Violencia urbana, "limpieza social" y conflicto armado en Caldas, 1980-2006

Se abordan las formas de violencia que afectan los contextos urbanos, conocidas como "limpieza social", en el departamento de Caldas entre 1980 y 2006. Estas se analizarán junto con el crecimiento de los grupos armados ilegales, con especial énfasis en el paramilitarismo. El objetivo es evidenciar las estrategias discursivas que se aplican por parte de sectores poderosos para estigmatizar ciertas prácticas y actores sociales, principalmente a través de los medios de comunicación. Se apeló al Análisis Crítico del Discurso, aplicado a los enunciados referentes al fenómeno en cuestión, y se siguieron las tesis de Foucault en lo referente a los dispositivos de normalización y la discriminación entre lo normal y lo anormal en la dinámica de las relaciones de poder También se asume la perspectiva moral que se halla en la base de la "limpieza social" y se postulan las razones de su persistencia. Los resultados muestran un proceso que va de la dispersión a la sistematicidad en relación con el exterminio social y sus manifestaciones discursivas. Las conclusiones dan cuenta de la persistencia del fenómeno en contextos contemporáneos.

The forms of violence that affect urban contexts, generally known as "social cleansing", are addressed in the department of Caldas between 1980 and 2006. These will be analyzed along with the growth of the illegal armed groups, with special emphasis on paramilitarism. The objective is to highlight the discursive strategies that are applied by powerful groups to stigmatize certain practices and social actors, mainly through the media. Critical discourse analysis was used, applied to the statements referring the mentioned phenomenon, and Foucault's thesis regarding normalization devices and discrimination between normal and abnormal in the dynamics of power relations were followed. The moral perspective that is at the base of "social cleansing" is also assumed and the reasons for its persistence are postulated. The results show a process that goes from dispersion to systematicity in relation to social extermination and its discursive manifestations. The conclusions show the persistence of the phenomenon in contemporary contexts.

São abordadas as formas de violência que afetam os contextos urbanos, conhecidas como "limpeza social", no departamento de Caldas entre 1980 e 2006. Elas serão analisadas juntamente com o crescimento de grupos armados ilegais, com ênfase especial no paramilitarismo. O objetivo é destacar as estratégias discursivas aplicadas por setores poderosos para estigmatizar determinadas práticas e atores sociais, principalmente por meio da mídia. A Análise Crítica do Discurso foi aplicada às declarações referentes ao fenômeno em questão, e a tese de Foucault foi seguida em relação aos dispositivos de normalização e à discriminação entre o normal e o anormal na dinâmica das relações de poder. Ela também assume a perspectiva moral que está na base da "limpeza social" e postula as razões de sua persistência. Os resultados mostram um proceso que vai da dispersão à sistematicidade em relação ao extermínio social e suas manifestações discursivas. As conclusões mostram a persistência do fenômeno em contextos contemporâneos.

A study on the application of cross-frequency coupling characteristics of neural oscillation in the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment / 生物医学工程学杂志

In order to fully explore the neural oscillatory coupling characteristics of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), this paper analyzed and compared the strength of the coupling characteristics for 28 MCI patients and 21 normal subjects under six different-frequency combinations. The results showed that the difference in the global phase synchronization index of cross-frequency coupling under δ-θ rhythm combination was statistically significant in the MCI group compared with the normal control group ( P = 0.025, d = 0.398). To further validate this coupling feature, this paper proposed an optimized convolutional neural network model that incorporated a time-frequency data enhancement module and batch normalization layers to prevent overfitting while enhancing the robustness of the model. Based on this optimized model, with the phase locking value matrix of δ-θ rhythm combination as the single input feature, the diagnostic accuracy of MCI patients was (95.49 ± 4.15)%, sensitivity and specificity were (93.71 ± 7.21)% and (97.50 ± 5.34)%, respectively. The results showed that the characteristics of the phase locking value matrix under the combination of δ-θ rhythms can adequately reflect the cognitive status of MCI patients, which is helpful to assist the diagnosis of MCI.

Research progress on anti-tumor effects by traditional Chinese medicine based on "soothing" or "blockage" regulation of tumor vessels / 中国中药杂志

Regulation of tumor vessels has become one of the most common strategies for clinical anti-tumor therapy. In recent years, studies have found that the anti-tumor effect of limotherapy, which routinely inhibits tumor angiogenesis, is not ideal and may even deteriorate the tumor microenvironment, causing tumor resistance and distal metastasis and increasing the risk of tumor metastasis and recurrence. However, the proper use of anti-angiogenic drugs can promote the normalization of tumor vessels, improve the structure and function of tumor vessels, increase the number of functional vessels in the tumor, and reduce the number of ineffective vessels. It is beneficial to promote the penetration of anti-tumor drugs into the tumor, improve the microenvironment of tumor hypoxia and immunosuppression, and enhance the anti-tumor effect. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has a long history of understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of tumors and has accumulated rich experience in tumor treatment, with significant clinical advantages and broad application prospects. In this study, from the perspective of bidirectional "soothing" or "blockage" regulation of tumor vessels, the commonly used molecular targets were sorted out, and the research status of anti-tumor regulation of tumor vessels by monomer-single herb-compound(herb pair) of TCM in recent years was summarized. The research on the anti-tumor effects of TCM compounds and active ingredients by regulating tumor vessels combined with other therapies was analyzed and sorted out, so as to provide ideas for the clinical application of TCM in regulating functions and anti-tumor effects of tumor vessels.

