Relación entre biometría fetal, producto de acumulación de los lípidos y condición trófica al nacer / Relationship between fetal biometry, lipid accumulation product and the trophic condition at birth

Fundamento: Las alteraciones del estado nutricional materno generalmente se relacionan con desviaciones del crecimiento fetal, que pueden detectarse por los parámetros biofísicos fetales e identifican la posible condición trófica al nacer. Objetivo: Determinar la posible relación entre los parámetros biométricos fetales, la condición trófica al nacer y el producto de acumulación de los lípidos. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio transversal en el Policlínico Chiqui Gómez Lubian del municipio Santa Clara, durante el año 2019, en una población de 253 gestantes normopeso supuestamente sanas al inicio de la gestación. La muestra no probabilística fue de 144 gestantes. Las variables de estudio fueron: producto de acumulación de los lípidos, biometría fetal y condición trófica al nacer. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y estadísticos. Resultados: En el segundo trimestre ningún parámetro biométrico coincidió con la condición al nacer de pequeño, mientras que para el grande coincidieron las circunferencias cefálica y abdominal. En el tercer trimestre la longitud del fémur y la circunferencia abdominal coinciden en la identificación del pequeño y del grande. El PAL se correlacionó con la circunferencia abdominal del tercer trimestre y con el peso al nacer; presentando mayor frecuencia de valores en el tercer tertil para los nacimientos grandes. Conclusiones: La circunferencia abdominal fue el parámetro biométrico con mayor coincidencia con la condición trófica al nacer, la que se asoció con valores en el tercer tertil del PAL para la detección de nacimientos grandes, relacionándose el fenotipo normopeso metabólicamente obeso con el crecimiento fetal por exceso.

Background: Maternal nutritional status disorders are usually related to fetal growth deviations, which can be detected by fetal biophysical parameters and identify the possible trophic condition at birth. Objective: To determine the possible relationship between fetal biometric parameters, the birth trophic state and lipid accumulation product. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Chiqui Gómez Lubian Polyclinic in Santa Clara municipality, during 2019, in a population of 253 normal-weight pregnant women who were apparently healthy at the beginning of their gestation. The non-probability sample was made up of 144 pregnant women. Study variables were: lipid accumulation product, fetal biometry and trophic condition at birth. Theoretical, empirical and statistical methods were used. Results: In the second trimester, none of the biometric parameters matched the condition at birth as a small child, while in the large one the head and abdominal circumferences matched. In the third trimester, femoral length and abdominal circumference coincide in identifying the small one and the large one. LAP correlated with third trimester abdominal circumference and birth weight, presenting higher frequency of values in the third tertile for large births. Conclusions: Abdominal circumference was the biometric parameter with the highest coincidence with trophic condition at birth, associated with values in the third tertile of the LAP for detecting large births, relating the metabolically obese normal weight phenotype with excessive fetal growth.

Prevalence of normal weight obesity in young adults of Western Uttar Pradesh – A community-based study

Background: Obesity is described as a build-up of abnormal or excessive fat that risks life. A body mass index (BMI) is a screening tool for overweight and obesity. For a long time, BMI has been used as a marker to measure obesity. However, a significant limitation of using BMI is its failure to differentiate between a high body fat content and preserved or increased lean mass, especially in patients or subjects with a BMI <30 kg/m2. Normal weight obese (NWO) is such individuals who have high fat content but a normal BMI. To identify such individuals and to save them from morbidity associated with obesity, this study was carried out. Aims and Objectives: The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of NWO in healthy young adults (aged between 18 and 30 years) and to suggest the methods of primary prevention for obesity. Materials and Methods: In this observational cross-sectional study, the 324 subjects were selected randomly from the residents, students, and employees of Swami Vivekananda Subharti University. Subjects were chosen according to the study’s inclusion and exclusion criteria and also, based on the self-structure questionnaire. A general and systemic examination was carried out. The body composition of these subjects was done by bioelectric impedance analyzer BODY STAT QUAD SCAN 4000. Data were analysis using R-software (1.25 version), and unpaired t-test was applied. P < 0.05 was taken as significant in this study. Results: The prevalence of NWO in males was found to be 24.6% and females to be 13.4%. The body composition parameters of NWO and NWNO differed significantly. Conclusion: The increase rate of NWO is reason for concern and routine screening of body composition parameters should be done at health setups to identify that these NWO individuals and timely interventions can be made.

