Analysis of Grip and Pinch Strength in Korean People / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: We wanted to investigate the grip and pinch strength of hands and establish the clinical normative data for Korean people. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 234 Korean males and 281 Korean females (age: 10 to 84) were tested. Grip strength and pinch strength were tested twice with 5 minute interval between tests. RESULTS: Generally, hand strength peaked at 30 to 39 of age for both males and females. The average grip strength was 48.8 kg for males and 28.23 kg for females and they were 11% stronger than 12 years before in both groups. Tip pinch strength peaked in the forties, but key pinch and tripod pinch peaked in the thirties. All the peak hand strength was obtained in the 30 to 39 age group of females. Among the pinch strengths, key pinch was the strongest. For the right-handed people, the grip and pinch strengths of the right hand were stronger than those of the left hand. However, for the left-handed people, the left hand was stronger than the right hand only for the tripod pinch (p<0.005). CONCLUSION: The hand strength of Koreans peaked in the 30 to 39 age group. Key pinch was the strongest among the three pinch strengths. Right-handed people have a stronger right hand than the left hand, but the left-handed people have almost the same hand strength in both hands, except for the tripod pinch.

Visual Fields Measured with SWAP(Short Wavelength Automated Perimetry) in Normal Korean

PURPOSE: Previous results from many studies indicate that SWAP(short wavelength automated perimetry) is superior to standard white-on-white perimetry for assessing early glaucomatous visual field defects and progression in glaucomatous field loss. The standard normal data of SWAP in Humphrey field analyzer were gathered from normal North American. Therefore, it was necessary to evaluate the visual fields measured with SWAP in normal Korean. METHODS: Central 30-2 threshold tests with blue-on-yellow mode were performed in 96 eyes of 48 normal subjects with Humphrey Field Analyzer. RESULTS: The average value of foveal threshold, mean deviation(MD), pattern standard deviation(PSD), short-term fluctuation(SF), and corrected pattern standard deviation(CPSD) were 22.1+/-4.2 dB, -5.37+/-3.27dB, 3.29+/-0.94 dB, 1.90+/-0.67 dB, 2.48+/-1.15dB, respectively. The frequency of abnormal value on SWAP(p<0.5%) was 29.2% in foveal threshold and 11.5% in MD, which was higher than fundamental data of perimetry. As the age increased, foveal threshold decreased(r=-0.365), PSD and CPSD increased(r=0.321 and 0.283, respectively)(p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study is limited due to the small study group and because the test was performed on single session. Further study is needed for understanding the relationship between SWAP and early structural change of optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer.

Radiological Analysis of the Proximal Femoral Morphology in Normal Korean Adults / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: The proximal femoral morphology of normal Koreans was studied by radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Proximal femoral morphology and ratio of lever arm in abductor muscle in 101 normal adults were measured and their correlations were comparatively analyzed. RESULTS: The femoral head diameter was 48.7+/-4.0 mm. The femoral neck shaft angle was 127.8+/-5.2 degree. The medial trabeculae angle was 20.0+/-1.2 degree. The femoral offset was 36.5+/-3.9 mm. Also, the tip of the greater trochanter relative to the level of femoral head center lay higher in 91 of 101 subjects (90.1%), upon examination and in average, located 3.8+/-3.4 mm higher. The ratio of the abductor lever arm to the distance between the femoral head center and the body midline was 1: 2.1+/-0.2. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between the tip of the greater trochanter of femur and the center of femoral head appeared to have wide individual differences with 0.89 coefficient of variation. Therefore, the tip of the greater trochanter was an unreliable anatomical indicator of femoral head center. The femoral neck shaft angle and the length of the medial trabeculae showed a significant correlation (P=0.001). However, a significant negative correlation existed between the femoral neck shaft angle and the femoral offset (P=0.024)

The Study of Normal Visual Fields Using Normal Strategy and Dynamic Strategy in Octopus 101 Automated Perimetery in Korean