Reflections on the Pain Points of Elderly Care during the Epidemic Prevention and Control Stage from Two Cases of Disease Narration / 中国医学伦理学

The COVID-19 has had a profound impact on human society, the elderly, as a vulnerable group, are the most affected. Based on two cases of disease narrative collected by the department of neurology of a hospital in Guiyang, this paper analyzed the shortcomings of elderly care in the context of epidemic prevention and control. The overall health information literacy of the elderly was low, which made it difficult to obtain correct epidemic related information. The lifestyle of the elderly has changed during the epidemic prevention and control stag. The long time isolation at home has reduced their constitution and made them prone to illness, thus affecting the quality of healthy elderly care. In this stage, the psychological burden of the middle-aged and elderly people has been increasing, which reduced the life satisfaction and subjective well-being of the elderly, and increased the risk of depression. In view of these outstanding problems, this paper proposed corresponding measures, aiming to improve the quality of life and physical and mental health of the elderly during the epidemic prevention and control stage, and provide reference for realizing healthy aging in China.

Metodología didáctica para la enseñanza de creación de catálogos de autoridad de autor en los cursos de catalogación de la Escuela de Bibliotecología y Ciencias de la Información de la Universidad de Costa Rica

El propósito de este artículo es exponer la metodología didáctica utilizada para la creación de catálogos de autoridad de autor en los cursos de catalogación de la Escuela de Bibliotecología y Ciencias de la Información de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Se muestran los principales materiales didácticos creados para los cursos, así como la importancia de la utilización de la metodología lúdica. Lo anterior se desarrolló para la enseñanza de la creación de puntos de acceso de personas, familias y entidades corporativas aplicando las RDA, además de la creación de los catálogos de autoridades como medio de normalización de estos puntos de acceso. La metodología utilizada se basó en una investigación cuantitativa de alcance descriptivo en la cual se realizó un cuestionario en línea con el objetivo de analizar la percepción de las personas estudiantes del curso BI-2003 Catalogación II, respecto a la utilización de las herramientas didácticas para la elaboración de los catálogos de autoridad de autor y de la metodología lúdica como método de aprendizaje. Uno de los principales hallazgos de esta investigación es que las herramientas didácticas creadas para la elaboración de catálogos de autoridades, así como la estrategia lúdica, favorecen la comprensión y aplicación de ejercicios prácticos, en los cuales tienen la posibilidad de trabajar con la normativa vigente.

The purpose of this article is to present the didactic methodology used for the creation of author's authority catalogs in the cataloging courses of the School of Librarianship and Information Sciences of the University of Costa Rica. The main didactic materials created for the courses are shown, as well as the importance of using the ludic methodology. The foregoing was developed to teach the creation of access points for individuals, families and corporate entities applying the RDA, in addition to the creation of authority catalogs as a means of standardizing these access points. The methodology used was based on quantitative research of descriptive scope in which an online questionnaire was carried out in order to analyze the perception of the students of the BI-2003 Cataloging II course, regarding the use of didactic tools for the preparation of author's authority catalogs and ludic methodology as a learning method. As part of the conclusions, it was established that one of the main findings of this research is that the didactic tools created for the elaboration of authority catalogs, as well as the ludic strategy, favor the understanding and application of practical exercises, in which they have the possibility of working with current regulations.

Diagnóstico ecocardiográfico de hipertrofia ventricular izquierda en población pediátrica según método de normalización de masa ventricular e impacto del estado nutricional / Echocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy in children according to the ventricular mass normalization method and impact of nutritional status

