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1.
Article | IMSEAR | ID: sea-204816

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted at research farm, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, India during 2017 and 2018 to gain insight crop phonology mediated greenhouse gas emission under different tillage and nitrogen management practices in direct seeded rice (DSR). The experiment was conducted in split plot design with two tillage viz. zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) as main plot and four nitrogen management practices viz. 100% nitrogen through neem coated urea (S1), SPAD based nitrogen management (S2), 75% through neem coated urea + 25% nitrogen through vermicompost, (S3) and ¼ nitrogen as basal and rest in equal three splits at 20, 40, 60 DAS (S4) as sub plot, in three replication. The highest yield (4.69 t ha-1), net return (Rs 46440 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.44) were recorded from zero tilled DSR. Further, highest yield (4.82 t ha-1), net return (Rs 44880 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.36) was obtained under split application of nitrogenous fertilizers among other subplot treatments. The range of methane (0.57- 1.47 mg m-2 hr-1) carbon dioxide (0.32- 0.61 mg m-2 hr-1) and nitrous oxide (19.58- 38.79 µg m-2 hr-1) emission was recorded lowest in zero tilled plots and split application of nitrogenous fertilizer also emitted lowest values of 1.59 mg m-2 hr-1 methane, 0.86 mg m-2 hr-1 carbon dioxide and 46.76 µg m-2 hr-1 nitrous oxide at maximum tillering stage of crop growth. Moreover, methane and nitrous oxide emission was gradually decreased from maximum tillering to harvesting stage. Zero tilled DSR with split nitrogen fertilizer application ascribed lowest greenhouse gas intensity among the other crop establishment and nitrogen management options. Thus, zero tilled method of crop establishment with split application of nitrogenous fertilizer could be a remunerative and environmentally stable method for direct seeded rice cultivation.

2.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 31(4): 1030-1036, july/aug. 2015.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-964555

ABSTRACT

Due to its rapid growth, drought tolerance and short cycle, the proso millet crop has attracted the attention of producers and technicians as an alternative to crop rotation and formation of straw for subsequent planting of soybean in no-tillage system in some regions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. However, there is limited information on application times and rates of nitrogen (N). Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate application times and rates of N in proso millet crop, under some plant parameters and in the final grain yield. The experiment was conducted in the Federal University of Santa Maria, campus of Frederico Westphalen, in the period of September to November2012. The experiment design was that of randomized blocks, in a4 x 4factorial design, with four replications. The treatments consisted of the combination of four rates of N (zero, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1) and four different application times of N: all at sowing, 30 % at sowing and the remaining15 days after emergence (DAE), 30 % at sowing and the remaining 30 days DAE, 30 % at sowing and the remaining45 days DAE. There was no significant response as regards the application times of Nin the proso millet crop. On the other hand, there was a significant and linear response in plant height, dry matter production, stem diameter, panicle length and in the final grain yield within crease in rates of N.


A cultura do painço pelo seu rápido crescimento, tolerância a seca e ciclo curto, tem despertado atenção de produtores e técnicos como alternativa de rotação de cultura e formação de palhada para posterior semeadura da soja no sistema plantio direta em algumas regiões do Rio Grande do Sul. No entanto, são escassas as informações sobre a época de aplicação e doses de nitrogênio (N). Por isso, o objetivo desse trabalho, foi avaliar épocas de aplicação e doses de N na cultura do painço, sobre alguns parâmetros de planta e na produtividade final de grãos. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus de Frederico Westphalen, no período de setembro a novembro de 2012. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, num esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos constituídos da combinação de quatro doses de N (zero, 30, 60 e 90 kg ha-1) e quatro diferentes épocas de aplicação do N: todo na semeadura, 30% na semeadura e o restante 15 dias após a emergência (DAE), 30 % na semeadura e o restante 30 dias DAE, 30 % na semeadura e o restante 45 dias DAE. Não houve resposta significativa quanto à época de aplicação de N na cultura do painço. Houve uma resposta significativa e linear na altura de planta, produção de matéria seca, diâmetro do colmo, comprimento da panícula e no rendimento final de grãos com o aumento nas doses de N.


Subject(s)
Plants , Glycine max , Edible Grain , Efficiency , Millets , Nitrogen
3.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-163700

ABSTRACT

In the present study, the research results concluded that yield attributes of scented rice under aerobic culture responded up to 150 kg/ha nitrogen with four equal splits of nitrogen at ¼ basal + ¼ at active tillering + ¼ at panicle initiation and ¼ at heading. Grain and straw yields obtained higher values with highest level of nitrogen i.e. 175 kg/ha comparable with 150 kg/ha. Grain quality parameters milling percent, head rice recovery, kernel length, breadth, amylose content and protein content of rice registered significantly highest values with 150 kg N ha-1. Spilt application of nitrogen at ¼ basal + ¼ at active tillering + ¼ at panicle initiation and ¼ at heading was the most suitable stages for split application of nitrogen, which record significantly higher values of all quality parameters except amylose and protein content of grain. Nutrient uptake of N, P2O5 and K2O was influenced only by quantity of nitrogen applied and recorded higher with 175 kg/ha but not influenced by time of application of nitrogen except N uptake.

