New steroidal saponins from aerial parts of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis / 中国中药杂志

The shortage of Paridis Rhizoma promotes comprehensive utilization and development research of waste aerial parts of the original plant. The chemical compositions of the aerial parts of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis were clarified based on the ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupoles time of flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) in the previous investigation, and a series of flavonoids and steroidal saponins were isolated. The present study continued the isolation and structure identification of the new potential compounds discovered based on UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. By using silica gel, ODS, flash rapid preparation, and other column chromatography techniques, combined with prepared high performance liquid chromatography, five compounds were isolated from the 75% ethanol extract of the aerial parts of P. polyphylla var. chinensis, and their structures were identified by spectral data combined with chemical transformations, respectively, as(23S,25R)-23,27-dihydroxy-diosgenin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranoside(1),(25R)-26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-furost-5-en-3β,22α,26-triol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside(2),(25R)-27-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-5-en-3β,27-dihydroxyspirost-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside(3),(25R)-27-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-5-en-3β,27-dihydroxyspirost-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranoside(4), and aculeatiside A(5). Among them, compounds 1-4 were new ones, and compound 5 was isolated from P. polyphylla var. chinensis for the first time.

Comparison of chemical components between aerial and underground parts of Coptis chinensis based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS~E technology / 中国中药杂志

The ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS~E) technology was employed to compare the chemical components between the aerial and underground parts of Coptis chinensis samples from different batches. According to the retention time, molecular ion peak, and LC-MS~E fragment information of the reference substances and available literature, we identified a total of 40 components. Thirty-three and 31 compounds were respectively identified in the underground part(taproots) and the aerial part(stems and leaves) of C. chinensis. Among them, 24 compounds, including alkaloids(e.g., berberine and jatrorrhizine) and phenolic acids(e.g., chlorogenic acid, quinic acid, and tanshinol), were common in the two parts. In addition, differential components were also identified, such as magnoline glucoside in the underground part and(±) lariciresionol-4-β-D-glucopyranoside in the aerial part. The analysis of fragmentation pathways based on spectra of reference substances indicated the differences among samples of different batches. Furthermore, we performed the principal component analysis(PCA) for the peak areas of C. chinensis in different batches. The results showed that the underground part and the aerial part were clearly clustered into two groups, indicating that the chemical components contained in the two parts were different. Furthermore, the results of partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) identified 31 differential compounds(VIP value>1) between the underground part and the aerial part, mainly including alkaloids, phenolic acids, lignans, and flavonoids. This study proves that C. chinensis possesses great development potential with multiple available compounds in stems and leaves. Moreover, it sheds light on for the development and utilization of non-medicinal organs of C. chinensis and other Chinese medicinal herbs.

Resource Value Discovery and Utilization of Wastes in Industrialization of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The recycling of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） wastes is an important research topic to be solved urgently in the industrialization of TCM resources. Rhei Radix et Rhizoma is a bulk Chinese herb mainly derived from Rheum palmatum，R. tanguticum，and R. officinale. At present，these three medicinal plants have been cultivated on a large scale and widely used in the fields of medicine，health care，food，cosmetics，and veterinary medicine，with an annual demand of more than 5 500 tons（1 ton=1 000 kg）. However，a large number of wastes such as non-medicinal parts and residues produced in the production and deep processing are discarded because there is no effective way of utilization，resulting in serious waste of resources and environmental pollution. The non-medicinal parts contain not only the chemical components and pharmacological effects similar to those of roots and rhizomes but also a variety of amino acids，mineral elements，and conventional nutrients. They have a long history of use，and the content of some resource components is higher than that in roots and rhizomes. In particular，their stems and leaves exhibit great potential to be consumed as food and medicine due to high safety. Besides，the content of anthraquinones in Rhei Radix et Rhizoma residue is high and it possesses good antibacterial activity. It can be seen that the waste from the industrialization of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma has high utilization value. Hence，based on the relevant literature and investigation on the application of producing areas in China and abroad，the paper summarized the utilization status of their medicinal and non-medicinal parts，the waste production in the industrialization，as well as the active substances and utilization ways and put forward the multi-level and multi-path utilization strategy of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma wastes，in order to provide reference for the rational development and application of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma resources and promote the effective utilization and green development of the corresponding wastes.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and HPLC / 中国中药杂志