Antecedentes: la presencia de hipertrofia ventricular izquierda (HVI) es un marcador pronóstico y de severidad en condiciones de sobrecarga de presión. Se determina por masa ventricular (MV) aumentada en el ecocardiograma, debiéndose ajustar la MV por tamaño corporal en pediatría (normalización). Existen múltiples métodos de normalización, pero se desconoce si estos métodos son comparables. Objetivo: comparar distintos métodos de normalización de MV en sujetos con y sin sobrecarga de presión y evaluar el impacto del estado nutricional en el diagnóstico de HVI. Métodos: estudio de corte transversal en niños entre 5-18 años, divididos en 3 grupos: A) sin sobrecarga de presión (SSP), B) HTA (confirmado o sospecha), o C) Con cardiopatía obstructiva izquierda (CCOI, gradiente ≥25 mmHg). Se analizó antropometría, presión arterial y parámetros ecocardiográficos convencionales. Se determinó HVI por 4 mé-todos de normalización de MV: 1) Superficie corporal (SC) según sexo, 2) Talla2,7>51g/m2,7 3) Z-Score de Talla ≥ Z+2 y 4) Masa corporal magra ≥ Z+2. Se evaluó la concordancia de los métodos por grupo y según el diagnóstico nutricional. Resultados: se analizaron 1162 sujetos, 673(57,9%) hombres, edad 10,2 ± 3,2 años, 852(73,3%) SSP, 192(16,5%) con HTA y 118(10,2%) con CCOI. Un 38,6% presentaba malnutrición por exceso. Se observó diferencia entre los métodos para HVI en pacientes SSP y con CCOI(p=0,01), y en obesos con CCOI. La concordancia entre los métodos fue variable (rango de Kappa 0,38­0,71). Conclusiones: existe variabilidad y discrepancia entre los distintos métodos de normalización utilizados para definir HVI, influenciados por el estado nutricional.

Background: The presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is both prognostic and severity marker in pressure overload conditions. It is determined by increased ventricular mass (MV) in the echocardiogram. MV must be adjusted for body size in pediatrics (normali-zation). There are multiple normalization methods, but it is unknown whether these methods are comparable. Objective: To compare different methods of MV normalization in subjects with and without pressure overload and to evaluate the impact of nutritional status on LVH diagnosis. Methods: Cross-sectional study in children aged 5-18 years, divided into 3 groups: A) without pressure overload (SSP), B) Systemic hypertension (confirmed or suspected), or C) Left obstructive heart disease (CCOI, gradient ≥ 25mmHg). Anthropometrics, blood pressure, and conventional echocardiographic parameters were analyzed. LVH was determined by 4 MV normalization methods: 1) Body surface area (BSA) adjusted by gender, 2) height2.7, 3) Z-Score height ≥ Z+2, and 4) lean body mass ≥ Z+2. The concordance of the methods was evaluated by group and according to the nutritional diagnosis. Results: 1162 subjects were analyzed, 673(57.9%) men, age 10.2 ± 3.2 years, 852(73.3%) SSP, 192(16.5%) with hypertension and 118(10.2%) with CCOI. 38.6% presented overnutrition. A difference was demonstrated between the methods for LVH diagnosis in patients with SSP and with CCOI (p=0.01), and in obese patients with CCOI. Agreement between methods was variable (Kappa range 0.38­0.71). Conclusions: There is variability and discrepancy between the different normalization methods used to define LVH, influenced by nutritional status.

Galvanic vestibular evoked myogenic potentials: normative data and the effect of age / Potenciais evocados miogênicos vestibulares galvânicos: dados normativos e o efeito da idade

Abstract Introduction: Galvanic vestibular evoked myogenic potentials evaluate vestibular nerve responses using electric stimulation by records collected from the sternocleidomastoid muscle. A normal vestibular evoked myogenic potential response consists of the first positive, P1, and negative, N1, peaks. The response can be affected by factors such as age and gender and is also consequential in the diagnosis of pathologies. Objectives: The present study was performed to obtain normative data on healthy adults, to help in diagnosis by establishing clinical norms as well as to investigate changing test parameters with age in galvanic vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Methods: A total of 100 healthy participants were included in the study. Galvanic vestibular evoked myogenic potential (current 3 mA, duration 1ms) was performed randomly on both ears of each participant. The participants between the ages of 18-65 (mean age 39.7 ± 13.9) were divided into 5 groups according to their ages. Normative data of galvanic vestibular evoked myogenic potentials parameters were calculated in groups and in total, and age-related changes were examined. Results: The galvanic vestibular evoked myogenic potential waveform was elicited from all participants (200 ears). The latency of P1 and N1 was 7.82 ± 3.29ms and 22.06 ± 3.95 ms, respectively. The P1-N1 amplitude value was 66.64 ± 24.5 μV. The percentage of vestibular asymmetry was 16.29 ±11.99%. The latencies of P1 and N1 and P1-N1 amplitude values demonstrated significant differences among different age groups (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The results of this study show that as age increased, latencies were prolonged, and amplitudes gradually decreased. The normative data aids in the diagnosis of retrolabyrinthine lesions and the increase in the clinical use of galvanic vestibular evoked myogenic potentials.

