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Background: A Nutrient Foramen [NF] or vascular channel is a small tunnel in cortex of long bones which is apathway for the entry of nutrient artery. Nutrient artery has pivotal contribution of blood supply to long bonesand plays a major role in Orthopaedic Surgical procedures like bone transplantation, bone grafting thus avoidingavascular necrosis of fractured bonesAims: To determine morphological parameters (variation in number, location, direction) and morphometricparameters (variation in size and foraminal index [FI] ) of nutrient foramina in Humeri.Materials and methods: Present study was conducted on a total of 80 dried human adult Humeri of either sexesor sides which were obtained from fellow students and Department of Anatomy of ESIC medical college &PGIMSR, Bangalore. Infantometer was used to calculate length of humeri, hand held lens was used to detectnutrient foramen under adequate illumination. Hypodermic needles [18G to 26G, where G is gauge], were used tomeasure the size of NF. Foraminal index was also calculated.Results: In our study mean length of humerus was 29.95cm.FI ranged from 39.34 -81.02.Majority (62.50%) ofhumeri have one NF, (28.75%) have two NF,(7.5%) with three nutrient foramina and (1.25%) had no NF. Majority ofNF (43.43%) were present on antero-medial surface, (37.37%) on medial border, (14.14%) on posterior surface,(2.02%) on both anterolateral surface and anterior border, 1.01% in lateral border. (90.09%) of NF were locatedin Zone II (middle third), (8.08%) in Zone III (lower third) and (1.01%) in zone I (Upper third). Majority (41.41%)were of large gauge, (34.34%) of medium gauge and (24.24%) of small gauge. All NF directed towards distal endof humerus.Conclusion: For healing of fractures, blood supply plays a vital role. Awareness about variations in NF isimportant because damage to nutrient artery due to any cause like trauma, road traffic accidents will causeinadequate blood supply .Thus vascular and bone transplant surgeons can reconstruct damaged artery andavoid ischemia of graft during open reduction procedures and transplant surgeries.
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Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the variations in diaphyseal nutrient foramen(NF) of femur with respect to theirnumber, location, direction and size in Jharkhand state population.Materials and Methods: 70 dry adult femora(38 Right side and 32 Left side) were collected from the department of Anatomy,Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand. Femora were examined for mean length of femur, number,position including foraminal index, direction and size of nutrient foramina.Result:- Mean length of femur was 42.27cm. According to Foraminal Index the location of nutrient foramina were 72.34% inright side and 86.84% were located in left side in middle 1/3 of bone. Most common position was between two lips of Lineaaspera(42.35%). Single nutrient foramen was 64.70%.Conclusion:- The knowledge of anatomical variation in diaphyseal nutrient foramen of femur is important for bone ossification,bonehealing and it also give additional information to orthopedicians for microvascular bone grafting.
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Background: The femur is supplied princially by the diaphyseal nutrient artery which enters the bone throught the nutrient foramen. This supply is essential during the growing period, the early phases of ossification, and in different surgical procedures. The aim of present study was to examine the morphology and topography of the femur nutrient foramen to provide detalied data on such features.Methods: This was a cross-sectional-descriptive study in which we observed 50 femurs. We analysed the number and location of nutrient foramina, the length of the bone, the position of the nutrient foramen regarding to values of FI, correlation between number of nutrient foramen and length of femur, correlation between position of nutrient foramen and side of extremity to which femur belongs.Results: The double foramina were common in right (57.1%) and left (42.1%) femur, mostly located in medial lip of aspera line in right (64.3%) and on the lateral lip in left femur (68.4%), with statistically significant correlation, χ = 4.85; p = 0.03, p <0.05. The foramina in left (89.5%) and right (96.4%) femur were commonly observed at their middle third, with no statistically significant correlation between position of foramen accordingly to Foraminal Index value and side of extremity on which femur belongs (p=0.56; p>0.05). There is positive correlation between length of right and left femur and number of foramina.Conclusions: The study provides data of the nutrient foramina on femur, which is helpful for clinicians to help preserve bone vascularization during surgery.