Automated static perimeters, which are commonly used for early diagnosis and follow-up of glaucoma patients in Korea, are manufactured overseas, and their basic data were obtained from foreigners and normal values were set to meet them. Therefore, verification of validity of those data should precede their application to Koreans. We compared the mean normal values of standard indices of OCTOPUS 101 automated static perimeter with the values obtained from 140 eyes of 70 healthy Koreans using normal strategy(NS)and dynamic strategy(DS). Mean navlues of mean defect(MD), loss variance(LV), corrected loss variance(CLV), and short-term fluctuation(SF)were: 2.84+/-0.85dB, 2.15+/-0.54dB, 1.22+/-0.42dB, 1.43+/-0.22dBwith NS, and 2.05+/-0.81dB, 1.98 +/-0.58dB, 0.97+/-0.49dB, 1.43+/-0.24dB, repectively with DS. With NS, 114 of 140 eyes (81. 4%)were out of the normal range of MD. With DS, 67 of 140 eyes(47. 9%)were out of normal range of MD, and 2 of 140 eyes(1. 4%)were out of the normal range of SF. Values of the other indices were within normal range of both strategies. Statistical analysis of global indices showed that age was significantly correlated with LV, CLV and SF in NS(P<0.05), and that it was also correlated with LV and CLV in DS(P<0.05). These results suggest that both race and age should be taken into acoount in interpretation of visual fields on automated static perimetry.

Measurement of Olfactory Threshold in Normal Korean Adults with Combined Use of Bounded CCCRC Test and Step Method

The high variability of measured olfactory thresholds in humans reflects very broad range of sensitivity within and among individuals. This can be derived from the strongly compressive nature of olfaction, which makes it relatively hard to compare the size of two stimuli in odor sensation. However, we know that some portion of the variation is the result of extrinsic factors e.g. the method used to measure the olfactory threshold. For this reason, in order to address the bias and reliability of a psycophysical method, we combined the use of the CCCRC (Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center) test with the step method in 40 normal Korean adults twice a week for the evaluation of threshold. The measured thresholds showed high test-retest reliability and the threshold estimates remained consistent during the testing without trial-biases. Based on the results, we can conclude that a combined test using the CCCRC test and step method can be used in the measurement of olfactory threshold in a clinical context.

The Clinical Study of Grip and Pinch Strength in Normal Korean Adult / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Reliable and valid evaluation of hand strength is of paramount importance in determining the effectiveness of various normative data area needed to interpret evaluation data, to set realistic treatment goals and to assess a patient's ability to return to employment. The primary purpose of this study was to establish normal value of grip and pinch strength for men women in normal Korean adult. A Jamar dynamometer(Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer. PC 5030, USA) was used to measure grip strength and Jamar pinch gauge(Hydraulic Pinch Gauge, PC 5030HPG, USA)was used to measure tip, key and palmar pinch. Two hundreds forty eight male and two hundreds thiry one female adults, aged 20 to 74 years were tested for using standardized positioning with their shoulder adducted and neutrally rotated, elbow flexed at 90。 and the forearm and wrist in neutral position. Right and left hand data were stratified into age groups for both sexes. This stratification provides a means of comparing the scores of individuals to that of normal subjects of the same aged and sex. The following results were obtained; 1. The average grip strength of the dominant hand was highest(43.9±7.3kg)in 3rd decade male group. 2. The average tip pinch strength of the dominant hand was highest in 4th decade(7.3±3.5kg)and 5th decade (7.3±2.4kg) male group. 3. The average key pinch strength of the dominant hand was highest in 5th decade(8.3±2.3 kg)male group. 4. The average palmar pinch strength of the dominant hand was highest in 4th decade(9.6±3.3 kg)male group. 5. A high correlation was seen between grip strength and age, but a low correlation between pinch strength and age. 6. The average grip strength of dominant hand was 5.6% higher than that of nondominant hand in men, and 6.5% higher in women. 7. In pinch strength, palmer pinch strength was highest among the three groups of pinch strength, then key pinch and tip pinch strength in order. 8. The mean scores of the dominant hand were larger than that of the nondominant hand on all hand strength.