Resumo Introdução: Os potenciais evocados miogênicos vestibulares galvânicos avaliam as respostas do nervo vestibular com estimulação elétrica por meio de registros coletados do músculo esternocleidomastóideo. Uma resposta normal de potenciais evocados miogênicos vestibulares consiste nos primeiros picos positivo, P1, e negativo, N1. A resposta pode ser afetada por fatores como idade e sexo e também tem importância no diagnóstico de doenças. Objetivos: Obter dados normativos em adultos saudáveis, para ajudar no diagnóstico através do estabelecimento de normas clínicas, e investigar a alteração dos parâmetros de teste com a idade em potenciais evocados miogênicos vestibulares galvânicos. Método: Foram incluídos no estudo 100 participantes saudáveis. O potencial evocado miogênico vestibular galvânico (corrente 3mA, duração 1ms) foi realizado de forma aleatória nas duas orelhas de cada participante. Os participantes entre 18 e 65 anos (média de 39,7 ±13,9) foram divididos em 5 grupos de acordo com a idade. Os dados normativos dos parâmetros dos potenciais evocados miogênicos vestibulares galvânicos foram calculados nos grupos e no total e as alterações relacionadas à idade foram examinadas. Resultados: A forma de onda do potencial evocado miogênico vestibular galvânico foi obtida de todos os participantes (200 orelhas). A latência de P1 e N1 foi de 7,82±3,29ms e 22,06 ±3,95 ms, respectivamente. O valor da amplitude P1-N1 foi de 66,64 ±24,5 μV. O percentual de assimetria vestibular foi de 16,29± 11,99%. Os valores das latências de P1 e N1 e da amplitude P1-N1 mostraram diferenças significantes entre os diferentes grupos etários (p < 0,01). Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo mostram que à medida que a idade aumentou as latências foram prolongadas e as amplitudes diminuíram gradualmente. Os dados normativos auxiliam no diagnóstico de lesões retrolabirínticas e na disseminação do uso clínico dos potenciais evocados miogênicos vestibulares galvânicos.

Current situation investigation on the standardization of physical dose description in radiobiology researches in China / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To understand the normative status of physical dose description in domestic radiobiology studies through literature study.Methods:According to the scoring system recommended by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and Desrosiers et al, evaluate (full Score: 10 points) the normalization of physical dosimetry description in the radiobiology-related articles published in two important journals, Chinese Journal of Radiation Oncology and Chinese Journal of Radiological Medicine and Protection, in past 5 years.Results:A total of 222 relevant articles from these two journals were included, and a median score of 5.0 was evaluated. Among them, 72.1% of the literatures scored 4.0-7.0 points, 68.0% of the literatures scored ≤5.5 points, and 18.5% scored ≤3.0 points. 90.1% and 97.7% of the literatures described " the type of ray" and " absorbed dose" , with the highest average score (0.90 and 0.98 points) respectively. The lowest average score of " dosimetry calibration" was 0 point.Conclusions:Although the most of literatures described " the type of ray" and " absorbed dose" , most other details of dosimetric parameters were not reported. Therefore, there is a deficiency in the standardized description of physical dosimetry in domestic radiobiology literatures, which may affect the reproducibility and interpretability of research result.

Mental health and influencing factors of military medical students during the normalization period of the epidemic prevention and control / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To investigate the level of psychological stress, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) of military medical students under the condition of normalized prevention and control of the epidemic.Methods:A total of 225 students from a military university were selected by random sampling method. Chinese perceived stress scale (CPSS), Perceived social support scale (PSSS), Self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and PTSD Checklist-5 (PCL-5) were used to measure the mental health of the subjects and influencing factors. SPSS 26.0 was used to conduct independent sample t test and ANOVA analysis. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted, and multiple regression equation was used to further analyze the relationship between psychometric factors. Results:The SAS scores of 22.2% (50/225) of the subjects and PCL-5 scores of 30.7% (69/225) of the subjects reached the positive standard. The results of correlation analysis showed that the total score of PSSS was negatively correlated with CPSS ( r=-0.315, P<0.01), SAS ( r=-0.336, P<0.01) and PCL-5 ( r=-0.137, P<0.05) scores. The score of family support negatively predicted the level of psychological stress ( B=-0.595, P<0.001), anxiety ( B=-0.635, P<0.001) and PTSD level ( B=-0.769, P=0.006) of the students. Conclusion:Social support, especially family support, has a significant protective effect on psychological stress, anxiety and PTSD during the period of normalized prevention and control of the epidemic.

Experience on prevention and control management in PICU during the epidemic of novel coronavirus Omicron variant in Shanghai / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective:To summarize the experience of the precise prevention and control strategy of novel coronavirus infection in the pediatric intensive care unit(PICU)during the epidemic of the Omicron variant.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on the strategies and management experience of precise prevention and control of novel coronavirus infection in PICU at Pediatric Hospital of Fudan University from March 1 to May 10, 2022.Results:According to the national and Shanghai novel coronavirus infection prevention and control standards, the PICU in our hospital, in accordance with the specialty characteristics of PICU, cooperated with the hospital′s department of infection and medical department to jointly construct a precise ward management strategy for the outbreak of the omicron mutants infection.Precise prevention and control management strategies were formulated from four aspects: the admission process of critically ill children, the division of PICU ward areas and nosocomial infection protection, the reception management system for children′s family members, and the " bubble management" system for PICU staff, and run them for 3 months.During the epidemic, there was no nosocomial infection of novel coronavirus infection in children or medical staff.During the period, a total of 140 critically ill children were admitted, including 87 cases transferred from the general ward in the hospital, 48 cases from the emergency department(non-febrile, 3 cases transferred by the transfer team), four cases from fever clinic, and one case from control ward.Four of the critically ill children had no emergency nucleic acid test report when they were admitted to the PICU.Among the 140 critically ill children, 54 patients received mechanical ventilation, 18 patients received blood purification, and two patients were monitored after liver transplantation.Seventy-eight (55.7%) children had underlying diseases.Conclusion:During the current round of novel coronavirus epidemic in Shanghai, PICU in our hospital formulated the admission and ward management procedures for critically ill children, which ensured the prevention and control of nosocomial infection of novel coronavirus, and at the same time ensured the treatment of critically ill children to the greatest extent.