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Background: Nutrient foramen is an opening over which the nutrient artery enters and supplies the shaft of thelong bones. The nutrient foramen usually lies near the soleal line and transmits a branch of the posterior tibialartery. The posterior tibial artery is a branch from the popliteal artery. The nutrient vessel may also arise at thelevel of the popliteal bifurcation or as a branch from the anterior tibial artery.Methods: The present study was conducted on 200 dry human tibia bones of unknown sex and age. The tibiabones were observed for nutrient foramen macroscopically.Results: In our study the right sided 7 tibia bones and 6 left sided tibia bones have double nutrient foramen. Theposition of the nutrient foramen in the upper 1/3rd is observed in 77.47% tibia and in the middle 1/3rd in 17.84%of the tibia.The direction of the nutrient foramen is downwards in all the tibia bonesConclusions: The tibia is the most commonly fractured long bone and contributes significantly to the fracturecare worldwide. Fracture of the tibia through the nutrient canal disrupts the blood flow in the nutrient artery,thus contributing delayed union and non-union of the bone. Knowledge of the blood supply and location ofnutrient foramen is important in the treatment and planning of surgery in fractures.
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Introduction: The nutrient foramen is defined as the largest foramen present on the shaft of long bones allowingnutrient artery to enter the bone, the role of which is important in providing nutrition and growth of long bones.Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 80 dry femur bones of unknown age and sex, whichwere obtained from Department of Anatomy, GMC Jammu. Adult femur bones were examined for number andposition of nutrient foramen.Result: Out of 42 right sided femur bones, 4 (9.52%) had two nutrient foramina and 38 (90.47) had one nutrientforamen. Out of 38 left sided femur bones evaluated, only 1 (2.63%) had two nutrient foramina and 37 (97.36%)had single nutrient foramen. In 42 right femur bones, 28 nutrient foramina were present in upper one-thirdportion, 17 nutrient foramina were present in middle one-third and 1 nutrient foramen was present in lower onethird portion of femur bone. In 38 left femur bones, 24 nutrient foramina were present in upper one-third portion,14 nutrient foramina in middle one-third and 1 nutrient foramen in lower one-third portion of femur.Conclusion: Knowledge of nutrient foramen number and position is of great importance for orthopedicians,radiologists, plastic surgeons and vascular surgeons for avoiding any damage to the nutrient vessels duringsurgical procedures.
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Background: Nutrient foramen is an opening into shaft of humerus which gives passage to the blood vessels ofmedullary cavity. The knowledge of nutrient foramen is important in surgical procedures like bone grafting andmore recently in microsurgical vascularized bone transplantation. Lack of an adequate vascular supply cansignificantly delay or prevent fracture healing. Nutrient artery is the major source of blood supply to the longbone and hence plays an important role in fracture healing.Objective: The nutrient foramens obey the rule of ossification, that is directed away from the growing end of thebone or not.Materials and Methods: The present study consisted of 68 (34 right and 34 left) dried humeurus excluding anyfracture or pathological abnormalities. Number and direction of nutrient foramen was observed in each humerus.Location of nutrient foramen in relation with surfaces and zones of humeurus was determined.Result: It has been observed that 94.12% of the humerus had a single nutrient foramen, 6.39% double foramen,all humerus have nutrient foramina. It was concluded that the majority (73.61%) of the nutrient foramina werepresent on the antero-medial surface, 8.33% on the anterolateral surface and 8.33% on the posterior surface ofthe shaft of humerus and 8.33% of nutrient foramina present on anterior border. It was also concluded that most(86.11%) of the foramina present in the zone II followed by zone I (8.33%) then by zone III (5.56%). All foraminawere directed toward the lower end of humerus.Conclusion: By knowing the number and location of the nutrient foramina in humerus would be useful in preventingintra-operative injury of nutrient artery during orthopedic, plastic and reconstructive surgery and will also berelevant in medico legal practice.
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Introduction: Knowledge of position of nutrient foramina of long bones can be useful in certain surgical procedures. Bone ossification, growth and healing depend on its vascularity. Nutrient artery is the main source of blood supply of bone along with periosteal arteries. The topographical knowledge of these foramina is useful in certain operative procedures, in orthopedics as well as in plastic and reconstructive surgeries.AIM: The present study aims to determine the number and position of nutrient foramen of tibia and fibula and to observe direction and obliquity of nutrient foramina. Subjects and Methods: 100 adult dry bones including 50 tibia and 50 fibula were studied. Nutrient foramina were identified with naked eyes. The obliquity was determined with hypodermic needle. The nutrient foramina location was determined by dividing total bone into segments, the locations were validated by calculating foraminal index. Results: It has been observed that 98% (49) tibia has single nutrient foramina, double nutrient foramiana present in 2%of tibia. Most of the nutrient foramina in tibia are present in upper third i.e 65%(33).Foramina index of tibia is 45.05 with standard deviation of 8.29.In fibula single foramen was observed in 46(92%) and double foramina 2(4) and there is no nutrient foramen in 2(4). In 2 fibulae having double nutrient foramen, proximal foramen was directed downward and distal foramen was directed upwards. In 50%(25) nutrient foramina is present in posterior surface,most of nutrient are in middle third 48(96%).mean foraminal index of fibula is 45.05 with standard deviation of 8.29. Conclusion: Our study has attempted to put together findings from different studies regarding the number and position and obliquity of nutrient foramina of leg bones .The present study will be useful for orthopedic surgeons during procedures like bone grafting and more recently microsurgical vascularised bone transplantation and new graduates to understand the importance of nutrient foramina of long bones.