Associations of sugar-sweetened beverages intake frequency with physical growth and glucolipid metabolism among children and adolescents / 环境与职业医学

Background Children and adolescents drink sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) frequently. Research has confirmed that SSBs associate with weight gain and overweight or obesity. However, it is unclear whether high SSBs intake associates with abnormal changes in physical growth and glucolipid metabolism before causing adverse health outcomes such as overweight and obesity. Early identification of associated health risks of overconsumption of SSBs have important public health implications. Objective To investigate the differences in physical growth and glucolipid metabolism between different SSBs intake frequency groups in normal weight children and adolescents aged 6-17 years, and to evaluate the early effects of SSBs intake on physical growth and glycolipid metabolism before causing overweight and obesity, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of childhood overweight and obesity and related chronic diseases, and for the formulation of policies on the control of SSBs consumption. Methods Data were from the Shanghai Diet and Health Survey (SDHS) among primary and secondary school students. The participants were normal weight children and adolescents aged 6-17 years. Propensity scores were calculated according to energy intake and physical activity factors, after stratifying by age and gender. Participants were 1:1 matched with the closest propensity scores in the high-frequency (≥1 time·d−1) and the low-frequency (≤1 time·week−1) SSBs intake groups. The outcome indicators were physical measurements such as height, weight, percent of body fat, and waist circumference, and metabolic indicators such as fasting blood glucose, total triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Food frequency questionnaire was used to collect SSBs consumption in the past three months through face-to-face interview. A paired t-test was used to compare the differences in physical and glycolipid metabolic indicators between the high-frequency intake group and the low-frequency intake group of SSBs. Results A total of 431 pairs were obtained. For children and adolescents in grades 6-9, overall height (difference=2.92 cm, P=0.002), weight (difference=2.53 kg, P=0.003), and waist circumference (difference=1.34 cm, P=0.035) were higher in those who consumed SSBs ≥1 time·d−1 than in those who consumed ≤1 time·week−1. For children and adolescents in grades 10-12, overall weight (difference=2.27 kg, P=0.041) was higher in those who consumed SSBs ≥1 time·d−1 than in those who consumed ≤1 time·week−1. Over 95% of the study subjects reported blood glucose and lipid test results within the normal range; but girls in grades 1-5 who consumed SSBs ≥1 time·d−1 had a higher total cholesterol (difference=0.20 mmol·L−1, P=0.027) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (difference=0.19 mmol·L−1, P=0.010) than those who consumed ≤1 time·week−1; boys in grades 6-9 who consumed SSBs ≥1 time·d−1 had a lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (difference=-0.10 mmol·L−1, P=0.039) than those who consumed ≤1 time·week−1. Conclusion High-frequency intake of SSBs may be associated with higher total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in normal weight children and adolescents in grades 1-5, and higher weight in normal weight children and adolescents in grades 6-12. There is an urgent need to educate children and adolescents about nutritional health, enhance their ability to make healthy food and beverage choices, and take early interventions to control the intake of SSBs in children.

A comparative study to evaluate the efficacy of metformin monotherapy on glycemic markers in normal weight, over weight, and obese patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Metformin has been recommended as pharmacological therapy of first choice in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) but there remains a gap in the present literature regarding relative efficacy and choice of metformin as monotherapy in patients who are non-obese when compared to obese. Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of Metformin as monotherapy on glycemic markers in normal weight, over weight, and obese T2DM patients. Materials and Methods: After obtaining permission from institutional ethics committee, 90 treatment naïve patients with T2DM who met inclusion criteria were included in this study. They were categorized into normal weight, over weight, and obese based on BMI. Efficacy was measured by reduction in glycemic parameters at end of weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16 from baseline. Safety was assessed by monitoring adverse events. Data analyzed using analysis of variance, Student t-test for continuous data and Chi-square test for categorical data. Results: There was a significant decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting blood sugar, and postprandial blood sugar levels from baseline to end of 16 weeks in all three groups (P < 0.001) but the difference was not statistically significant between the three groups (P > 0.05). A significant decrease in body weight was observed in overweight and obese group whereas the reduction (0.3 Kg) is not significant in normal weight group. The treatment was well tolerated in all three groups. Conclusion: Metformin in normal weight group was found to be as efficacious as that of overweight and obese group for treating newly detected T2DM. Furthermore, the weight loss in normal weight group is negligible compared to overweight and obese group patients.