Research on the Strategies for Personal Information Protection in the Period of Normalization of Epidemic Prevention and Control / 中国医学伦理学

By analyzing the theoretical basis of safeguarding citizens’ personal information right during the normalization period of epidemic prevention and control, this paper concluded that there are some problems in personal information, such as solidified collection and utilization mode, low degree of management systematization, imperfect processing technology and narrow application scope, low degree of data value development and high risk coefficient. Further combined with China’s current epidemic prevention mode and social governance characteristics, this paper put forward the idea of innovating data hierarchical management and implementing the sharing mode in the industry to reduce the number of information circulation, trace the source, strengthen data desensitization technology and broaden its application scope, make rational use of personal information and appropriately develop its commercial use to increase its utilization efficiency.

The SACT Template: A Human Brain Diffusion Tensor Template for School-age Children / 神经科学通报·英文版

School-age children are in a specific development stage corresponding to juvenility, when the white matter of the brain experiences ongoing maturation. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI), especially diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), is extensively used to characterize the maturation by assessing white matter properties in vivo. In the analysis of DWI data, spatial normalization is crucial for conducting inter-subject analyses or linking the individual space with the reference space. Using tensor-based registration with an appropriate diffusion tensor template presents high accuracy regarding spatial normalization. However, there is a lack of a standardized diffusion tensor template dedicated to school-age children with ongoing brain development. Here, we established the school-age children diffusion tensor (SACT) template by optimizing tensor reorientation on high-quality DTI data from a large sample of cognitively normal participants aged 6-12 years. With an age-balanced design, the SACT template represented the entire age range well by showing high similarity to the age-specific templates. Compared with the tensor template of adults, the SACT template revealed significantly higher spatial normalization accuracy and inter-subject coherence upon evaluation of subjects in two different datasets of school-age children. A practical application regarding the age associations with the normalized DTI-derived data was conducted to further compare the SACT template and the adult template. Although similar spatial patterns were found, the SACT template showed significant effects on the distributions of the statistical results, which may be related to the performance of spatial normalization. Looking forward, the SACT template could contribute to future studies of white matter development in both healthy and clinical populations. The SACT template is publicly available now ( https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/SACT_template/14071283 ).

Nomenclature standardization of Chinese medicine extracts and components / 中国中药杂志

Chinese medicine extracts are the important pharmaceutical materials of Chinese medicinal preparations, but their nomenclature still needs improvement in the field of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). By the analysis of the evolution rules of names of Chinese medicine extracts recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, this study proposed a three-level nomenclature of "Chinese medicine name+chemical information+extract" based on the standardization problems involved in the existing nomenclature, striving to accurately suggest the material basic information on extract names. Meanwhile, the basic elements of Chinese medicine components, the special case from Chinese medicine extracts, were clarified, and the core connotations of the professional names were discriminated to arouse attention and discussions of researchers, facilitate the standardization of Chinese medicine terminology, and promote the scienti-fic development of Chinese medicinal preparations, and the modernization and internationalization of Chinese medicine.

Investigation of public health emergency core capacity of district-level disease prevention and control institutions under normalized epidemic prevention and control / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveBased on the investigation of the core capacity development of health emergency response of Shanghai disease prevention and control institutions after the COVID-19 pandemic， to analyze the shortcomings of health emergency response capacity of Shanghai disease prevention and control institutions， and to put forward suggestions to improve the core capacity of Shanghai's disease prevention and control system in the face of public health emergencies. MethodsUsing questionnaire surveys， investigations and evaluations were conducted on the emergency system development， epidemic monitoring and risk assessment， emergency team manpower and equipment， and actual response to COVID-19 in 16 district-level disease prevention and control institutions in Shanghai. ResultsThe overall public health emergency response capacity building of the district-level disease control agencies in Shanghai is relatively good， and the effect of capacity building has been proven during the handling of the new coronavirus. But at the same time， it also exposed some specific problems such as imperfect system construction， lack of emergency personnel and materials， insufficient on-site handling capabilities of personnel， and uneven allocation of emergency personnel and materials among different agencies. ConclusionShanghai district-level disease control should focus on the specific problems， such as strengthening the development of health emergency system， improving the human resources and material reserves of the emergency teams， and optimizing the laboratory testing ability， to further improve the core health emergency capacity of Shanghai disease control system.

