Normative anthropometry and proportions of the Kenyan-African face and comparative anthropometry in relation to African Americans and North American Whites / 대한악안면성형재건외과학회지

BACKGROUND: There is no normative craniofacial anthropometric data for the Kenyan-African population. The purpose of this investigation was to determine normative anthropometric craniofacial measurements and proportional relationships for Kenyans of African descent and to compare the data with African Americans (AA), North American Whites (NAW), and neoclassical canons. METHODS: Twenty-five direct facial anthropometric measurements, and 4 angular measurements, were taken on 72 Kenyan-African participants (age range 18–30 years) recruited at the University of Nairobi in Kenya. The data were compared with AA and NAW populations, and neoclassical canons. Descriptive statistics of the variables were computed for the study population. RESULTS: Significant differences between both Kenyan males and females were detected in forehead height (~ 5 mm greater for males, ~ 4.5 mm for females), nasal height (reduced by ~ 4 mm in males, ~ 3 mm in females), nasal width (8–9 mm greater), upper lip height (> 3 mm), and eye width (greater by ~ 3 mm) compared to NAW subjects. All vertical measurements obtained were significantly different compared with NAW. Differences were observed in comparison with AA subjects, but less marked. Mouth width was similar in all groups. Angular measurements were variable. Neoclassical canons did not apply to the Kenyan population. CONCLUSIONS: Anthropometric measurements of NAW showed clear differences when compared with the Kenyan population, and variations exist with comparative AA data. The anthropometric data in terms of linear measurements, angular measurements, and proportional values described may serve as a database for facial analysis in the Kenyan-African population.

Valores humanos, comportamentos antissociais e delitivos: evidências de um modelo explicativo / Human values, antisocial and criminal behavior: evidences for an explanatory model / Valores humanos, comportamiento antisocial y criminal: evidencias para un modelo explicativo

O presente artigo objetivou verificar em que medida os valores humanos predizem os comportamentos antissociais e estes, por sua vez, predizem os delitivos. Para tanto, contou-se com a participação de 207 universitários, com idades variando de 19 a 46 anos (M = 22,6; DP = 3,65). Os resultados indicaram que os valores das subfunções experimentação (+) e normativa (-) predisseram os comportamentos antissociais, e estes, as condutas delitivas. Tal modelo testado apresentou indicadores de ajuste adequados (χ²/g.l = 1,48, GFI = 0,99, TLI = 0,96, CFI = 0,98, RMSEA = 0,048). Os resultados indicam a importância dos valores na predição de condutas desviantes, sendo importante, sobretudo, a promoção de valores normativos, pois estes vêm se mostrando, consistentemente, como fatores de proteção para o envolvimento em comportamentos desviantes.

This article aimed to verify the extent to which human values predict the antisocial behaviors and these, in turn, predict the criminal behavior. Participants were 207 undergraduated students, with ages ranging from 19 to 46 years (M = 22.6, SD = 3.65). The results indicated that values of the subfunction excitement (+) and normative (-) predicted the antisocial behaviors, and these, criminal behaviors. This tested model showed adequate fit indicators (χ²/g.l = 1.48, GFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.96, CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.048). The results indicate the importance of values in the prediction of deviant behavior, it is important, especially, the promotion of normative values, as these has proven consistently as protective factors for involvement in deviant behavior.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo verificar el grado en que los valores humanos a predecir las conductas antisociales y éstos, a su vez, predicen los delictivos. Esta involucrado con la participación de 207 alumnos, con edades entre 19 a 46 años (M = 22,6, SD = 3,65). Los resultados indicaron que los valores sub ensayo (+) y normativos (-) predijo las conductas antisociales, y estos, conductas delictivas. Este modelo probado mostró indicadores de ajuste adecuados (c² / gl = 1,48, GFI = 0,99, TLI = 0,96, CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0,048). Los resultados indican la importancia de los valores en la predicción de la conducta desviada, es importante, sobre todo, la promoción de los valores normativos, ya que ha demostrado consistentemente como factores de protección para la participación en la conducta desviada.

Normative Values of Physical Examinations Commonly Used for Cerebral Palsy

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to establish normative values and to identify age-related change in physical examinations that are commonly used while evaluating patients with cerebral palsy (CP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred four healthy volunteers (mean age 36 years, standard deviation 15 years) were enrolled and divided into four age groups: 13−20, 21−35, 36−50, and 51 years and older. The eighteen physical examination tests for CP were selected by five orthopedic surgeons in consensus-building session. The measurements were taken by three orthopedic surgeons. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the measures of physical examination among all the age groups, except for the Staheli test (p=0.002). The post hoc test revealed that the mean hip extension was 2.7° higher in the 13−20-year-old group than in the other age groups. The bilateral popliteal angle had a tendency to increase in those over 36-years-old. There were 31 participants (30%) with a unilateral popliteal angle greater than 40°. CONCLUSION: We documented normative values that can be widely used for evaluating CP in patients 13 years and older.

