effluents / Evaluación de un humedal artificial con Jacinto de agua (Eichhornia crassipes) para el tratamiento de efluentes piscícolas / Avaliação de uma zona húmida artificial com Jacinto de água (Eichhornia crassipes) no tratamento de efluentes piscícolas

Background: fish farming effluents are mainly composed of organic matter and are considered a source of environmental pollution. Objective: to evaluate the efficiency of an artificial free-flow wetland system using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) to treat fish farming effluents under various hydraulic loadings. Methods: effluents generated from fingerling ponds of Oreochromis sp. and Piaractus brachypomus were passed through a constructed wetland system (40 m long and 7.7 m wide) to measure NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, total phosphorus (TP), and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) removal efficiency. The hydraulic retention time was measured for six months in five assessment phases under real production conditions by using five hydraulic loadings (44.9, 45.3, 43.1, 41.6, 42.0 cm/day). Results: the hydraulic retention time of the constructed wetland system was 1.6 days, and its removal efficiency rates were: 67.9% for NH4+, 32.1% for BOD5, 27.1% for NO2-, 23.0% for TP, and 16.7% for NO3-. Removal rate was positively correlated with the loading rate of total inorganic nitrogen during the five phases of this study (r=0.956). Also, highest removal values and efficiency increase were reached in phase 5. Conclusions: the free-flow wetland with E. crassipes is efficient for removing nitrogen compounds, TP and BOD5.

Antecedentes: el efluente piscícola se compone principalmente de materia orgánica y es la principal fuente de impactos ambientales negativos. Objetivo: evaluar la eficiencia de un humedal artificial de flujo libre con Jacinto de agua (Eichhornia crassipes) en el tratamiento de efluentes piscícolas bajo diferentes cargas hidráulicas. Métodos: efluentes generados por estanques de alevinaje de Oreochromis sp. y Piaractus brachypomus se pasaron por el humedal artificial (40 m de largo y 7,7 m de ancho) y se determinó la eficiencia de eliminación de NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, fósforo total (TP) y BOD5 (Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigeno). Durante seis meses se determinó el tiempo de retención hidráulica en cinco fases de evaluación en condiciones reales de producción con cinco cargas hidráulicas (44,9, 45,3, 43,1, 41,6, 42,0 cm/día). Resultados: el tiempo de retención hidráulica del humedal artificial fue 1,6 días y registró eficiencias de eliminación de: NH4+ (67,9%), BOD5 (32,1%), NO2- (27,1%), TP (23,0%) y NO3- (16,7%). La velocidad de eliminación se correlacionó positivamente con la velocidad de carga del nitrógeno inorgánico total en las cinco fases de estudio (r=0,956); los mayores valores de eliminación y el incremento de su eficiencia se alcanzaron durante la fase 5. Conclusiones: el humedal artificial a flujo libre con E. crassipes es eficiente en la eliminación de compuestos nitrogenados, TP y BOD5.

Antecedentes: o efluente piscícola se compõe principalmente de matéria orgânica e essa é a principal fonte de impactos ambientais negativos. Objetivo: avaliar a eficiência de uma zona húmida artificial de fluxo livre com Jacinto de água (Eichhornia crassipes) para o tratamento de efluentes piscícolas sob diferentes cargas hidráulicas. Métodos: efluentes gerados por viveiros de alevinagem de Oreochromis sp e Piaractus brachypomus se passaram pela zona húmida (40 m de comprimento e 7,7 m de largura) e foi determinada a eficiência da eliminação de NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, fósforo total (FT) e BOD5. Durante seis meses determinou-se o tempo de retenção hidráulica em cinco estágios de avaliação em condições reais de produção com cinco cargas hidráulicas (44,9; 45,3; 43,1; 41,6 e 42,0 cm/dia). Resultados: o tempo de retenção hidráulica da zona húmida artificial foi de 1,6 dias e registrou eficiências de eliminação: NH4+ (67,9%), BOD5 (32,1%), NO2- (27,1%), FT (23,0%) e NO3- (16,7%). A velocidade de eliminação correlacionou-se positivamente com a velocidade de carga do nitrogênio inorgânico total durante os cinco estágios de estudo (r=0,956); os valores de eliminação maiores e o incremento da sua eficiência se alcançaram durante o estágio 5. Conclusões: a zona húmida artificial a fluxo livre com E. crassipes é eficiente na eliminação de compostos nitrogenados, FT e BOD5.

Metabolismo de compuestos nitrogenados / Metabolism of nitrogen compounds

Se ofrece a los estudiantes y profesores de las ciencias médicas un material de apoyo en la docencia para lograr un mejoramiento en el estudio y la compresión de las asignaturas Morfofisiología Humana I y IV, en las cuales se tratan aspectos relacionados con el metabolismo de los compuestos biológicos que contienen nitrógeno en su estructura, fundamentalmente el amoníaco, los aminoácidos, las porfirinas, los nucleótidos, las proteínas y los ácidos nucleicos; y con las enfermedades que pueden producir ictericia (ocasionada por alteraciones en el metabolismo normal de la bilirrubina, el amoníaco y otros compuestos bioquímicos).