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Introduction: In long bones including radius, surface opening of nutrient canal is known as nutrient foramen, which transmits nutrient artery to supply cortical bone and medullary cavity. Topographical information about nutrient foramen is very crucial during various orthopedic surgical procedures. Objective: Present study was conducted to study number of nutrient foramina, its location and direction in relation to growing end of bone and to calculate foraminal index of human radius. Subjects and Methods: In present study 63(31 right and 32 left sided) radii bone of unknown age and sex were studied. Only fully intact bone without any disease were included. Surface location and direction of nutrient foramina were recorded. Total length of radius was measured with osteomatric board. Distance of nutrient foramen from proximal end was measured with digital vernier caliper. And foraminal index was calculated. All data was tabulated and analyzed statistically. Results: All radii had single nutrient foramen. Majority (82.54%) of the nutrient foramina were detected on the anterior surface, 14.29% were on posterior surface and only two bone have nutrient foramen on other surface. Zone I contained 30.16% and Zone II contained 66.67% and Zone III contained 3.17% foramina. Direction of all foramina were towards upper end of radius except two bones. Conclusion: Almost all the results coincided with previous studies from different geographical regions. Thorough knowledge of morphology of nutrient foramina is necessary for preserving circulation. Because it is very crucial in bone grafting, fracture healing, joint replacement therapy and vascularized bone micro surgeries.
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Background: The major blood supply of long bone is from the nutrient arteries, these nutrient arteries enter thebone through a foramen called nutrient foramen. This is an opening into the shaft of a bone. Nutrient foramengives passage to the blood vessels of the bone. The nutrient foramen has a particular position for every bone andthe direction of foramen is away from growing end of bone.Objective: The aim of the present study was to study the anatomy and morphology of the nutrient foramina inhuman lower limb long bones.Materials and Method: The study was performed on 120 lower limb long bones which included 40 femur, 40 tibiaand 40 fibula. The bones were obtained from department of anatomy, R.K.D.F Medical college hospital & researchcentre and R.K.D.F Dental college & hospital Bhopal.Results: The variations were found in number and position of nutrient foramen in different lower limb longbones. Double and triple foramina were observed in femur. In few lower limb long bones nutrient foramen wasabsent.Conclusion: The knowledge of these foramina is useful in orthopaedics certain operative procedures as well asin plastic and reconstructive surgery, to avoid harm to the nutrient artery.
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Background: Nutrient foramen is an opening into shaft of Ulna which gives passage to the blood vessels ofmedullary cavity. The knowledge of nutrient foramen is important in surgical procedures like bone grafting andmore recently in microsurgical vascularized bone transplantation.Objective: To determine the number, location and direction of nutrient foramen and whether the nutrient foramensobey the rule of ossification, that is directed away from the growing end of the bone or not.Method: The present study consisted of 150 (75 right and 75 left) dried ulna bones excluding any fracture orpathological abnormalities Number and direction of nutrient foramen was observed in each ulna. Location ofnutrient foramen in relation with surfaces and zones of ulna was determined.Result: It has been observed that 96.67% of the ulna had a single nutrient foramen, 1.33% double foramen and 2%had no nutrient foramen. It was concluded that 90% of the nutrient foramina were present on the anteriorsurface, 5.33% on anterior border and 4.67% on interosseous border It was also concluded that most (62.67%)of the foramina present in the zone II followed by zone I (23.33%) then by zone III (14%). All foramina weredirected toward the upper end of ulna.Conclusion: By knowing the number and location of the nutrient foramina in ulna would be useful in preventingintra-operative injury of nutrient artery during orthopedic, plastic and reconstructive surgery and will also berelevant in medico legal practice.