4.
Ciênc. agrotec., (Impr.) ; 33(2): 425-431, mar.-abr. 2009. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-514020

ABSTRACT

A definição da melhor época para aplicação de N nas culturas é fundamental para aumentar a eficiência de uso do N e a produtividade e reduzir custos com fertilizantes. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho avaliar formas e épocas de aplicação de N no feijoeiro. As técnicas de manejo consistiram em antecipar a aplicação do N em relação à semeadura, em aplicações baseadas na recomendação local e na suficiência de N avaliada por meio do teor de clorofila na folha, determinado com auxílio do clorofilômetro Minolta SPAD-502. As produtividades de grãos alcançadas com a aplicação antecipada do N foram semelhantes àquelas obtidas em outras épocas. A aplicação de N na época indicada pelo ISN<90% foi promissora em predizer a necessidade de aplicação de N em cobertura com gasto de 60 kg ha-1 de N a menos e com maior eficiência agronômica do fertilizante. Os níveis críticos mínimos de leitura no clorofilômetro portátil para obtenção de 90% da produtividade máxima de grãos de feijão foram de 42 unidades-SPAD aos 30 dae e 46, no pleno florescimento do feijoeiro.


Defining the optimal timing of nitrogen application on a crop is fundamental to increase the efficiency of N use, increase the productivity and reduce the cost of fertilizers. The aim of this study was to evaluate methods and timing of N application for the common bean crop. The management technique consisted of N application previous to sowing, N application based on local recommendations, and based on the sufficiency of N evaluated through leaf chlorophyll content determined by the Minolta SPAD 502 Chlorophyll meter. Grain yield obtained with the application of N prior to sowing was similar to other periods of N applications. The nitrogen application indicated by ISN < 90% was promising in predicting the necessity of N topdressing resulting in minus 60 kg N ha-1 and higher agronomic efficiency of N use. Minimum critical levels of chlorophyll reading to obtain 90% maximum grain yield of dry bean were 42 unit-SPAD at 30 days after emergence and 46 days after emergence at full flowering of the bean plant.

5.
Ciênc. rural ; 38(7): 1843-1848, out. 2008. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-495090

ABSTRACT

As pesquisas demonstram que as leituras de transmitância obtidas em clorofilômetro portátil podem indicar a época de maior demanda de nitrogênio (N) das plantas e se há ou não a necessidade de sua aplicação em cobertura. Este foi o objetivo do presente trabalho, que avaliou para a cultura do feijoeiro irrigado os seguintes manejos de N: M1: 240kg ha-1 de N (80kg na semeadura 80kg aos 15 dias após emergência (dae) + 80kg aos 30 dae), m²: 120kg ha-1 (30 de N na semeadura + 45kg aos 15 dae + 45kg aos 30 dae); M3: 30kg ha-1 de N na semeadura e aplicação em cobertura estabelecida com base no uso do clorofilômetro Minolta SPAD-502 e M4: testemunha sem a aplicação de N. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. A produtividade de grãos no tratamento baseado nas leituras do clorofilômetro portátil (M3) foi semelhante a do tratamento normalmente recomendado para o feijoeiro irrigado (m²), porém, foram aplicados 60kg ha-1 de N a menos. Os níveis críticos mínimos de índice relativo de clorofila para obtenção de produtividade superior a 90 por cento da máxima foram, respectivamente, de 43 e 46 aos 28 e 49 dias após emergência do feijoeiro.


The research showed that readings of transmittance obtained with portable chlorophyll meter can indicate timing of higher demand for nitrogen by plants, if there is need of N topdressing. This was the objective of this study. Were the following N management practices were evaluated for irrigated commum bean: M1: application of 240kg N ha-1, 80kg at sowing, 80kg 15 days after plant emergence and 80kg 30 days after plant emergence. m²: applying 120kg N ha-1 (30kg N at sowing + 45kg N 15 days after emergence + 45kg N 30 days after emergence); M3: Application of 30kg N ha-1 at sowing and N topdressing based on use of chlorophyll meter Minolta SPAD-502, and M4: control (without N). Experimental design was randomized complete plots with four treatments and five replications. Grain yield in the treatment based on the readings of portable chlorophyll meter (M3) was similar to treatment generally recommended to growers for irrigated dry bean (m²), however 60kg N ha-1 less was applied. Minimum critical levels of chlorophyll relative index to obtain 90 percent maximum grain yield of dry bean were 43 and 46 at 28 and 49 days after emergence of commum bean., respectively.