Evaluation of dyslipidemia in normal and underweight diabetics patient and its association with BMI and gender

Objectives: To assess the frequency of dyslipidemia in type II diabetes mellitus in normal and underweight patients. Material and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at Basic Health Unit, Manzabta District Okara. Total 218 type II diabetics having age 30-70 years either male or female, having BMI 15 to 24.99 were selected for this study. Five ml fasting blood sample was taken and sent to laboratory for lipid profile. Results: In present study total 218 type 2 diabetics were selected. Mean age of the patients was 48.33 ± 13.85 years, mean weight was 52.66 ± 8.63 Kg, mean height was 61.54 ± 2.46 inches and mean BMI was 22.73 ± 2.45. Out of 218 diabetics, dyslipidemia was noted in 152 (70%) patients.Total 163 (74.77%) patients were normal weight and 55 (25.23%) patients were under weight. Dyslipidemia was noted in 140 (85.9%) normal weight patients and 12 (21.8%) underweight patients. Significantly (P = 0.000) higher rate of dyslipidemia was noted in normal weight patients as compared to underweight patients. Conclusion: In present study, higher rate of dyslipidemia was noted in type II diabetics. There were not association of dyslipidemia with age and gender. But highly significant association of dyslipidemia with normal and underweight was noted.

Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en adultos con normopeso, sobrepeso y obesidad / Health-related quality of life in normal weight, overweight and obese adults

Resumen Actualmente el sobrepeso y la obesidad presentan una alta prevalencia a nivel mundial, y se encuentran relacionados con enfermedades crónico-degenerativas, mortalidad prematura y disminución en la calidad de vida. El propósito de esta investigación fue comparar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) en función del estado de nutrición (EN) y sexo. Participaron 202 adultos (84 hombres y 118 mujeres), con una edad entre 18 y 81 años (M =39.74 DE = 13.77), quienes fueron distribuidos por su EN en: normopeso, sobrepeso y obesidad. Los participantes completaron el cuestionario 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). En la muestra predominó la dimensión Función física (FF), considerándola muy buena. Las dimensiones Rol emocional (RE), Rol físico (RF), Vitalidad (VT) y Salud mental (SM) se ubicaron en el nivel de bueno, y solamente la Salud general (SG) se consideró regular. En el caso de la comparación entre los grupos en función del EN no se encontraron diferencias significativas; sin embargo, en la comparación por sexo, los hombres obtuvieron mayores puntuaciones en: FF, SM, VT y RE. Se concluye que no hay diferencia estadísticamente significativa de la CVRS entre los grupos por EN, no obstante, al realizar la comparación por sexo se encuentran diferencias significativas a favor de los hombres.

Abstract Overweight and obesity currently have a high prevalence worldwide, are related to chronic degenerative diseases, premature mortality and the decline in quality of life. The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the quality of life related to health (HRQoL) between groups by their nutritional status (NS) and by sex. There was a sample of 202 participants (84 men and 118 women) with an age between 18 and 81 years (M =39.74 SD = 13.77), distributed by their NS in: normal weight, overweight and obesity, they were administered the questionnaire 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). In the general sample, the Physical Function (PF) dimension was predominant, being considered as very good, the scores obtained in the Emotional Role (ER), Physical Role (PR), Vitality (VT) and Mental Health (MH) dimensions were in a range estimated as good and only the General Health (GH) dimension was considered regular. In the case of the comparison between the groups by state of nutrition, no statistically significant differences were found between them, however, in the comparison made by sex, statistically significant differences were found in the factors of PF, MH, VT and ER in favor of the group of men. In conclusion, there is not statistically significant difference of the HRQoL between the groups by NS, nevertheless, when performing the comparison by sex, significant differences are found in favor of the men.

Prevalence of Metabolic Obesity Normal Weight (MONW) in Cardiovascular Disease Patients - A Hospital-Based Case Control Study.

