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Objective @#To analyze the characteristics of HIV/AIDS cases with non-marital or non-commercial heterosexual transmission in Hangzhou, and the influencing factors for new infection and local infection, so as to provide the evidence for AIDS prevention and control.@*Methods @#From 2017 to 2019, the newly reported HIV/AIDS cases with non-marital or non-commercial heterosexual transmission in Hangzhou were recruited, and their demographic information, previous sexual behaviors and history of HIV testing were collected in the questionnaire survey. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors for new infections and local infections. @*Results @#A total of 522 participants from 668 newly reported HIV/AIDS cases with non-marital or non-commercial heterosexual transmission in Hangzhou during this period were surveyed．Among 522 cases, 263 ( 50.38% ) were aged 40 years or above, 218 ( 41.76% ) were married, 326 ( 62.45% ) had an educational level of junior high school or below, and 340 ( 65.13% ) were not local. Among 504 cases whose infection time could be determined, 72 ( 14.29% ) were newly infected within one year; age of 40 years below ( OR=4.148, 95%CI: 1.956-8.795 ), history of HIV testing ( OR=2.049, 95%CI: 1.163-3.609 ) and history of sexually transmitted diseases ( OR=2.169, 95%CI: 1.076-4.374 ) were risk factors for new infection. Among 454 cases whose infection location could be determined, 267 ( 58.81% ) were infected in Hangzhou; educational level of high school or below ( OR=2.538, 95%CI: 1.252-5.145 ) , Hangzhou residence ( OR=7.835, 95%CI: 4.227-14.353 ), living in Hangzhou for a year or over ( OR=18.960, 95%CI: 8.755-41.060 ) and monthly income of 3 000 yuan or over ( OR=2.630, 95%CI: 1.546-4.474 ) were risk factors for local infection. @*Conclusions @#The HIV/AIDS cases with non-marital or non-commercial heterosexual transmission in Hangzhou are mainly floating population and less educated. The newly infected cases are more likely to be young and middle-aged people and patients with sexually transmitted diseases, the locally infected cases are more likely to be people with permanent residence, less educated and high income.
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Objective To describe the characteristics of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases via non-marital or non-commercial heterosexual transmission and to find out the relative factors in Hangzhou,from 2015 to 2017.Methods Data were collected through the national HIV/AIDS comprehensive control and prevention data system.Study subjects would include those reported HIV/AIDS cases who were residents of Hangzhou and were infected via non-marital heterosexual transmission,between January 1,2015 and December 31,2017.Demographic characteristics and behavioral information were collected.x2 test was used to compare different characteristics of the non-married heterosexual transmission subjects.Logistic regression was used to assess factors that associated with non-marital but non-commercial HIV heterosexual transmission with SPSS.20 software used to analyze statistically.Results Non-marital HIV heterosexual transmission accounted for 38.03％ (1 393/3 663) of the total new reported HIV/AIDS cases in 2015-2017.Out of the 1 393 HIV/AIDS cases,those infected through non-marital but non-commercial heterosexual transmission accounted for 50.83％ (708/1 393),and those through non-martial commercial transmission was accounted for 49.17％ (685/1 393).Male to female ratio was 3.51 ∶ 1 (1 084/309).Male HIV cases reported that their major way of infection was via non-marital commercial transmission (670/1 084,61.81％),while female patients reported the way was via non-marital non-commercial (294/309,95.1％).Results from multivariate logistic analysis showed that the related risk factors and ORs for non-marital but non-commercial transmission appeared as:female (aOR=48.25,95％ CI:26.94-88.44),＜30 year olds (aOR=2.43,95％CI:1.3 1-4.5 1),30-39 year olds (aOR=1.92,95％CI:1.11-3.33),40-49 year olds (aOR=1.80,95％ CI:1.08-3.00),married or unmarried (vs.divorced or widowed,aOR=1.57,95％CI:1.10-2.24;aOR=1.78,95％CI:1.15-2.78),high school and above of education level (vs.primary school and under of education level,aOR=1.82,95％ CI:1.18-2.80),administrative officers or employee (vs.farmers,aOR=2.03,95％ CI:1.04-l.91).Number of non-marital partners less than 5 (vs.number of non-marital partners more than 5,aOR=10.65,95％CI:6.41-17.42).Conclusions HIV/AIDS cases with non-marital heterosexual transmission accounted for considerable proportion regarding the HIV transmission in Hangzhou from 2015 to 2017.Differences were found in the following factors as non-marital and non-commercial heterosexual transmission with diverse gender,age,marital status,educational level and occupation among of the HIV/AIDS patients.