A support tool for teaching to achieve an improvement in the study and understanding of the subjects Human Morfophysiology I and IV is prepared for students and professors of the medical sciences. It deals with aspects related to the metabolism of the biological compounds which contain nitrogen in their structures, mainly the ammonia, the amino acids, porphines, nucleotides, proteins and the nucleic acids; and with the diseases that can produce jaundice (caused by changes in the normal metabolism of bilirubin, ammonia and other biochemical compounds).

Metabolismos microbianos involucrados en procesos avanzados para la remoción de nitrógeno, una revisión prospectiva / Microbial metabolisms over advanced processes for nitrogen removal, a prospective review

Los procesos avanzados para la remoción de nitrógeno están íntimamente relacionados con los metabolismos de las comunidades microbianas que intervienen en las transformaciones del mismo. Para el diseño, la optimización o el mejoramiento de los sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas, el ingeniero y el microbiólogo en forma conjunta, han logrado configurar reactores terciarios adecuados para el desenvolvimiento de estas comunidades, obteniendo altas eficiencias de remoción de los nutrientes. Este artículo presenta una revisión sobre la actividad bacteriana y su aplicación en los sistemas de tratamiento, inicia conceptualizando la influencia de los microorganismos y de la actividad humana en el ciclo global del nitrógeno, para después hacer un análisis de los procesos particulares en los cuales los microorganismos intervienen. Se clasifican e incluyen nuevas evidencias de metabolismos relacionados, y se describen como ejemplos algunos de los procesos de tratamiento terciario para aguas residuales desarrollados con éxito en las últimas décadas.

Advanced processes for nitrogen removal are intimately related to the microbial community metabolisms that take part in the transformations. For the design, optimization or improvement of domestic waste water treatment systems, engineers and microbiologists working together, have managed to implemented suitable tertiary reactors for the development of these communities, improving the efficiency of nutrient removal. This article presents a revision of the bacterial activity and its application in treatment systems. The article begins by giving an explanation about the influence of microorganism and human activity on the global nitrogen cycle. Then, it analyzes the particular processes in which the microorganisms take part. New evidence of related metabolisms are classified and included. Some of the processes of wastewater tertiary treatment, successfully developed over the last decades, are described as examples.

Digestão dos nutrientes e balanço de compostos nitrogenados em cabras alimentadas com quatro níveis de proteína / Digestion of the nutrients and nitrogen compounds balance in goats fed with different levels of protein

Avaliaram-se o consumo de alimentos, o pH e a concentração ruminal de amônia em quatro cabras, nas quais se coletou digesta de omaso via fistula ruminal para estimativa da digestão ruminal dos nutrientes. Para avaliação dos compostos nitrogenados (N), totais urinários de N-uréia no soro (NUS), no leite (NUL) e na urina utilizaram-se 12 cabras não fistuladas, distribuídas em três quadrados latinos 4x4. Os animais foram alimentados com rações constituídas de 50 por cento de silagem de milho e de 50 por cento concentrado à base da matéria seca (MS), e as dietas continham 11,5; 13,5; 15,5 e 17,5 por cento de proteína bruta na MS. Com exceção da proteína, os consumos e digestibilidades dos demais nutrientes não foram influenciados pelos níveis de PB nas dietas. O pH ruminal diminuiu após o fornecimento de alimento. Com o aumento no consumo de N, ocorreram aumentos na concentração ruminal de amônia, nas concentrações de NUS e NUL, no volume urinário e no balanço de N. Conclui-se que o nível de 13,5 por cento ou 245 gramas de PB é suficiente para cabras com produção diária de 1,6kg de leite e que o método de coletas de digesta no omaso precisa ser avaliado criteriosamente para sua validação em caprinos.

Feed intake, pH, and ruminal ammonia concentration were evaluated in four goats in which omasal digesta was collected by ruminal fistula in order to estimate the ruminal digestion of nutrients. The urinary total nitrogen compounds (N) and the concentrations of N-urea in serum (NUS), milk (NUL), and urine were evaluated in 12 goats assigned to three 4x4 Latin squares. The animals were fed rations composed of 50 percent of maize silage and 50 percent of concentrate, containing 11.5, 13.5, 15.5, and 17.5 percent of crude protein (CP) in the dry matter. With the exception of protein, the intake and total digestibility of the other nutrients were not influenced by the dietary CP levels. Ruminal pH was reduced in the post-prandial period. As the N intake increased, ruminal concentration of ammonia, NUS and NUL concentrations, urinary volume the N balance increased. It was concluded that the level of 13.5 percent, or 245 grams of CP, is sufficient for goats producing 1.6kg per day and that the method of omasal digesta collection needs to be evaluated in more detail for its validation in goats.