The risk of cardiovascular disease increases with obesity and thereby leads to increase in mortality in obese persons. Excess of adipose tissue causes cardiovascular abnormalities through endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance. We wanted to study different risk factors for cardiovascular diseases by evaluating anthropometric measurements and lipid profiles in metabolic obese normal weight subjects with cardiovascular diseases. METHODSThis case control study was conducted in Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AVBRH Hospital, Wardha. After taking clearance from the Institutional Ethical Committee, 200 cases with cardiovascular disease, and 200 controls without the cardiovascular disease, were selected and their lipid profile and anthropometric measurements were evaluated and compared gender wise. RESULTSThere was significant association of weight in females (56.81 ± 3.94), BMI in males (24.32 ± 0.65), cholesterol in females (177.72 ± 16.93), height (163.15 ± 10.94 in males and 154.81 ± 3.76 in females), lean mass (48.92 ± 7.22 in males and 37.05 ± 7.14 in females), % body fat (22.79 ± 7.23 in males and 35.04 ± 9.73 in females), waist circumference (102.93 ± 1.12 in males and 93 ± 0 in females), Serum HDL (30.12 ± 6.98 in males and 33.45 ± 8.34 in females), triglyceride (156.84 ± 7.28 in males and 161.45 ± 10.34 in females) in both males and females. Whereas weight in males, BMI in females, cholesterol in males and serum LDL in both male and female had a P-value of greater than 0.05 and shows no possible association of these factors in the MONW subjects as a cause of cardiovascular diseases. CONCLUSIONSIn this study, we found that there is a significant association between some factors of anthropometric measurements and lipid profile with MONW. Hence, it was concluded that an early screening will help in identifying persons with high risk of cardiovascular disease, and can be a major contributor in prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Inappropriate maternal perception of child's weight status: a potential threat to nutrition

Background: This study was done to know the maternal perception of weight of their children and correlate it with exact weights. We also studied various factors affecting ability of a mother to perceive her child's weight status.Method: This prospective study was done in Pediatric Department of a tertiary care teaching hospital of Western Gujarat, India, from January 2018 to September 2018. 897 mothers of children < 5 years of age were included. Socio-demographic and anthropometric details of child and mother were recorded. Maternal perception of their child's weight status was enquired. A correlation between perceived and actual child weight status was estimated.Results: 897 patients <5 years of age had mean (SD) age of 28.66 ('17.04) months, weight 10.17 ('3.5) kg, height 0.81 ('0.15) meters and BMI 15.74 ('15.26) kg/m2. 34.7% of mothers perceived underweight erroneously as compared to actual weight status being normal (p value=0.00001). Misperception (under or over) of the mothers for their children weight status was significant for girls (p=0.011). Significant difference between perceived and actual weight status was seen in birth orders 1 to 4. 34. 6% actual UW children were perceived as NW by < 40 years age mothers (p=0.0018). 78.2% uneducated and 81% of primary or secondary educated mothers from lower SES felt their children were of NW status whereas actually 43.4% and 50.3% children were of NW status respectively (p=0.00001). Surprisingly, 91.3% of graduate or postgraduate mothers of middle SES perceived their children as NW status while actually only 39.1% were of NW and 52.1% of UW (p=0.00001).Conclusion: Half of the mothers were not able to perceive correct weight status of their children. Misperception was significant for girls. Significant difference between perceived and actual weight status was seen for birth orders 1 to 4. Mothers <40 years of age significantly failed to perceive actual UW status of the children. Both educated and uneducated mothers misclassified their children's weight status significantly.

Incidence of Prostate Cancer according to Metabolic Health Status: a Nationwide Cohort Study

BACKGROUND: We assessed the association between metabolic health status and incidence of prostate cancer using the National Health Check-ups (NHC) database of Korea. METHODS: A total of 11,771,252 men who participated in the NHC between 2009 and 2012 and 56,552 men who were newly diagnosed with prostate cancer were analyzed. Normal-weight and obesity were defined as body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m2 and ≥ 25 kg/m2, respectively. Metabolic obesity was defined as the presence ≥ 3 components of the metabolic syndrome. Participants were stratified into 4 groups: metabolically healthy, normal-weight; metabolically obese, normal-weight (MONW); metabolically healthy, obese (MHO); and metabolically obese, obese. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between metabolic health status and incidence of prostate cancer. RESULTS: During a mean 5.4 ± 1.1 years of follow-up, 56,552 patients were registered with a diagnosis of prostate cancer. When analyzed according to metabolic health status classification, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was 1.143 for the MONW group, 1.097 for the MHO group, showing the HR for the MONW group was higher than that for the MHO group. As the number of metabolic syndrome components increased, HR increased significantly. When stratified based on BMI, metabolically obese patients showed significantly higher HR than metabolically healthy patients in all BMI groups. CONCLUSION: This population-based nationwide study revealed an association between metabolic health status and the incidence of prostate cancer, and the risk increased according to the number of components of the metabolic syndrome.