A Study on the Vertebral Body and Intervertebral Disk Indices of the Normal Korean People (A Preliminary Report) / 대한정형외과학회잡지

The vertical and sagittal diameter of the vertebral body from the 12th thoracic to the 4th lumbar spine was measured by the true lateral roentgenogram. The material consisted of 110 normal Koreans ranging from the age of newborns up to adolescents, in which the vertebral body index (Ivb = v/s) and the intervertebral disk index (id = d/v) of each spine were measured and its interrelationship with normal growth rate was evaluated. The authors obtained the following results. 1. The vertebral body index showed gradual decrease with the advance of the age. It was significantly high in the group Ⅰ compared with other groups. 2. The difference between the boy and the girl was more significant at the 12th thoracic and 1st lumbar vertebral body than the othervertebrae in the group V. 3. Among children of more than 120 cm in height and older than 12 years of age, girls had a higher index of vertebral body than boys, the latter show a less pronounced vertical growth of the body. 4. The intervertebral disk index began to decrease after the 1st month of life possibly because of the accelerated vertical growth of the body from that period. 5. Of all the age groups, the intervertebral disk index showed a higher value in boys than in girls.

Cystometry in Normal Korean Adults / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Cystometry has contributed much to our understanding of normal vesical function and is of value in diagnosing the types of nervous system lesion which cause neurogenic vesical dysfunction. Authors performed cystometry on 90 Korean adults using an apparatus, the simple water manometer and the results were compared with those various investigators. Excretory and retrograde intermittent cystometry were performed and there was no significant difference between them. The first voiding desire started at 150~350 cc of fluid by retrograde cystometry and maximum voiding desire at 350~500 cc by retrograde cystometry and excretory cystometry 400~550 cc. The average pressure at the first voiding desire was 6.5cm H2O by retrograde cystometry and excretory cystometry 5.4cm H2O and the maximum voiding desire was 11 cm H2O by retrograde cystometry and excretory cystometry 9.2cm H2O. The maximum voluntary pressure was 40~100 cm H2O.

Studies on Renal Function in Normal Korean: II. Urea Clearance Test on Normal Korean* / 대한비뇨기과학회지

In the 107 normal Korean subjects, 71 males and 36 females, he determination of the maximum urea clearance has been performed and the following results were obtained. 1. The maximum urea clearance corrected to the Korean standard body surface area, 1.57 square meters, are 70.5 +/- 5.53(40.0-101.8) ml./min. in average, 70.5 +/- 16.1(40.0-101.8) ml./min. in the males and 70.4 +/- 13.93 (42.9-93.5) ml./min. in the females. When corrected to the American standard body surfacearea, 1.73 sq.m., they are77.8 +/- 16.9 (43.6-112.2) ml./min., 77.7 +/- 17.7 (43.6-112.2) ml./min. and 78.1 +/- 15.0(47.3-103.1) ml./min., respectively. 2. The results of the standard urea clearance determination performed in 44 normal Korean subjects, 31 males and 13 females, are 39.2 +/- 6.62(30.0-61.1)ml./min. in average, 39.7 +/- 5.74(30.3-53.2) ml./min. in the males and 38.0 +/-8.64(30.0-61.1) ml./min. in the females when corrected to the Korean standard body surface area, 1.57 sq.m., and 41.0 +/- 6.84(31.6-63.6) ml./min.41.6 +/- 5.83(31.8-55.2) ml./min. and 39.8 +/- 9.03 (31.6-63.6) ml./min. when corrected to the American, respectively. 3. These determinations are similar to other investigators. A considerable daily fluctuation in the standard urea clearance is observed, and the maximum urea clearance, which is more stable, should be preferably performed for the determination of urea clearance.