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Background: The nutrient foramen of Human ulna bone is on the anterior surface of shaft of ulna almost proximalto the mid point and is directed upwards. Nutrient foramen permits the passage of the branch of anteriorinterosseous artery.Methods: The present study was conducted on 70 dry human ulna bones of unknown sex and age obtained fromGovernment Medical College Jammu. The Ulna bones were observed macroscopically for nutrient foramen.Results: In our study we observed that only 2 bones were without nutrient foramen and two of the bones with twonutrient foramen on right side while one foramen on all the left side. The location of nutrient foramen in right andleft ulna bones was 72% in the middle one third, 18% in upper third and 8% at the junction of upper and middleone third. The position of nutrient foramen was 80% on the anterior surface, 11% on the Interosseous border and7% on the anterior border. All the foramen were directed upwardsConclusion: The study of nutrient foramen is of utmost importance to the forensic experts as in determining thelength of ulna and to the orthopaedicians for deciding different treatment modalities in case of fractures of shaftof ulna so as to prevent non-union or avascular necrosis and also helpful for highly specialised surgicalprocedures like vascularised bone grafting involving microsurgery
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The variation in presence of number of nutrient foramen is important in long bones as nutrient foramen gives passage for entrance of nutrient arteries in to the bone. The present study was conducted on total 114 dry human long bones in department of anatomy, Era's lucknow medical college, lucknow. . The aim of the study was to determine the number of nutrient foramen in long bones of upper limb. Ethical approval was procured from the institutional ethical committee. In our study 97.40% humerus bones show single nutrient foramen, and 2.60% humerus bones show double NF, and all the radius and ulna show the single NF. The results of our study is similar with previous studies. The importance of knowledge about NF is very use full in orthopedic surgeries and in micro vascular bone grafting.
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We present images of an 83-year-old female with a history of osteoporosis and bilateral total knee replacement arthroplasty, referred for bone scintigraphy and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT), owing to left knee pain. No trauma to, or intense exercise of, the kneewas reported. The bone scan and SPECT/CT revealed a focally increased Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate (MDP) uptake in the medial cortex of the left femoral diaphysis with matched linear radiolucency on CT images. This was misinterpreted as atypical femoral stress fracture; however, focal stress reaction injury to the nutrient foramen was confirmed on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.
Subject(s)
Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Arthroplasty , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee , Diaphyses , Fractures, Stress , Knee , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Osteoporosis , Radionuclide Imaging , Technetium Tc 99m Medronate , Tomography, Emission-Computed , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-PhotonABSTRACT
Recent studies have regarded the fibula flap as the benchmark for the reconstruction and treatment of compound wounds and lesions. Owing to its postero-lateral location within the leg, the application of the fibula flap is deemed aesthetically advantageous as the donor scar can be easily hidden. Since the fibula is anatomically characterized by a shaft and two extremities, this study aimed to investigate the nutrient foramen morphology and the relative fibular osteometry. Osteometric and morphological evaluation of 104 dry human fibulae, representing male and female individuals of the Black and Caucasian population groups that are native to South Africa, were conducted (Age range: 15 81 years old). The presence of single, double and six nutrient foramina were noted. A total of fifteen different locations of the nutrient foramen relative to the fibular surfaces, margins and component parts were identified. In addition to several other osteometric parameters, the mean fibular length (mm) and diameter of the nutrient foramina (mm) were [(male: 374.85±2.01; female: 345.49±1.86) (Black: 363.60±2.38; Caucasian: 380.42±3.01)] and [(male: 1.00±0.34; female: 0.96±0.42) (Black: 0.98±0.37; Caucasian: 1.11±0.27)], respectively. In light of the lack of osteometric data regarding destabilization and subsequent reconstruction of the talocrural joint, the relative sides and angles of the irregular triangular talar facet were quantified. Due to the correlation of the respective fibular parameters with age, sex and races, the focus of this study was extensive in comparison to previous studies. The recorded statistically significant differences for age, sex and race may suggest a South African standardization of those demographic factors with the relevant fibular parameters. Furthermore, the location of nutrient foramina within the fibular shaft may assist with the mapping and development of simple classification schemes for the harvesting of fibular grafts.
