ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the trend of notified incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in China at different periods by population and region and to explore the effect of TB prevention and control in recent years.@*METHODS@#Using pooled data on TB cases reported by the TB Information Management Reporting System (TBIMS) from 2005 to 2020, we calculated the annual percentage change (APC) using the Joinpoint regression model.@*RESULTS@#From 2005 to 2020, a total of 16.2 million cases of PTB were reported in China, with an average notified incidence of 75.5 per 100,000 population. The age standardization rate (ASR) continued to decline from 116.9 (/100,000) in 2005 to 47.6 (/100,000) in 2020, with an average annual decrease of 5.6% [APC = -5.6, 95% confidence interval ( CI): -7.0 to -4.2]. The smallest decline occurred in 2011-2018 (APC = -3.4, 95% CI: -4.6 to -2.3) and the largest decrease in 2018-2020 (APC = -9.2, 95% CI: -16.4 to -1.3). From 2005 to 2020, the ASR in males (159.8 per 100,000 in 2005, 72.0 per 100,000 in 2020) was higher than that in females (62.2 per 100,000 in 2005, 32.3 per 100,000 in 2020), with an average annual decline of 6.0% for male and 4.9% for female. The average notified incidence was the highest among older adults (65 years and over) (182.3/100,000), with an average annual decline of 6.4%; children (0-14 years) were the lowest (4.8/100,000), with an average annual decline of 7.3%, but a significant increase of 3.3% between 2014 and 2020 (APC = 3.3, 95% CI: 1.4 to 5.2); middle-aged (35-64 years) decreased by 5.8%; and youth (15-34 years) decreased by an average annual rate of 4.2%. The average ASR in rural areas (81.3/100,000) is higher than that in urban areas (76.1/100,000). The average annual decline in rural areas was 4.5% and 6.3% in urban areas. South China had the highest average ASR (103.2/100,000), with an average annual decline of 5.9%, while North China had the lowest (56.5/100,000), with an average annual decline of 5.9%. The average ASR in the southwest was 95.3 (/100,000), with the smallest annual decline (APC = -4.5, 95% CI: -5.5 to -3.5); the average ASR in the Northwest China was 100.1 (/100,000), with the largest annual decline (APC = -6.4, 95% CI: -10.0 to -2.7); Central, Northeastern, and Eastern China declined by an average of 5.2%, 6.2%, and 6.1% per year, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#From 2005 to 2020, the notified incidence of PTB in China continued to decline, falling by 55%. For high-risk groups such as males, older adults, high-burden areas in South, Southwest, and Northwest China, and rural regions, proactive screening should be strengthened to provide timely and effective anti-TB treatment and patient management services for confirmed cases. There is also a necessity to be vigilant about the upward trend of children in recent years, the specific reasons for which need to be further studied.
Subject(s)
Child , Middle Aged , Adolescent , Humans , Female , Male , Aged , Incidence , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology , China/epidemiology , Population GroupsABSTRACT
Objective To study the change of unsafe sexual behaviors and its determinants in HIV-positive persons after being notified as HIV seropositive.Methods Questionnaires were employed in HIV-positive persons whose testing results being notified over 1 year in Changsha and Hengyang between March 2013 and July 2013.Results Interview was carried out on 268 HIV-positive persons who reported having considerable variability in unsafe sexual behaviors.The incidence of unsafe sexual behaviors declined from 98.8％ to 12.7％ after being notified as HIV seropositive.Risk factors related to unsafe sexual behaviors after the notification would include gender (men OR=0.443,95％CI:0.209-0.937) and living with sexual partner (OR=2.549,95％CI:1.053-6.174).Conclusion Notification regarding one's HIV seropositivity could considerably reduce the incidence of unsafe sexual behaviors in HIV-positive persons,however,women and those who were living with sexual partners seemed likely to keep practicing unsafe sexual behavior,thereafter.
ABSTRACT
A pesar de que la terapia electroconvulsivante ha sido utilizada ampliamente en el mundo, y de que se ha comprobado su eficacia en determinados trastornos mentales, continúa siendo un tratamiento grandemente cuestionado e incluso rechazado por parte de la población, sobre todo por los propios tributarios del tratamiento. En la búsqueda del comportamiento del empleo de dicha técnica en el Hospital Psiquiátrico Provincial Universitario "Cdte. René Vallejo Ortiz" de Camagüey, se realizó un estudio retrospectivo cuanti-cualitativo en el que se revisaron los registros de series cronológicas del uso de TEC desde el año 2000 hasta el 2007, recogiéndose los aplicados con anestésicos o no. Además se revisaron las hojas de cargo diarias del departamento de TEC durante el año 2007, para obtener las patologías más frecuentemente tratadas con esta técnica, y se obtuvo el criterio de expertos para ponderar dicha terapia. Se apreció un uso racional del TEC, mayormente aplicado con anestésico, y una tendencia a disminuir su indicación en los últimos dos años. En el 2007 se utilizó sobre todo en patologías tales como la esquizofrenia y el trastorno bipolar. La totalidad de los expertos expresó estar a favor de su uso.
Although electroshock therapy (EST) has been widely used all over the world and its effectiveness in specific mental disorders has been proved, it is still greatly questioned and even rejected by population, especially by those who are subject to treatment. A quantitative qualitative retrospective study has been carried out to do research into the behavior of its use at "Comandante René Vallejo Ortiz" Provincial Psychiatric Hospital. Chronological EST records from 2000 to 2007 have been surveyed and therapies with or without anesthesia included have been counted. Daily records of the EST Department have been as well looked through to know the mostly treated pathologies and the opinion of specialists has been taken into account to recommend it. There has been assessed a rational use of EST mostly applied under anesthesia and a tendency to decrease its application for the past two years. In 2007, it was mainly used with pathologies such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. All the specialists are in favor of its use.