6.
Ciênc. rural ; 37(6): 1571-1576, nov.-dez. 2007. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-464882

ABSTRACT

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o teor de proteínas em grãos de cevada em resposta à aplicação de N em estádios de desenvolvimento da cultura. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em Eldorado do Sul e Encruzilhada do Sul, no ano de 2000, e em Victor Graeff, nos anos de 2000 e 2001, em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os estádios de aplicação de N foram na emergência das plântulas; na emissão da 2ª ou 3ª folha; da 4ª ou 5ª folha; 6ª ou 7ª folha; 8ª ou 9ª folha; e no emborrachamento. As doses de N foram de 30 ou 40kg ha-1 e 60 ou 80kg ha-1, para a menor e maior dose, respectivamente. As determinações realizadas foram teor de proteínas nos grãos e número de grãos metro-2. Para os experimentos realizados em 2000, a aplicação de nitrogênio até o início do alongamento dos entrenós (emissão da 7ª folha) manteve o teor de proteínas no grão abaixo dos 12 por cento, mesmo para a maior dose de N. Os teores de proteínas no grão em Victor Graeff, no ano de 2001, ficaram acima do limite máximo de 12 por cento com a aplicação da maior dose de N já em estádios iniciais de desenvolvimento da cultura, devido ao maior teor de matéria orgânica no solo em relação aos outros locais.


This study was was aimed at evaluating the protein content in barley seeds affected by nitrogen application in different growth stages. Experiments were carried out in Eldorado do Sul and Encruzilhada do Sul, in 2000, and Victor Graeff, in 2000 and 2001, on a randomized blocks scheme with four repetitions. The growth stages of N application were in emergency of seedlings; emission of 2nd or 3rd leaf; 4th or 5th leaf; 6th or 7th leaf; 8th or 9th leaf; and in boot stage. The N rates were 30 or 40kg ha-1 and 60 or 80kg ha-1, for smallest and largest N rate, respectively. The protein content in barley seeds and the number of grains area-1 were determined. In the experiments carried out in 2000 the nitrogen application until the beginning of the internodes elongation maintained the seeds protein content below of 12 percent, inclusive in the largest N rate. The seeds protein content in Victor Graeff, 2001, surpassed the maximum limit of 12 percent with N applications in initial growth stages, decurrently of the higher soil organic matter content in relation to others experiments.

7.
Ciênc. rural ; 37(6): 1577-1585, nov.-dez. 2007. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-464883

ABSTRACT

O trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o acúmulo de matéria seca (MS) e de nitrogênio (N) da parte aérea de plantas de cevada e a taxa de sobrevivência de colmos em função da época de aplicação de N. Um experimento foi realizado em Eldorado do Sul, RS, em 2000, testando seis épocas de aplicação de N (emergência das plântulas, emissão da 3ª folha, 5ª folha, 7ª folha, 9ª folha do colmo principal (CP) e no emborrachamento) e duas doses de N (40 e 80kg ha-1). Foram determinados os acúmulos de MS e N da parte aérea no período entre o início do alongamento dos colmos e o florescimento e a taxa de sobrevivência de colmos. As aplicações de N entre a emergência das plântulas e a emissão da 9ª folha do CP resultaram nas maiores taxas de acúmulo de MS. Entretanto, as maiores taxas de acúmulo de N foram observadas com a aplicação de N no período de alongamento dos colmos. As maiores porcentagens de sobrevivência de colmos também foram observadas com a aplicação de N nesse período, mostrando a relação existente entre a necessidade de N para dar aporte ao alongamento dos colmos e a mortalidade de afilhos.


This study was aimed at evaluating the dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) accumulation in aerial part of barley plants and the shoot survival rate in function of time of N supply. An experiment was carried out in Eldorado do Sul, RS, in 2000, where six times of N supply (seedling emergence; 3rd leaf; 5th leaf; 7th leaf; 9th leaf emergence and boot stage) and two N rates (40 and 80kg ha-1) were tested. The DM and N accumulation among the shoot elongation begin and the bloom stage and the shoot survival rate were determined. The N supply among seedling emergence and 9th leaf emergence stage resulted the largest DM rates accumulations. However, the largest N rates accumulations were observed in shoot elongation period. The largest shoot survival rates were also observed in this period, showing the relation among the N necessity to support the shoot elongation process and the shoot mortality.

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