A partir de estudios recientes se ha considerado al colgajo de fíbula como punto de referencia para la reconstrucción y el tratamiento de lesiones y heridas compuestas. Debido a su ubicación postero-lateral en la pierna, la aplicación del colgajo de fíbula se considera estéticamente ventajoso ya que la cicatriz del sector donante puede ser disimulada fácilmente. Anatómicamente, en la fíbula se puede reconocer una diáfisis y dos extremos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la morfología del foramen nutricio y la osteometría relativa de la fíbula. Se realizó una evaluación osteométrica y morfológica de 104 fíbulas humanas secas, pertenecientes a hombres y mujeres de grupos de población de raza negra y caucásica, nativos de Sudáfrica (rango de edad: 15-81 años). Se observó la presencia de forámenes nutricios individuales, dobles y en número de seis. Se identificaron un total de 15 sitios diferentes de ubicación del foramen nutricio en relación con las superficies, márgenes y demás componentes de la fíbula. Otros parámetros osteométricos como longitud media de la fíbula (mm) fueron: 374,85±2,01 en hombres y 345,49±1,86 en mujeres, 363,60±2,38 en Negros y 380,42±3,01 en Caucásicos, y el diámetro de los forámenes nuticios (mm) fueron 1,00±0,34 en hombres y 0,96±0,42 en mujeres, 0,98±0,37 en Negros y 1,11±0,27 en Caucásico, respectivamente. Debido a la falta de datos osteométricos respecto a la desestabilización y la posterior reconstrucción de la articulación talocrural, se cuantificaron los lados relativos y los ángulos de la faceta triangular irregular del talus. Debido a la correlación de los respectivos parámetros de la fíbula con la edad, sexo y razas, el foco de este estudio fue extenso en comparación con los estudios anteriores. Las diferencias estadísticamente significativas para la edad, el sexo y la raza pueden sugerir una estandarización en Sudáfrica de esos factores demográficos con los parámetros pertenecientes a la fíbula. Por otra parte, la ubicación de los forámenes nutricios dentro del eje de la fíbula puede ayudar con la el desarrollo de sistemas de clasificación simples para la recolección de los injertos de fíbula.
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Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anthropometry/methods , Fibula/anatomy & histology , South AfricaABSTRACT
Background: An opening into the bone shaft for passage of blood vessels to the medullary cavity of a bone for its nourishment and growth is called as nutrient foramen. There is always a need for a greater understanding of nutrient foramina in upper limb bones such as the humerus, radius and ulna. So the aim of present study was to record the location, number and direction of nutrient foramina in long bones of the upper limb. Material and methods: A total number of 120 long bones (40 humeri, 40 radii and 40 ulnae) were used for the study. Results: In the results, 66% of the humeri had a single foramen, 18% had double foramina and 26% had no foramen. For the radii, 68% had a single nutrient foramen and 32% had no nutrient foramen 78% of the ulnae had a single nutrient foramen and 22% had no nutrient foramen. All the foramina except one (in the radius) were directed away from the growing end, that is, they were directed towards the elbow Conclusion: Information and details about nutrient foramina is of clinical importance, especially in surgical procedures like bone grafting and bone transplantation.
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Background: The major blood supply to long bone is from the nutrient arteries, which enter through nutrient foramina. Nutrient foramen is an opening into the bone shaft which give passage to the blood vessels of the medullary cavity of a bone The direction of the nutrient foramen of all bones is away from growing end and has a particular position for each bone. Objective: The aim of the present study was to study the topographic anatomy and morphology of the nutrient foramina in human adult lower limb long bones. Material and Method: The study was performed on 150 lower limb long bones which included 50 femora, 50 tibiae and 50 fibulae. The bones were obtained from department of anatomy, Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences, Jalandhar. Results: The variations were found in number and location of nutrient foramen in different lower limb long bones. In femur double and triple foramina were observed. Absence of nutrient foramen was observed in femur and fibula. Conclusion: The topographical knowledge of these foramina is useful in certain operative procedures, in orthopedics as well as in plastic and reconstructive surgery, to avoid damage to the nutrient vessels.