Paridis Rhizoma(PR) is prepared from the dried rhizome of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis(PPY) or P. polyphylla var. chinensis(PPC) in Liliaceae family. The rapid development of PPY or PPC planting industry resulted from resource shortage has caused the waste of a large number of non-medicinal resources. To clarify the chemical compositions in rhizomes, fibrous roots, stems, leaves, seeds and pericarps of PPC, and explore the comprehensive application value and development prospect of these parts, the qualitative and quantitative analyses on the different parts of PPC were carried out by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). A total of 136 compounds were identified, including 112 steroidal saponins, 6 flavonoids, 11 nitrogen-containing compounds and 7 phytosterols. Rhizomes, fibrous roots, and seeds mainly contained protopennogenyl glycosides and pennogenyl glycosides; leaves and stems mainly contained protodiosgenyl glycosides and diosgenyl glycosides; pericarps mainly contained pennogenyl glycosides, followed by diosgenyl glycosides. The total level of four saponins was the highest in fibrous roots and rhizomes, followed by those in the pericarps and arillate seeds, and the lowest in the stems and exarillate seeds. This study can provide data support for the comprehensive development and rational application of non-medicinal parts of PPC.

Status and prospects of resource utilization of non-medicinal parts of medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium / 中草药

Chrysanthemum morifolium is a traditional Chinese medicinal material in China. The yield of non-medicinal parts is much higher than the inflorescence, and the yield of stems and leaves of C. morifolium is 3.5 times of medicinal parts. For a long time, the non-medicinal parts of C. morifolium have not been fully used, resulting in great waste of resources and environmental pollution. Therefore, the in-depth research and development of non-medicinal parts of C. morifolium deserve attention. Research shows that the non-medicinal parts of C. morifolium is rich in volatile oil, flavonoids, phenolic acids, polysaccharides and other components, which have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-convulsion and improvement of intestinal disorders. This article summarizes the research situation of chemical components, pharmacological effects, and resource utilization status of stems, leaves, roots and other non-medicinal parts produced during the cultivation and production of medicinal C. morifolium, in order to provide the scientific basis and reference for the development, utilization and industrialization of the non-medicinal parts of medicinal C. morifolium.

Research progress of chemical components and pharmacological effects of non-medicinal parts of Crocus sativus / 中国中药杂志

The dried stigma of Crocus sativus (saffron) is a world&s precious spice and traditional medicine possessing plenty of pharmacological effects. Because the stigma represents only 7.4% of total weight of the fresh flower, when the stigma is separated from the flowers, large quantities of floral bio-residues are discarded. Accordingly, the utilization of the non-medicinal parts of saffron has drawn people&s attention. Studies showed that the non-medicinal parts of saffron were rich in flavonoids, phenolic acids, polysaccharides, et al. They were proved to have some pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant activity, antifungal activity, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammation and liver protection. The paper is to review the current research progress on the chemical components and pharmacological effects of the non-medicinal parts of saffron, which can serve as a reference for the further research and development of non-medicinal parts of saffron.

Research progress and utilization strategy on resource chemistry of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma / 中草药

Rhei Radix et Rhizoma is one of the most important Chinese medicinal materials in China, which is also a typical representative herb with multiple effects, multiple species, and multiple genuine production areas. In this paper, the chemical constituents of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma were systematically summed up, and the progress of the chemical research on Rhei Radix et Rhizoma based on different varieties, different habitats, different harvest periods, and different tissues were analyzed. The attention to regional change and harvest time, the application of “efficacy bias” for different varieties, the utilization of “non medicinal tissues”, and the high value development of resource components were proposed. The utilization ways and strategies provide important reference for the comprehensive development and utilization of rhubarb resources.