Normalization by second order graphs: A visual alternative to simplify systems / Normalización mediante grafos de Segundo orden: una alternativa visual para simplificar sistemas

Abstract This issue stems from the need for tools to analyze and make decisions around complex systems, where they apply the rules for linearly dependent sets, with the purpose of providing a visual tool, which serves to support complexity reduction processes. Two great precedents are Armstrong's Axioms, which has been applied from its publication to the present for database normalization, the other is set theory, a fundamental pillar of the Structured Query Language; based on them, together with the second-order logic, which adds qualifiers for subsets or properties, this work has been prepared, with an explanatory metrology with a qualitative approach, in an axiomatic system. As a result, a support tool has been provided to analyze complex systems naturally, by breaking cycles and detecting patterns, without interfering with existing models; however, for large systems it can be difficult to address it in its entirety, so it is recommended to divide by subsystems. With this work a technique has been accomplished, repeatable by anyone, but with a strong theoretical foundation. This work has great utility for the normalization of relational databases and an enormous potential for application in the design of systems beyond computational systems, it is also useful for understanding dependencies by their axiomatic nature.

Resumen Este tema nace de la necesidad de herramientas para analizar y tomar decisiones en torno a sistemas complejos, donde apliquen las reglas para conjuntos linealmente dependientes, con el fin de proporcionar una herramienta visual, que sirva de apoyo a procesos de reducción de la complejidad. Dos grandes precedentes son los Axiomas de W. Armstrong, el cual se ha aplicado desde su publicación hasta la actualidad para la normalización de bases de datos, el otro es la teoría de conjuntos, pilar fundamental del Lenguaje de Consultas Estructurado; en base a ellos, junto con la lógica de segundo orden, la cual añade cualificadores para subconjuntos o propiedades se ha elaborado este trabajo, con una metrología explicativa con enfoque cualitativo, en un sistema axiomático. Como resultado se ha proporciona una herramienta de soporte para analizar sistemas complejos de forma natural, rompiendo ciclos y detectando patrones, sin interferir con los modelos existentes; sin embargo, para sistemas de gran tamaño puede ser difícil abordarlo en su totalidad, por lo que se recomienda dividir por subsistemas. Con este trabajo se ha consumado una técnica, repetible por cualquiera, pero con fuerte fundamento teórico. Este trabajo tiene gran utilidad para la normalización de bases de datos relacionales y un enorme potencial de aplicación en el diseño de sistemas más allá de los sistemas computacionales, también resulta útil para la comprensión de dependencias por su naturaleza axiomática.

Movimento feminista e antimanicomial: uma análise das lutas por direitos em uma sociedade capitalista-patriarcal / Feminist and anti-asylum movement: an analysis of fights for rights in capitalist-patriarchal society / Movimiento feminista y movimiento contra el asilo: un análisis de la lucha por los derechos en una sociedad capitalista-patriarcal

O presente artigo tem como objetivo traçar um paralelo entre o movimento feminista e o movimento antimanicomial procurando pontos de convergência e divergência entre ambos, a fim de verificar suas possíveis articulações. Para isso, por meio de revisão bibliográfica, busca-se contextualizar os movimentos sociais e realizar a análise histórica de ambos, afim de esclarecer suas motivações, formas de atuação na luta por direitos e atendimento de demandas dos sujeitos envolvidos com pretensões de alcançar transformações sociais. Dessa forma, o material discute as confluências e divergências entre o movimento feminista e antimanicomial, na tentativa de ampliar e construir o debate acadêmico acerca do assunto, que se transforma diariamente, de modo democrático e dialético. À guisa de conclusão, considera-se a necessidade de constituir novas formas de pensar sobre nossa condição histórica, com intuito de que isso possibilite a criação de estratégias de reinvenção e recriação constante de coletivos de luta e que promovam movimentos de resistências aos poderes instituídos que submetem mulheres e sujeitos em sofrimento psíquico, com objetivos de constituir mudanças e responsabilização social para que os absurdos tolerados por parcela considerável da sociedade não se reproduzam.(AU)

The present study aims to draw a parallel between the feminist and the anti-asylum movements looking for convergence and divergence points between both, in order to verify their possible articulations. To do so, through bibliographic review, it seeks to contextualize the social movements and carry out the historical analysis of both, in order to clarify their motivations, ways of acting in the fight for rights and meeting the demands of the subjects involved with the pretensions of achieving social transformations. This way, this paper discusses the confluences and divergences between the feminist and anti-asylum movement, in an attempt to broaden and build the academic debate on the subject, which changes daily, in a democratic and dialectical way. By way of conclusion, it is considered the need to constitute new ways of thinking about our historical condition, in order to allow the creation of strategies of constant reinvention recreation of fight collectives and that it promotes resistance movements against instituted powers which subject women and individuals in psychological distress, with the goal to constitute changes and social responsability so that the absurdities tolerated by a considerable part of society are not reproduced.(AU)

