ABSTRACT
Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of death worldwide. In India almost 30,000 people suffer an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) each year and, despite the greatly improved survival after AMI, CVD remains the leading cause of death among women and men. During the last decade, there has been increasing awareness of the significant minority of patients with acute myocardial infarction, for whom invasive coronary angiography (ICA) does not show any coronary artery stenoses. This condition is called myocardial infarction and non-obstructed coronary arteries (MINOCA) and is still incompletely understood. Aim of the study: To investigate whether patients with MINOCA had a greater coronary plaque burden determined by coronary CTA than a control group matched by age and gender. Materials and methods: Totally 100 patients were included in the study Patients presenting to the department of cardiology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Institute Kattangulathur, Kanchipuram District, Chennai with an ACS between January 2018 to May 2019. In the first step, patients with MINOCA were screened for the SMINC study Patients were eligible to take part in the study if they were between 35 and 70 years old, fulfilled the criteria for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) according to the universal definition of AMI and underwent ICA showing no or minimal signs Venkatesh Munusamy, Veeraraghavan Sriram, Dhandapani Vellala Elumalai. Coronary computed tomography angiography in patients with myocardial infarction and non-obstructed coronary arteries. IAIM, 2019; 6(8): 18-25. Page 19 of atherosclerosis (defined as the presence of plaque discernible on ICA, but no stenosis exceeding 30% by visual estimation). All patients also underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging at a median of 12 days after hospital admission. Results: MINOCA patients did not have more CAD than healthy controls, matched by age and gender. A large proportion of MINOCA patients had no signs of CAD at coronary CTA. Conclusion: Thus, MINOCA should not be considered a definitive diagnosis, but rather a working diagnosis, warranting additional diagnostic evaluation. Myocarditis is one of the conditions that may manifest itself as MINOCA. Findings of the SMINC study, where myocarditis was excluded by CMR, suggest that TS is an important cause of MINOCA. Other potential causes include CAD with rupture of a non-stenotic lesion, coronary artery spasm, thrombotic disorders, and microvascular dysfunction.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: La cinecoronariografía (CCG) es la prueba que se constituye en el estándar de oro para identificar a pacientes con coronariopatía. Pese a que se prevé una proporción de CCG normales, este estudio debe minimizarse, dados su carácter invasivo, el riesgo asociado y el aumento del costo en salud. Objetivos: Determinar las características, los patrones epidemiológicos y las variables relacionadas con el hallazgo de arterias coronarias angiográficamente "normales" en pacientes estables derivados para la realización de una CCG. Material y métodos: Se analizaron las CCG de 12.686 pacientes de cinco centros de Buenos Aires. Todos los datos se obtuvieron en forma retrospectiva entre 2008 y 2013. Se definió "normal" a una CCG con lesiones < 50%. Se compararon las características demográficas, los factores de riesgo habituales, la presencia de insuficiencia renal crónica, de hipotiroidismo y de enfermedad vascular periférica, los síntomas, los estudios evocadores de isquemia y la cobertura social entre el grupo con CCG "normal" y los pacientes con coronariopatía obstructiva = 50%. Resultados: De los 3.990 pacientes incluidos (31,5%), el 38,6% presentaba una CCG normal. El sexo femenino fue el mayor predictor independiente para este hallazgo. Además, la menor edad y la ausencia de síntomas compatibles con isquemia se asociaron con una probabilidad mayor de una CCG "normal". Conclusiones: En una población derivada para CCG con diagnóstico de enfermedad arterial coronaria estable, el género femenino, la menor edad y la ausencia de síntomas se relacionaron con el hallazgo de arterias coronarias angiográficamente "normales". Un mejor uso de los modelos de estratificación clínica podría optimizar el rendimiento de la CCG para detectar pacientes con enfermedad arterial coronaria significativa, limitando así los estudios innecesarios.
Introduction: Coronary angiography (CA) is the gold standard test to identify patients with coronary artery disease. Despite a proportion of normal CAs is expected, this study should be minimized, given its invasive nature, the associated risk and increased health costs. Objectives: The aim of this study was to establish the characteristics, epidemiological patterns and variables associated to angiographically "normal" coronary arteries in stable patients referred for CA. Methods: Coronary angiographies were analyzed in 12,686 patients from five centers in Buenos Aires. All data were retrospectively obtained from 2008 to 2013. Coronary angiographies with < 50% lesions were defined as "normal". Demographic characteristics, usual risk factors, chronic renal failure, hypothyroidism, peripheral vascular disease, symptoms, ischemia-inducing tests and social coverage were compared between the group with "normal" CA and patients with = 50% obstructive coronary disease. Results: Among the 3,990 patients included in the study (31.5%), 38.6% had a normal CA, and female gender was the most important independent predictor for this finding. In addition, younger age and absence of ischemic symptoms were associated with greater probability of "normal" CA. Conclusions: In a population referred for CA diagnosed with stable coronary artery disease, female gender, younger age and absence of symptoms were associated with angiographically "normal" coronary arteries. Better use of clinical stratification models could optimize CA performance to detect patients with significant coronary artery disease, limiting unnecessary studies.
ABSTRACT
The measurement of coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) with invasive intracoronary Doppler flow wire technique (ICD) was validated and the pathologicalfactors which influence CFVR in patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries were analyzed. CFVR was determined successfully in left anterior descending artery (LAD) in 37 of 40 patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries (men 22, women 15, age 20-75 years, mean age 54 ± 12 years). Coronary flow velocity was measured in the distal LAD by TTDE with contrast enhancement at baseline and during intravenous adenosine infusion of 140 μg/kg per min within 48 h after ICD technique. Average peak velocity at baseline (APVb), average peak velocity during hyperemia (APVh) and CFVR determined from TTDE were correlated closely with those from ICD measurements (APVb: y=0. 64x+5. 04, r=0. 86, P＜0. 001;APVh: y=0.63x+14.36, r=0.82, P＜0.001; CFVR: y=0.65x+0.92, r=0.88, P＜0. 001).For CFVR measurements, the mean differences between TTDE and ICD methods were 0. 12 ±0.39. CFVR in patients with history of hypertension was significantly lower than that in patients without history of hypertension (P＜0.05). Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) was performed in 34patients. Plaque formation was found in LAD by IVUS in 17 (50 %) patients. No significant difference in CFVR was found between the patients without plaque formation (3. 11±0. 49) and those with plaque formation (2. 76±0.53, P=0. 056). It is suggested that TTDE with contrast enhancement provides reliable measurement of APV and CFVR in the distal LAD. The early stage of atherosclerosis could be detected by IVUS, which may be normal in angiography. CFVR is impaired in patients with history of hypertension compared with that in patients without history of hypertension.
ABSTRACT
Left atrial myxoma is a common primary tumor which frequently presents systemic embolizations. Embolization in various systemic organs is often the first and sometimes the only symptom in patient with cardiac myxoma. However, coronary embolization from the left atrial myxoma is very rare clinical presentation. We experienced 57-year-old woman with a left atrial myxoma combined with inferior myocardial infarction who had no stenotic lesion in coronary angiography. The ergonovine spasm test was negative. In the interleukin-6 immunohistochemical staining, the extracellular matrix of myxoma stained abundantly with pink color. It can be considered as inferior myocardial infarction due to embolization from the myxoma, which is associated with interleukin-6. So, we report this case with review of literature for the first time in Korea.