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Objective To describe the characteristics of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases via non-marital or non-commercial heterosexual transmission and to find out the relative factors in Hangzhou,from 2015 to 2017.Methods Data were collected through the national HIV/AIDS comprehensive control and prevention data system.Study subjects would include those reported HIV/AIDS cases who were residents of Hangzhou and were infected via non-marital heterosexual transmission,between January 1,2015 and December 31,2017.Demographic characteristics and behavioral information were collected.x2 test was used to compare different characteristics of the non-married heterosexual transmission subjects.Logistic regression was used to assess factors that associated with non-marital but non-commercial HIV heterosexual transmission with SPSS.20 software used to analyze statistically.Results Non-marital HIV heterosexual transmission accounted for 38.03％ (1 393/3 663) of the total new reported HIV/AIDS cases in 2015-2017.Out of the 1 393 HIV/AIDS cases,those infected through non-marital but non-commercial heterosexual transmission accounted for 50.83％ (708/1 393),and those through non-martial commercial transmission was accounted for 49.17％ (685/1 393).Male to female ratio was 3.51 ∶ 1 (1 084/309).Male HIV cases reported that their major way of infection was via non-marital commercial transmission (670/1 084,61.81％),while female patients reported the way was via non-marital non-commercial (294/309,95.1％).Results from multivariate logistic analysis showed that the related risk factors and ORs for non-marital but non-commercial transmission appeared as:female (aOR=48.25,95％ CI:26.94-88.44),＜30 year olds (aOR=2.43,95％CI:1.3 1-4.5 1),30-39 year olds (aOR=1.92,95％CI:1.11-3.33),40-49 year olds (aOR=1.80,95％ CI:1.08-3.00),married or unmarried (vs.divorced or widowed,aOR=1.57,95％CI:1.10-2.24;aOR=1.78,95％CI:1.15-2.78),high school and above of education level (vs.primary school and under of education level,aOR=1.82,95％ CI:1.18-2.80),administrative officers or employee (vs.farmers,aOR=2.03,95％ CI:1.04-l.91).Number of non-marital partners less than 5 (vs.number of non-marital partners more than 5,aOR=10.65,95％CI:6.41-17.42).Conclusions HIV/AIDS cases with non-marital heterosexual transmission accounted for considerable proportion regarding the HIV transmission in Hangzhou from 2015 to 2017.Differences were found in the following factors as non-marital and non-commercial heterosexual transmission with diverse gender,age,marital status,educational level and occupation among of the HIV/AIDS patients.
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Objective@#The goal of this research was to understand the demographic distribution and related factors of non-marital and non-commercial heterosexual transmission (non-commercial transmission) for HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).@*Methods@#Data related to HIV/AIDS infected by non-marital heterosexual transmission and whose present address was in Qian Dongnan, were collected from Information System on the HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control. Information included demographic characteristics, the members of non-marital sex partners, transmission path, detection source, CD4+T lymphocyte level, et al. cases belong to homosexual history, injective drug use or non-classified non-marital heterosexuality transmission were excluded, totally collect HIV/AIDS 919 cases. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to analyze potential factors associated with non-marital and non-commercial heterosexual transmission. In addition, in March and June 2017, using a convenience sampling, we conducted one-to-one interviews among 10 HIV/AIDS who were infected by non-marital heterosexuality and had non-marital and non-commercial heterosexual experience in Kaili Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The content of the interview included basic information, sexual orientation, the main place of making friends and sexual behavior, attitude to commercial heterosexuality and non-martial and non-commercial heterosexuality and so on.@*Results@#Out of the 919 cases, 645 (70.2%) were male, the proportion of non-commercial transmission was 55.06% (506). The proportion of female HIV/AIDS with non-commercial transmission was 84.7% (232), which was higher than male (42.5%(274)) (χ2=138.35, P<0.001). The proportion of Han HIV/AIDS with non-commercial transmission was 61.5% (275), which was higher than other religion (52.2%(412)) (χ2=6.32, P=0.012). The proportion of HIV/AIDS with non-commercial transmission who had 0-5 non-marital sexual partners was 58.8% (498), which was higher than who had>5 non-marital sexual partners (11.1%(8)) (χ2=61.10, P<0.001). The proportion of HIV/AIDS with non-commercial transmission who lived mobile was 72.9% (94), which was higher than who lived fixedly (52.2%(412)) (χ2=19.34, P<0.001). Qualitative interviews results revealed that the age of the respondents were 22-69. Respondents whose ages are in 22-34 were more likely to use mobile phone (4/10) and respondents whose ages are in 35-69 were less likely to look partners through party and the context of working.@*Conclusion@#The proportion of cases being infected by non-marital and non-commercial heterosexual transmission in Qian dongnan was higher than general national levels. The characteristics of sex, marriage status, migration, vocation, the members of non-marital sex partners were significant differed between commercial heterosexual transmission and non-marital and non-commercial heterosexual transmission.
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<b>Background:</b> Re-revision of the Ethical Guidelines for Clinical Study (EGCS) in Japan is planned in 2013. It is important to ascertain the current situation of physicians' understanding to conduct clinical trials. It seems that the difference in regulatory processes between commercial and non-commercial clinical trials has caused significant confusion for physicians in conducting clinical trials in Japan.<br>This survey was undertaken in order to improve awareness of the differences between both types of clinical trials. Furthermore, this survey examined whether it was effective to promote about clinical trials under newly introduced regulatory guidelines and to examine the subsequent willingness of physicians to conduct such clinical trials.<br><b>Methods:</b> From 24<sup>th</sup> March to 24<sup>th</sup> April 2009 inclusive, a questionnaire survey was conducted targeting 286 physicians working at Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital. A follow-up survey was conducted among 109 participants at a lecture about clinical trials on 8<sup>th</sup> July 2009.<br><b>Results:</b> Physicians who had prior knowledge of the regulations, purposes, or support systems for commercial and non-commercial clinical trials responded positively that they were more likely to conduct clinical trials, while physicians who had no prior knowledge of them responded negatively. Both groups reported that their daily working pressures and cumbersome regulatory processes prevented them from conducting clinical trials.<br><b>Conclusion:</b> Japanese physicians lack knowledge and information about clinical trials, leading to negative perceptions and reduced willingness to conduct such studies. Thus, the introduction of any strict and complex regulations should be approached carefully when the environment for clinical trials has not yet been established.