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo comprender las posibles conexiones entre el movimiento feminista y el movimiento contra el asilo buscando puntos de convergencia y divergencia entre ambos, con el fin de verificar sus posibles articulaciones. Para esto, a través de la revisión bibliográfica, se busca contextualizar los movimientos sociales y realizar el análisis histórico de ambos para aclarar sus motivaciones, formas de actuar en la lucha por los derechos y atender las demandas de los sujetos involucrados con las pretensiones de logrando transformaciones sociales. De esta manera, este trabajo discute las confluencias y divergencias entre el feminismo y el movimiento contra el asilo, en un intento por ampliar el debate académico sobre el tema, que cambia a diario, de manera democrática y dialéctica. En conclusión, consideramos la necesidad de establecer nuevas formas de pensar sobre nuestra condición histórica, con la intención de posibilidad de creación de estrategias de reinvención y recreación constante de la lucha colectiva y que promueva movimientos de resistencia a los poderes establecidos que someten a las mujeres y individuos en malestar psicológico, con fines constitutivos de cambios y responsabilidad social para que no se reproduzcan los absurdos tolerados por una parte considerable de la sociedad.(AU)

Research on Standardization of Tibetan Medicine Names and Their Relationship With Official Drug Standards Based on Text Association / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To construct the knowledge base of Tibetan medicine prescriptions and explore to standardize the names of Tibetan medicine prescriptions. Method:By using the concept of "man-machine combination"，through the construction of Tibetan medicine terminology glossary （data sources： national drug standards，local drug standards，text classics on Tibetan medicines，etc.），the terminology glossary of Tibetan medicine prescriptions was mined. Upon its combination with expert review，the text association between Tibetan medicine prescriptions and various drug standards and dictionaries was constructed，and the standardization methods and techniques of prescription drug names were explored. Result:In this paper，the Tibetan medicine prescriptions approved for marketing in China were taken as the research object，and various inconveniences caused by the inconsistency between the names of prescriptions and the names of medicinal herbs were revealed. This paper also discussed the design ideas on name standardization of Tibetan medicines from three levels： text association，optimization of evaluation methods，and formation of expert decision-making system. We put forward a five-in-one （screening， evaluation， reviewing， fixing， and renewing） research model of Tibetan medicine name standardization. The construction，functions and advantages of the database and thesaurus of Tibetan medicine prescriptions were described in detail， and in combination with the text notes， association between the standard medicinal materials and the prepared prescriptions was then established. Conclusion:The text association method in this paper can accurately reflect the nonstandard names of Tibetan medicine prescriptions. Combined with expert review，it can be， to a certain extent， extended to the standardization of herb names in prescriptions with large scale of or more complex network structures.

Standardization and normalization of flow cytometry / 中华检验医学杂志

Flow cytometry has been widely used in clinical practice. Due to the powerful user-defined function of flow cytometry, different instrument settings among manufacturers and lack of standard materials, the comparability of results needs to be improved and flow cytometry is facing the great challenge of normalization and standardization. In this paper, the recent progress of normalization and standardization about flow cytometry was discussed form the aspects of standardizing operation protocol, including specimen and centrifugation, standardizingantibody selection and panel combination and ensuring instrument and data analysis consistency.

Advance of synergism of immune checkpoint blockade and anti-angiogenesis in cancer treatment / 中国药理学通报

Immune checkpoint inhibitor ( ICI) activates the host' s anti-tumor immune response by blocking negative regulatory immune signals. A series of clinical trials showed that ICI could effectively induce tumor regression in a subset of advanced cancer patients. Anti-angiogenesis drugs commonly used to block tumor angiogenesis can inhibit the growth of tumors, but they cannot improve the survival of patients with limitations in application such as drug resistance. Tumor immune response is closely related to angiogenesis. In turn, tumor angiogenesis highly depends on immunosuppressive microenvironment. Recent studies have indicated that ICI resistance could be alleviated by combination therapy with anti-angiogenesis treatment, and the efficacy of combination therapy was superior to that of monotherapy. The reciprocal regulation between tumor vascular normalization and immune reprogramming forms a reinforcing loop that reconditions the tumor immune microenvironment to induce durable antitumor immunity. This review clarifies the latest understanding of ICI combined anti-angiogenesis therapy and provides ideas for subsequent research.