Electrofisiología de la visión: generalización de estudios normativos en individuos sanos / Electrophysiology of vision and generalization of normative studies in healthy individuals

Objetivo: obtener valores normativos de electrorretinograma estándar y con patrón, así como potenciales evocados visuales con patrón y con luz difusa, en un grupo de individuos sanos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo y descriptivo en sujetos sanos que acudieron al Servicio de Neuroftalmología del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer, en un período de seis meses. Fueron incluidos 60 ojos de adultos entre 20-40 años de uno y otro sexos, con examen físico oftalmológico normal. Resultados: los valores medios de amplitud y latencia al pico o tiempo implícito de P50 para el electrorretinograma a patrón fueron de 1,75 microvoltios y 53,7 milisegundos. El electrorretinograma estándar mostró valores de amplitud de la onda b de 300, 550 y 290 microvoltios para las respuestas escotópica, mesópica y fotópica respectivamente. La latencia al pico de la onda P100 en los potenciales evocados visuales con patrón a 60 y 20 minutos de arco fue de 107 y 110 ms, y en la respuesta a luz difusa el valor de P2 fue de 110 ms con una diferencia interocular inferior a los 5 ms en ambos estudios. Conclusiones: los estudios electrofisiológicos propuestos muestran valores de normalidad y de utilidad en la evaluación de resultados patológicos indicativos de afectación funcional visual a diferentes niveles, y constituyen una herramienta válida, como referencia al resto de los laboratorios de electrofisiología visual de los centros oftalmológicos del país(AU)

Objective: to obtain normative data of standard and pattern electroretinography as well as pattern and diffuse light visual evoked potentials from a group of healthy individuals. Methods: a prospective and descriptive study conducted in healthy subjects who were seen at the neurophthalmology service in Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology in a six-month period. Sixty eyes of adults aged 20-40 years of both sexes with normal ophthalmologic physical examination results were included. Results: mean values of amplitude and latency at the wave peak of P50 for the pattern electroretinogram were 1,75 microvolts and 53,7 ms. The standard electroretinogram showed b-wave amplitude values of 300, 550 and 290 microvolts for scotopic, mesopic and photopic responses, respectively. The latency of the P100 wave peak in pattern visual evoked potentials at 60 and 20 minutes of arc were 107 and 110 ms and at the diffuse light response, P-2 value was 110 ms with interocular difference lower than 5 ms in both studies. Conclusions: the suggested electrophysiological studies show normal useful values in the evaluation of pathological findings indicative of visual functional impairment at different levels and they may serve as a valid tool of reference for the rest of visual electrophysiology laboratories located in the ophthalmological centers nationwide(AU)

Grip and quadriceps strength: Normative values in the Thai population.

A study of grip strength of the dominant hand and quadriceps strength in the Thai population was carried out. Seven hundred and forty four healthy volunteers, 265 males and 479 females with a mean age of 44 ฑ 13 years old, were evaluated by using a hand dynamometer and a leg dynamometer. The mean grip strength of males was 45.2 ฑ 8.2 kg, significantly greater than of females which was 28.5 ฑ 5.6 kg. The mean quadriceps strength of males was 25.4 ฑ 4.4 kg was also significantly greater than of females which was 16.9 ฑ 4.2 kg. The elderly population had significantly decreased grip strength which was 39.9 ฑ 6.4 kg for males and 23.8 ฑ 5.2 kg for females and likewise had significantly decreased quadriceps strength which was 22.2 ฑ 4.4 kg for males and 15.0 ฑ 3.5 kg for females. In a stepwise linear regression, grip strength was positively correlated with sex, quadriceps strength and height but negatively correlated with age. Whereas quadriceps strength was positively correlated with grip strength, height, body mass index, sex and absence of knee pain but negatively correlated with age. These normal values will be beneficial in helping to determine early neuromuscular impairment affecting hand function and mobility as well as in therapeutic goal setting for training in rehabilitation.

Prediction Equations of Pulmonary Function Parameters Derived from the Forced Expiratory Spirogram for Healthy Adults over 50 years old in rural area / 결핵

BACKGROUND: The studies on prediction equations of pulmonary function parameters for adults in Korea have been performed in a reference population mainly consisted of young and middle ages. So they included a relatively few elderly who conducted pulmonary function test frequently in clinic. We established prediction equations of pulmonary function parameters for healthy adults over 50 years old in rural area and compared this results with those of other studies. Therefore we attempted to consider normative values of pulmonary function tests for elderly in Korea. METHOD: Five hundred thirty-three women and men over 50 years old in rural area were participated. A "healthy" subgroup of 110 women and 32 men were identified by excluding those who had conditions that negatively influenced pulmonary function. We derived prediction equations for FVC, FEV1, and FEV1% by multiple linear regression method from their age, heights and weights in each sex. RESULTS: Prediction equations for FVC and FEV1 in each sex were derived as follows Male; FVC (L) = 0.02488Height(cm) - 0.0269Age(years) + 0.493 FEV1(L) = 0.01874Weight(kg) - 0.0282Age(years) + 2.906 Female; FVC(L) = 0.02160Height(cm) - 0.0192Age(years) - 0.0125 FEV1 (L) = 0.01720Height(cm) - 0.0194Age(years) + 0.3890 Prediction equations for FEV1 % were not derived because FEV1 % didn't have statistically significant terms. Comparing Predicted values that were calculated by substitution into the equations of various studies of mean values of age, heights and weights from this study, FVC and FEV1 values in men of this study were lower than those of other studies. In women, FVC and VEV1 values of this study were as similar as or lower than those of the study conducted for healthy elderly blacks in U.S.A respectively. CONCLUSION: We have got prediction equations of pulmonary function parameters which were driven from forced expiratory spirogram in adults over 50 years old in rural area. Predicted values of this study were lower than those of other studies which were conducted in Korea. So we consider that the study for spirometry reference values for elderly Korean using the method compatible with ATS recommendation need to be conducted more frequently forward.