ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Inhibition of nitrification of ammoniacal nitrogen pig slurry after its application to the soil can mitigate nitrogen (N) losses by nitrate (NO3-) denitrification and leaching, with economical and environmental benefits. However, the use of this strategy is incipient in Brazil and, therefore, requires further assessment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of dicyandiamide (DCD) nitrification inhibitor in slowing the nitrification of ammoniacal N applied to the soil with pig slurry (PS). For this, incubation was performed in laboratory, where nitrification was assessed by NO3- accumulation in the soil. Rates of 2.8, 5.7 and 11.3kg DCD ha-1 were compared, being applied to the soil during PS addition. Nitrification was inhibited by DCD, and inhibition magnitude and duration depended on DCD applied rate. At a dose of 11.3kg ha-1 DCD, nitrification was completely inhibited in the first 12 days. During the first month after PS application, each 2.8kg of DCD increase applied per hectare promoted NO3--N reduction in the soil of 13.3kg ha-1, allowing longer ammoniacal N maintenance in the soil.
RESUMO: A inibição da nitrificação do nitrogênio amoniacal dos dejetos de suínos, após sua aplicação no solo, poderá mitigar as perdas de nitrogênio (N) por desnitrificação e lixiviação de nitrato (NO3-), com benefícios econômicos e ambientais. Todavia, o uso dessa estratégia é incipiente no Brasil e, por isso, necessita ser avaliada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a eficiência do inibidor de nitrificação dicianodiamida (DCD) em retardar a nitrificação do N amoniacal aplicado ao solo com dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS). Para isso, foi realizada uma incubação no laboratório, quando a nitrificação foi avaliada através do acúmulo de NO3- no solo. Foram comparadas as doses de 2,8, 5,7 e 11,3kg de DCD ha-1, aplicadas ao solo no momento da adição dos DLS. A nitrificação foi inibida pela DCD, sendo que a magnitude e a duração da inibição foram dependentes da dose de DCD aplicada. Na dose de 11,3kg de DCD ha-1, a nitrificação foi completamente inibida nos primeiros 12 dias. Durante o primeiro mês após a aplicação dos dejetos, cada incremento de 2,8kg de DCD aplicado por hectare promoveu uma redução no aparecimento de N-NO3- no solo de 13,3kg ha-1, o que permite a manutenção de N amoniacal por mais tempo no solo.
ABSTRACT
The paper describes the dynamics of nitrogen in different components (water, soil and plants) of Kabar wetland situated in Begusarai district of Bihar. Contents of nitrogen in the natural components were determined and were compared with the rate of uptake and accumulation under the experimental conditions. Physico-chemical characteristics of natural water and of test basins were quite similar. The trend of seasonal variation of NO3- -N in water and total N in soil and P. stratiotes tissue was almost similar but content of nitrogen differed significantly in the different components. The accumulation of nitrogen in the tissues of P. stratiotes was 5 to 15 fold higher than the concentration of nitrogen in the water and 2 to 3 fold higher than the nitrogen content measured in the soil. Maximum accumulation of nitrogen in P. stratiotes was 15.25 mg g -1 when the concentration of NO3- -N in water was 0.86 mg l-1. Under experimental conditions six different nitrogen concentrations were supplied and determined the uptake and accumulation of nitrogen in P. stratiotes. Maximum uptake and accumulation was 82.87 g m-2 at the end of 60 days after starting the experiment but still the rate of accumulation was in rising trend. In another part of experiment no nitrogen was left in the basins of low concentrations (0.5 and 5 mg N l-1) at the end of 60 days of experiment but at higher concentrations (50 and 65 mg N l-1) significant amount of N was left in the test basin. The biomass enhancement was parallel with nitrogen supply till 15 mg N l-1. This was opposite to the relationship between the nitrogen accumulation in the tissues and nitrogen supply in the experimental basins. Though, potassium was added as an essential growth nutrient but its accumulation was 95 g m-2 at 5 mg l-1.
ABSTRACT
Esta pesquisa teve como principal objetivo investigar os pro-cessos envolvidos nas transformações do nitrogênio em um sistema de lagoas de estabilização. Em amostragem nictemeral (24 horas) observou-se forte estratificação térmica durante a maior parte do ciclo amostrado a qual condicionou a compartimentalização vertical e a estratificação química nas duas lagoas, possibilitando a análise dos processos de forma segmentada pela ACP (análise de componentes principais), que mostrou-se ferramenta estatística muito útil na caracterização dos processos. A degradação de proteína, com subseqüente geração e acúmulo de nitrogênio amoniacal, foi observada, além da possível excreção de proteína ou aminoácidos por organismos fitoplanctônicos na superfície das lagoas. A provável ocorrência de nitrificação na superfície da lagoa anaeróbia evidenciou a necessidade de otimização de operação do sistema a fim de viabilizar a remoção de nitrogênio através da desnitrificação, processo provavelmente inibido pelas elevadas concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido registradas durante o dia.
This research had as main objective to investigate the involved processes in the transformations of nitrogen in a system of waste stabilization ponds. In nictemeral sampling (24 hours) strong thermal stratification was observed during most of the showed cycle which conditioned two vertical compartments and the chemical stratification in the two lagoons, making possible the analysis of the processes of segmented form for PCA (Principal Components Analysis) that was a very useful statistics tool in the characterization of the processes. The protein degradation was observed with subsequent generation and accumulation of ammoniacal nitrogen, beyond the possible excretion of protein or amino acids for phytoplanktonic organisms in the surface of the ponds. The probable occurrence of nitrification in the surface layer of the anaerobic pond evidenced the necessity of improving the operation parameters of the system in order to reach a greater nitrogen removal through the denitrification, process probably inhibited by significant high concentrations of oxygen dissolved registered in superficial layers, particularly during the day.