Comparison of Dietary Behaviors and Blood Clinical Indices in Underweight, Normal Weight, Normal Weight Obese and Obese Female College Students / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: Normal weight obesity (NWO) is defined as excessive body fat in the context of a normal body mass index (BMI). This condition carries a greater risk of developing noncommunicable chronic disease and has been associated with early inflammation. This study was conducted to compare the anthropometric measurements, eating behaviors, and blood clinical indices among four groups: underweight, normal, normal weight obesity and obesity. METHODS: The subjects included 215 female college students. A questionnaire was administered regarding general characteristics, dietary behaviors, food consumption frequency. Anthropometric measurements and blood clinical indices were also investigated. RESULTS: The average BMI, body fat percentage, waist circumference, fat-free mass, and muscle mass were highest in the obesity group (p < 0.05). Most subjects had tried to lose weight and perceived that their health was worse than before they became college students. The ratio of students in the NWO group who thought their health was very poor was significantly higher than in the other three groups (p < 0.05). The obesity and NWO groups seemed to eat more and their eating speed was significantly faster than the other groups (pv0.001). The consumption frequency of caffeinated beverages was significantly higher in the NWO group than in the other three groups (p < 0.01). WBC was significantly higher in the obesity group (p < 0.05). Serum levels of TG and total cholesterol were also significantly higher in the obesity group (p < 0.05). Serum GPT was significantly higher in the obesity group (p < 0.05) while BUN level was highest in the NWO group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The obesity group showed the most health problems while the NWO group seemed relatively healthy. However, NWO can lead to problems such as metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in later life if poor dietary habits are maintained. Therefore, education in appropriate eating habits is needed for these subjects.

Comparison of Dietary Behaviors and Blood Clinical Indices in Underweight, Normal Weight, Normal Weight Obese and Obese Female College Students / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: Normal weight obesity (NWO) is defined as excessive body fat in the context of a normal body mass index (BMI). This condition carries a greater risk of developing noncommunicable chronic disease and has been associated with early inflammation. This study was conducted to compare the anthropometric measurements, eating behaviors, and blood clinical indices among four groups: underweight, normal, normal weight obesity and obesity. METHODS: The subjects included 215 female college students. A questionnaire was administered regarding general characteristics, dietary behaviors, food consumption frequency. Anthropometric measurements and blood clinical indices were also investigated. RESULTS: The average BMI, body fat percentage, waist circumference, fat-free mass, and muscle mass were highest in the obesity group (p < 0.05). Most subjects had tried to lose weight and perceived that their health was worse than before they became college students. The ratio of students in the NWO group who thought their health was very poor was significantly higher than in the other three groups (p < 0.05). The obesity and NWO groups seemed to eat more and their eating speed was significantly faster than the other groups (pv0.001). The consumption frequency of caffeinated beverages was significantly higher in the NWO group than in the other three groups (p < 0.01). WBC was significantly higher in the obesity group (p < 0.05). Serum levels of TG and total cholesterol were also significantly higher in the obesity group (p < 0.05). Serum GPT was significantly higher in the obesity group (p < 0.05) while BUN level was highest in the NWO group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The obesity group showed the most health problems while the NWO group seemed relatively healthy. However, NWO can lead to problems such as metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in later life if poor dietary habits are maintained. Therefore, education in appropriate eating habits is needed for these subjects.

Somatotype characteristics of normal-weight and obese women among different metabolic subtypes

ABSTRACT Background Obesity is a well known risk factor for the development of metabolic abnormalities. However, some obese people are healthy and on the other hand some people with normal weight have adverse metabolic profile, therefore it can be assumed that there is a difference in physical characteristics amongst these people. The aim of this study was to establish whether there are somatotype differences between metabolically healthy and metabolically obese women who are obese or of normal weight. Subjects and methods Study included 230 women aged 44.76 ± 11.21y. Metabolic status was assessed according to IDF criteria, while somatotype was obtained using Heath & Carter method. Results Significant somatotype differences were observed in the group of women with normal-weight: metabolically healthy women had significantly lower endomorphy, mesomorphy and higher ectomorphy compared to metabolically obese normal-weight women (5.84-3.97-2.21 vs. 8.69-6.47-0.65). Metabolically healthy obese women had lower values of endomorphy and mesomorphy and higher values of ectomorphy compared to ‘at risk’ obese women but the differences were not statistically significant (7.59-5.76-0.63 vs. 8.51-6.58-0.5). Ectomorphy was shown as an important determinant of the favorable metabolic profile (cutoff point was 0.80). Conclusion We concluded that, in addition to fat mass, metabolic profile could be predicted by the structure of lean body mass, and in particular by body linearity.