Análise de processos éticos: tipos penais no exercício da enfermagem / Análisis de procesos éticos: tipos penales en el ejercicio de la enfermería / Analysis of ethical issues: criminal acts in nursing practice

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar tipos penais no exercício da enfermagem e a existência de fatores relacionados a conduta profissional nas ocorrências éticas envolvendo tipos penais a partir da análise de depoimentos contidos nos processos éticos julgados no Conselho Regional de Enfermagem de São Paulo (Coren/SP). Método: Estudo exploratório-descritivo de abordagem quanti-qualitativa, nos processos éticos contendo ilícitos éticos considerados tipos penais. Os dados foram coletados nos processos ético-profissionais de enfermagem julgados pelo Coren/SP em 2012 e 2013. Resultados: Os tipos penais evidenciados na análise foram: abandono de incapaz; apropriação indébita; importunação sexual; estelionato; exercício ilegal de profissão; exercício ilegal da medicina; falsidade ideológica; extravio, sonegação ou inutilização de livro ou documento; falsificação de documento; falsificação, corrupção, adulteração ou alteração de produto destinado a fins terapêuticos ou medicinais; furto; homicídio; lesão corporal; maus tratos; peculato; tráfico de entorpecentes; uso de documento falso e vilipêndio a cadáver. Dos depoimentos emergiram sete categorias temáticas: Arrependimento Posterior; Percepção do ato ilícito; Fatores relacionados às condições de trabalho; Fatores Psicológicos e/ou sociais; Fatores Financeiros; Inobservância da responsabilidade e Dualidade. Conclusão: Os resultados do estudo foram de suma importância para identificar as ocorrências envolvendo tipos penais e com isso, a necessidade de se aprofundar a discussão sobre os problemas éticos na prática cotidiana do trabalho em enfermagem. Nessa perspectiva, o estudo denota a necessidade de se investir em melhores condições de trabalho e na formação qualificada dos profissionais de enfermagem no seu cotidiano, valorizando-os e incentivando-os à prática ética e humanizada do outro e de si.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar tipos penales en el ejercicio de la enfermería y la existencia de factores relacionados con la conducta profesional en los casos éticos que incluyen tipos penales a partir del análisis de declaraciones en procesos éticos juzgados en el Consejo Regional de Enfermería de São Paulo (Coren/SP). Métodos: Estudio exploratorio y descriptivo, de enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo en procesos éticos que contienen ilícitos éticos considerados tipos penales. Los datos se recolectaron de los procesos ético-profesionales de enfermería juzgados por el Coren/SP en 2012 y 2013. Resultados: Los tipos penales encontrados en el análisis fueron: abandono de incapaz; apropiación indebida; hostigamiento sexual; estafa; ejercicio ilegal de la profesión; ejercicio ilegal de la medicina; falsedad ideológica; pérdida, apropiación o inutilización de libro o documento; falsificación de documento; falsificación, corrupción, adulteración o modificación de producto destinado a fines terapéuticos o medicinales; hurto; homicidio; lesión corporal; malos tratos; malversación; tráfico de estupefacientes; uso de documento falso y profanación de cadáver. De las declaraciones surgieron siete categorías temáticas: Arrepentimiento posterior; Percepción del acto ilícito; Factores relacionados con las condiciones de trabajo; Factores psicológicos o sociales; Factores financieros; Incumplimiento de responsabilidad y Dualidad. Conclusión: Los resultados del estudio fueron de suma importancia para identificar los casos que incluyen tipos penales y, por lo tanto, también lo es la necesidad de profundizar la discusión sobre problemas éticos en la práctica cotidiana del trabajo de enfermería. Bajo esta perspectiva, el estudio denota la necesidad de invertir en mejores condiciones de trabajo y en la formación calificada de los profesionales de enfermería en su cotidianidad, además de valorizarlos e incentivarlos a una práctica ética y humanizada del otro y de sí mismo.

Abstract Objective: To identify criminal acts in nursing practice and the existence of factors related to professional behavior in ethical issues involving crime, based on the analysis of testimonies contained in ethical lawsuits judged by the Regional Nursing Council of São Paulo (Coren/SP). Method: Exploratory descriptive study with a quantitative and qualitative approach, analyzing ethical lawsuits containing ethical illicit acts considered criminal acts. Data were collected in the ethical-professional nursing lawsuits judged by Coren/SP in 2012 and 2013. Results: The criminal acts evidenced in the analysis were: abandonment of disabled person; embezzlement; sexual abuse; swindling; criminal impersonation; illegal practice of medicine; identity fraud; loss, fraud or destruction of a book or document; forgery of document; counterfeiting, contamination, adulteration or alteration of product intended for therapeutic or medicinal purposes; theft; bodily injury; maltreatment; peculation; drug trafficking; use of false document and abuse of corpse. The testimonies gave rise to seven thematic categories: Repentance for the past; Perception of the illegal act; Factors related to working conditions; Psychological and/or social factors; Financial factors; Non-admission of liability; with responsibility and Duality between perception and fact. Conclusion: The results of the study were extremely important to identify the occurrences involving criminal acts and demonstrate the need to broaden the discussion on ethical issues in daily nursing practice. In this perspective, the study demonstrates the need to invest in better working conditions and quality training for nursing professionals in their daily lives, valuing them and encouraging them to have an ethical and humane practice towards the other and themselves.