Main components analysis in different parts of Rheum palmatum / 中草药

Objective: To analyze the main components in different parts of Rheum palmatum. Methods: The anthraquinones, soluble polysaccharides, cellulose, and mineral elements in the taproots, root heads, fibrous roots, root barks, petioles and leaves were detected by HPLC, UV, Weende, and ICP-AES. Results: The contents of aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion in taproots, root heads, fibrous roots, and root barks were 3.22-4.33, 1.33-2.32, 3.21-3.68, 3.22-3.76 mg/g, 0.77-1.36, 2.46-2.52, 1.16-1.46, 1.02-1.21 mg/g, 0.27-0.39, 0.28-0.34, 0.30-0.42, 0.31-0.67 mg/g, 2.85-3.70, 2.78-3.01, 4.02-4.81, 4.05-4.72 mg/g and 1.88-2.44, 1.82-2.01, 2.48-3.02, 3.61-4.46 mg/g, respectively. The contents of aloe-emodin, rhein, and emodin in leaves were 0.56-1.07, 0.45-0.69, 1.41-1.91 mg/g. The soluble polysaccharides in the taproots, petioles and leaves were 9.76%-10.42%, 5.76%-7.63%, and 3.50%-5.72%. The cellulose contents in petioles and leaves were 15.54% and 10.20%. Ca was the most abundant with 88.53 mg/g in leaves, followed by K with 32.42 mg/g, Mg with 12.93 mg/g, Al with 1.22 mg/g, and Fe with 1.17 mg/g. In the petioles, Ca with 80.60 mg/g and K with 28.73 mg/g were higher than those in roots with 21.08 and 14.09 mg/g. Na with 2.66 mg/g was also higher than that in roots with 0.26 mg/g and in leaves with 0.57 mg/g. Conclusion: The types and contents of anthraquinones in roots are higher than those in petioles and leaves, with the understanding of traditional medicinal parts. Emodin in leaves is five times as those in roots, petioles, and leaves, and also contains a certain amount of cellulose and soluble polysaccharide component, a wide variety of elements. From above analysis, the petioles and leaves could be deeper utilized.

Determination and Comparison of the Content of Sodium Benzoate in Medicinal and Non-medicinal Grade by HPLC / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method to determine and compare the contents of sodium benzoate in medicinal(phar-maceutical excipients and active pharmaceutical ingredients) and non-medicinal (chemical reagents and food additives) grade. METHODS:HPLC was conducted for content determination,SPSS 18.0 software was adopted to compare the results. The column was Purospher STAR LP RP-18 endcapped with mobile phase of acetotrile-0.02% formic acid(adjusted pH to 4.0 with aqua ammo-nia)(30∶70,V/V)at a flow rate was 1.0 ml/min,the detection wavelength was 230 nm,column temperature was 35 ℃,and vol-ume injection was 20 μl. RESULTS:The linear range of sodium benzoate was 10.5-525.3 μg/ml(r=0.999 9);RSDs of precision, stability,reproducibility and durability tests were lower than 0.5%;recovery was 99.38%-101.26%(RSD=0.56%,n=9). The av-erage contents of sodium benzoate in medicinal and non-medicinal grade were between 99.400%-99.875%,but the average content of non-medicinal grade is lower than the medical grade. CONCLUSIONS:The method is accurate and simple with high specificity and good reproducibility,and can be used to determine and compare the content of sodium benzoate in medicinal and non-medici-nal grade.

Research status of recycling medicinal plant waste / 中草药

The yield of process and use of the surplus of non medicinal parts and residues in Chinese materia medica is huge while its pharmaceutical value is not more than the medicinal parts that was abandoned. This article stated on the different types of medicinal plants and the use of the chemical composition in the waste, in order to provide some reference for the study of medicinal plant waste and to make contribution to the comprehensive utilization of the waste materials.