Comparison of the Number of Daily Servings from Different Food Groups in Metabolic Syndrome Patients with the Control Groups.

Aims: This study aimed to compare the number of daily servings intake from different food groups in metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients with the control groups. Study Design: Case control, comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Vali-Asr Hospital, and Clinical Nutrition Department, School of nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, from April 2014 to March 2015. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study the number of daily servings intake of seven major food groups including grain, meat, fruit, vegetable, fat and oils, milk and sweets was compared between 50 MetS patients (Group 1) and 50 obese or overweight participants without MetS (Group 2) and 48 normal weight participants without MetS (Group 3). The demographics, anthropometric and biochemical variables were assayed. Feeding and food frequency were collected using a modified food frequency questionnaire. USDA food pyramid was used to classify the food groups. Results: The total and per 1000 kcal daily servings intake from all the aforementioned food groups were significantly different among the study groups (p≤.01). The numbers of daily servings from meat, fruit, vegetable, and milk groups were significantly higher, while, quantity of daily servings by considering fat and oil, sweets and grain groups were significantly lower in the normal weight controls in comparison with the patients suffering from metabolic syndrome and overweight/obese controls, as well (P<.001). No significant difference was noticed by considering all food groups’ consumption between patients with metabolic syndrome and overweight/obese controls (P≥.09). In addition, meat group was categorized to its subgroups including red meat, poultry, fish, tuna, egg, and nuts. The numbers of total and per 1000 kcal of daily servings intake from meat subgroups were respectively higher with regards to nuts, egg, poultry, red meat and fish and tuna subgroup (P≤.07). To illustrate, the normal weight controls had the highest consumption of meat group, which was due to the high intake of nuts, eggs and poultry subgroups. Conclusion: In conclusion, the number of daily servings intake from meat, fruit, vegetable and milk groups were significantly higher, while, fat and oil, sweets and grain groups were significantly lower in the normal weight controls in comparison with the patients with metabolic syndrome and overweight/obese controls. No significant difference was observed among patients with metabolic syndrome and overweight/obese controls.

Desirable Factors for Maintaining Normal BMI of Urban Affluent Women of Delhi.

The study aimed to identify desirable social, familial, reproductive, dietary, and lifestyle factors for maintaining normal body mass index (BMI) of urban affl uent women (25-45 years) in Delhi, India. A total of 387 urban affl uent women with at least one living child participated in this cross-sectional study conducted from March 2008 to April 2010. Women were classifi ed into four BMI categories on the basis of World Health Organization (WHO; 2004) classifi cation for Asians. Signifi cant factors for maintaining normal BMI were: Younger age, less parity, nuclear family, normal weight status of parents, postpartum weight gain between 2 and 3 kg, regularity in taking meals, fi xed meal size, self-perceived normal weight, and shorter sitting time and television viewing time. Multivariate regression analysis identifi ed fi ve determining factors for maintaining BMI, which are normal weight of father, self-perceived normal weight, fi xed meal size, sitting time less than 6 h/day, and television viewing time less than 1 h/day. By small lifestyle modifi cations, normal BMI can be maintained.

The Association between Body Weight Misperception and Psychosocial Factors in Korean Adult Women Less than 65 Years Old with Normal Weight

With society's increasing interest in weight control and body weight, we investigated the association between psychological factors and body image misperception in different age groups of adult Korean women with a normal weight. On a total of 4,600 women from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2009, a self-report questionnaire was used to assess body weight perception and 3 psychological factors: self-rated health status, stress recognition, and depressed mood. Through logistic regression analysis, a poor self-rated health status (P = 0.001) and a higher recognition of stress (P = 0.001) were significantly associated with body image misperception and this significance remained after controlling for several sociodemographic (Model 1: adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31-2.00), health behavior and psychological factors (Model 2: aOR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.29-1.96; Model 3: aOR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.01-1.84). Especially, highly stressed middle-aged (50-64 yr) women were more likely to have body image misperception (Model 2: aOR, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.30-6.26). However, the correlation between depressed mood and self-reported body weight was inconsistent between different age groups. In conclusion, self-rated health status and a high recognition rate of severe stress were related to body weight misperception which could suggest tailored intervention to adult women especially women in younger age or low self-rated health status or a high recognition rate of severe stress.

