ABSTRACT
Background “Coronary slow flow’’ (CSF) is delayed vessel opacification in the absence of epicardial stenosis. Studies in different ethnic groups have found variable risk factors associated with CSF. Aim of present study was to analyze the risk factors and angiographic profile of CSF in North Indian population, not studied till date. Methods 40 patients with CSF and 40 controls were studied. CSF was determined quantitatively by thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame count method. Various clinical risk factors (age, sex, body mass Index (BMI), diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking), hematological and biochemical parameters (hematocrit, platelet count, uric acid, homocysteine, fibrinogen, high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were assessed. Results Of the 40 patients with CSF, 37 (92.5%) were males. While 20 patients (50%) presented with chronic stable angina, rest 20 (50%) presented with acute coronary syndrome. [15 (37.5%) with unstable angina and 5 (12.5%) with non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)]. Patients with CSF had significantly higher BMI (27.27 ± 2.82 vs. 24.12 ± 2.35, p < 0.001), fibrinogen levels (398.48 ± 120.96 vs. 331.55 ± 162.6, p = 0.04) and smoking (24(60.0%) vs 14(35.0%), p = 0.02). On multivariable regression analysis, only BMI was found to have an independent association with CSF (odds ratio 1.613, 95% confidence interval 1.265–2.057, p < 0.001). Conclusion This is the first study to analyze clinical presentation, angiographic profile and risk factors associated with CSF in North Indian population. In this study, we found only BMI to have an independent association with CSF.
ABSTRACT
Background: The gene encoding eNOS is located on chromosome 7q36, a genetic region previously linked to metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular and renal diseases. Generally, in diabetes there are numerous genes involved, each being a small contributor in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) manifestation. A 27 bp variable number of tandem repeat (27 bp VNTR a/b) in intron 4 of enos gene has gained attention and this polymorphism may affect the expresssion of eNOS. We studied the association of eNOS-27 bp VNTR with T2DM in north indian population. Material and methods: Blood samples were collected in 0.5 M EDTA from 200 T2DM patients and 210 age/sex matched healthy controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using the salting out method. The 27-VNTR polymorphism was determined by standard PCR amplification using forward and reverse primers 5'-AGGCCCTATGGTAGTGCCTTT-3’ and 5'-TCTCTTAGTGCTGTGGTCAC-3’ respectively. The genotypes were determined by analyzing the amplified products on 2% agarose gels. Genotypic and allelic frequencies were calculated by SPSS (version 15.0). Results: Clinical and biochemical profiles of healthy controls and T2DM cases as well as gender wise comparisons showed significant association in certain parameters (p<0.001). Five different alleles (I, II, IV, V and VI) were found in the study population. The genotypic frequency was significantly associated with T2DM (P <0.001). Conclusion: A significant role of allele ‘I’ in T2DM susceptibility was an interesting observation. Therefore, The 27 bp VNTR in eNOS gene polymorphism can be used as a probable marker in determining susceptibility to T2DM in north Indian population.
ABSTRACT
Background: Portal vein size is a diagnostic index useful in measuring portal hypertension which is found in many disease conditions including cirrhosis where it occurs in > 60% of cases. Aims: The aim of this work is to determine the normal portal vein diameter in adult North Indian population. There is paucity of work describing the portal vein diameter in this population. Method: In this work we used a 2 D ultrasound- a non invasive method to assess the portal vein size in 400 adults aged 20-80 years of both sexes(146 males & 254 females). Results: The mean diameter of normal portal vein in the male subjects was 10.33 mm ± 1.004 & in female 9.41 mm ± 1.16. Conclusion: The portal vein diameter obtained in this work is comparable to that found in Caucasians. This information can be useful in diagnosing and treating portal hypertension in a variety of clinical situations.