Age and sex difference in waist-to-height ratio as index for metabolic syndrome among non-overweight Chinese adults / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To evaluate the utility of waist-to-height ratio ( WHtR ) in predicting metabolic syndrome ( MS) among non-overweight Chinese adults, and to investigate the difference by age and sex. Methods Based on a population-based cross-sectional survey on MS in Zhejiang province in 2010, data of 10 792 non-overweight (body mass index<24. 0 kg/m2 ) adults aged 18 years and older were analyzed by using the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis and multiple logistic regression. Results The area under ROC curve (AUC) values of WHtR in MS prediction were 0. 765(95%CI 0. 740-0. 789) and 0. 786(95%CI 0. 765-0. 807), and odds ratios(OR) of WHtR for MS were 1. 23(95%CI 1. 20-1. 27) and 1. 22(95%CI 1. 20-1. 26) in non-overweight men and women, respectively. These two values were with significant difference among non-overweight adults with different agedandsexes(P<0.01). No-overweightmenhadsmallerAUCandORamong18-34agegroupwhilelargerAUCand OR among 35-49, 50-64, and 65-plus age groups than women. The AUC and OR showed slight difference among age groups in non-overweight men, while these two values decreased with age in non-overweight women. The optimal cutoff value was higher in non-overweight women (0. 509 vs 0. 498) than that in men. Non-overweight men aged 50-64 years old had higher cutoff value than those aged 18-34, 35-49, and 65-plus years, while among non-overweight women the cutoff values increased with age. Conclusion WHtR had preferable discriminatory power and association with MS among non-overweight Chinese adults. Further studies should be conducted to explore the difference by age and sex.

Correlation between body mass index and dental caries among a sample of sudanese children / Correlação entre índice de massa corporal e cárie dentária em uma amostra de crianças sudanesas

Introdução: A obesidade e a cárie dentária tem um impacto importante na saúde de crianças; elas podem ser potencialmente prevenidas pelo aumento do conhecimento e conscientização da prática adequada higiene bucal, além de consumo de alimentos saudáveis. Objetivo: Determinar a correlação entre o índice de massa corporal e cárie dentária em uma amostra de crianças sudanesas de 6-11 anos de idade. Material e Métodos: Um estudo clínico transversal em escolas foi realizado. Um total de 360 crianças (50% meninos,50% meninas) foram avaliadas e a massa corporal e prevalência de cárie dentária determinados. O exame físico foi feito através da obtenção de altura e peso da criança para calcular o índice de massa corporal. O índice de cárie dentária foi determinado seguindo os critérios da OMS. Resultados: A categoria de peso corporal mais prevalente foi de peso normal (60,6%) em ambos os sexos, seguido pelo grupo baixo peso (28,3%),o grupo de excesso de peso (6,4%), e o grupo de obesos(4,7%). Os meninos apresentaram maior prevalência do que as meninas na categoria de baixo peso, enquanto que o excesso de peso foi mais prevalente em meninas(8,3%) do que meninos (4,4%). O ceo médio foi 4,68para ambos os gêneros e o CPOD médio foi 2,52 e 1,88para meninas e meninos, respectivamente. Houve uma correlação negativa entre e ceo e a categoria de peso corporal. Nenhuma correlação entre a categoria peso corporal e índice CPOD foi encontrada. Conclusão:Não houve correlação entre cárie dentária e categoria de peso de acordo com idade em dentes permanentes.Em dentes decíduos a categoria baixo peso apresentou se mais relacionada com a presença de cárie dentária do que as outras categorias de peso corporal.

Introduction: Obesity and dental caries have aserious impact on a child’s health; they can bepotentially prevented by increasing the knowledge and awareness of proper oral hygiene practice inaddition to healthy food consumption. Objective:To determine the correlation between body mass index and dental caries of a sample of 6-11 year old Sudanese children. Material and Methods: A Crosssectional school based study was conducted. A totalof 360 children (50% boys, 50% girls) were examined for body mass index and dental caries prevalence. Physical examination was done by recording the child’s height and weight to calculate the body mass index. Dental caries index was carried out following the WHO criteria. Results: The most prevalent body weight category was normal weight (60.6%) in both genders followed by the underweight group (28.3%),the overweight group (6.4%), and the obese group(4.7%). Boys exhibited a higher prevalence in the underweight category than girls, while overweight was more prevalent in girls (8.3%) than boys (4.4%).The mean dft for primary teeth was 4.68 in bothgenders and the mean DMFT for permanent teethwas 2.52 and 1.88 for girls and boys respectively.There was a negative correlation between dft andbody weight category. No correlation between bodyweight category and DMFT was found. Conclusion:No correlation between dental caries and age-specificbody weight category was found in permanent teethwhile in primary teeth the underweight category wasmore related to the presence of dental caries than theother body weight categories.

Difference in Volume Perception according to Cup Shape in Normal Weight and Overweight Female College Students

The volume perception of water according to cup shape was examined in female college students divided into a normal weight group ( or =23 body mass index, n=48). The perceived water volume was recorded by participants after they observed the water volume in cups with different shape (highball and tumbler) and with different base height (high base and low base), which contained the same amount of water (150 ml). The normal weight group perceived a water volume of 238.5 ml (highball) and 201.6 ml (tumbler) for the high base cups. The overweight group perceived a volume of 245.6 ml (highball) and 188.8 ml (tumbler). For the low base cups, the normal weight group perceived a water volume of 207.8 ml (highball) and 104.1 ml (tumbler). The overweight group perceived a volume of 202.2 ml (highball) and 100.4 ml (tumbler). Both the normal weight and overweight groups perceived significantly more liquid in the highball cups compared to the tumbler cups. In addition, both groups perceived significantly more liquid in the high base cups compared to the low base cups. However, there were no significant differences in the estimated variance of perceived volume between the normal weight and overweight groups according to the cup shape and cup base height. In conclusion, cup shape and base height potentially affects volume perception. Therefore, modifying cup shape may be used in a weight control program to help control caloric beverage consumption.

Status quo and characteristics of blood pressure among children and adolescents aged 7-17 years at normal weight but with abdominal obesity, in Shandong province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the prevalence and characteristics of blood pressure (BP) among children and adolescents at normal weight but with abdominal obesity.Methods Using data from the ‘Student physical fitness and health surveillance 2010 project' in Shandong province,a total of 38 816 students aged 7-17 years were selected to participate in this study.Stature,body weight,waist circumference (WC),systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of these subjects were measured.Body weight status and abdominal obesity were defined by body mass index (BMI) and WC,respectively.Results In total,the proportions of thinness,normal weight,overweight and obesity defined by BMI were 5.37％,72.47％,12.92％ and 9.24％ respectively.5.86％ of the children and adolescents with normal weight had abdominal obesity,with normal weighted girls (7.19％) having higher prevalence of abdominal obesity than boys (4.33％) (P＜0.01).The Z-scores of SBP and DBP for both boys and girls were all significantly higher in the normal weight but with abdominal obesity groups than in both normal weight and WC groups (P＜0.01).Conclusion Children and adolescents under normal weight but with abdominal obesity had higher BP level need to be identified and considered as high-risk individuals.Related intervention programs should also be targeted to this population.

Difference in Volume Perception According to Beverage or Cup Color in Normal Weight and Obese College Students

We examined the perception of volume in college students with a normal weight versus those students with obesity. College students were divided into a normal weight group ( or =23 body mass index, n=110), The perception of volume was measured under different beverage colors (colorless, black, yellow, and blue) and cup colors (colorless, black, yellow, and blue) containing the same amount of liquid (150 ml). We found that the normal weight group perceived significantly more liquid in a cup with a blue beverage versus a colorless one. The obese group perceived significantly more liquid in a cup with a yellow or blue beverage versus a colorless one. In terms of cup color, the normal weight group perceived significantly more liquid in a black color cup compared to a blue color cup. However, there were no differences in perceived volume according to the color of cup among the obese group. There were no significant differences in the perceived volume between the normal and obese group under all conditions tested. In conclusion, beverage and cup color effects volume perception in normal weight students, while only beverage color effects volume perception in obese students. Therefore, controlling, the color of beverages and cups may help to control the consumption of drinks.