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The tibia is the medial long bone of the leg and is characterized by a shaft and two expanded extremities. Despite the recent advent of tibial bone graft harvesting, the tibia has also been confirmed to be of great forensic significance. As this appears to be the only tibial dry bone study done in Southern Africa, this study aimed to investigate morphological and morphometric parameters that are of clinical and anthropometric importance. Morphological and morphometric examination of 302 adult tibial bone specimens of Black South Africans obtained from the osteological bank of the Discipline of Clinical Anatomy at the University of KwaZulu-Natal was performed. The sample consisted of 168 males and 134 females with an age range of 15 to 87 years old. The number of nutrient foramina were: (a) One (male: 98.2%; female: 99.3%); (b) Double (male: 1.8%; female: 0.7%); Relationship of nutrient foramen to the soleal line: (a) infero-medial (male: 0.6%; female: 1.5%); (b) inferior but directly opposite the middle of the bone (male: 8.2%; female: 2.2%); (c) infero-lateral (male: 81.8%; female: 88.9%); (d) infero-lateral, along interrosseous crest (male: 4.1%; female: 3.0%); (e) supero-medial (male: 4.7%; female: 3.7%); (f) supero-medial, along interrosseous crest (male: 0.6%; female: 0%); (g) supero-lateral (male: 0%; female: 0.7%). Statistically significant differences were recorded in tibial morphometric parameters between males and females. The relationship between the number of nutrient foramina and the soleal line was of statistical significance (p= 0.002). The greater prevalence of a single foramen observed in this study compared favorably with that reported in previous literature. The recognition of the regional distribution of the nutrient foramina may prevent injury during tibial bone graft procedures. A thorough understanding of the tibial anatomy may also assist with the provision of demographic data required in forensic investigation.
La tibia es el hueso largo y medial de la pierna, con un eje y dos extremos expandidos. Además de ser considerado como posible donante de injerto, se ha confirmado su importancia en el ámbito forense. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los parámetros morfológicos, morfométricos y antropométricos de la tibia que son de importancia clínica. Se llevó a cabo un examen morfológico y morfométrico de 302 muestras de tibias perteneciente a negros sudafricanos adultos, obtenidas desde el banco osteológico del Departamento de Anatomía Clínica de la Universidad de KwaZulu-Natal. La muestra estuvo constituída por 168 hombres y 134 mujeres, con un rango etario entre 15 y 87 años. El número de forámenes nutricios fueron los siguientes: (a) Únicos (hombres: 98,2%; mujeres 99,3%); (b) Doble (hombres: 1,8%; mujeres: 0,7%). La relación del foramen nutricio con la línea del sóleo fue: (a) infero-medial (hombres: 0,6%; mujeres: 1,5%); (b) inferior y anterior a la mitad inferior del hueso (hombres: 8,2%; mujeres: 2,2%); (c) infero-lateral (hombres= 81,8%; mujeres= 88,9%); (d) infero-lateral, a lo largo del margen interóseo (hombres: 4,1%; mujeres: 3,0%); (e) supero-medial (hombres: 4,7%; mujeres: 3,7%); (f) supero-medial, a lo largo del margen interóseo (hombres: 0,6%; mujeres: 0%); (g) supero-lateral (hombres: 0%; mujeres: 0,7%). Estadísticamente, se registraron diferencias significativas en los parámetros morfométricos tibiales entre hombres y mujeres. La relación entre el número de forámenes nutricios y la línea del sóleo tuvo significación estadística (p= 0,002). La mayor prevalencia de un solo foramen nutricio observada en este estudio, se compara favorablemente con los casos reportados en la literatura analizada. El reconocimiento de la distribución regional de los forámenes nutricios puede evitar lesiones durante los procedimientos de injerto de hueso tibial. Un conocimiento profundo de la anatomía de la tibia también puede aportar datos demográficos necesarios para la investigación forense.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Black People , Tibia/anatomy & histology , Anthropometry , South AfricaABSTRACT
Abstracts: Background & Objectives: Nutrient foramen is a natural opening into the shaft of a bone, allowing for passage of blood vessels into the medullary cavity. This study aims to determine the number, location, size and direction of nutrient foramina of long bones of the lower limb. Which information is very important in orthopedic surgical procedures. Methodology: This study consisted of 120 adult human cleaned and dried bones of the lower limbs. They were divided into three groups 40 bones of each. Were studied above mentioned. Measurements were taken with Vernier Caliper. Results: Number: 40% of the femurs had a single foramen, 60% had double foramina. For the tibia, 100% had a single nutrient foramen. 80% of the fibula had a single nutrient foramen and 20% had double nutrient foramen. Position: femur: Of the total 48 foramina, 8(16.6%) were in the proximal third (Type-1) and 40(83.3%) in the middle third (Type-2). Tibia: Of the total 30 foramina, 27(90%) were in the proximal third (Type-1) and 3(10%) were in the middle third (Type-2). There were no foramina in the distal third (Type- 3).Fibula: Of the total 36 foramina, 35(97.2%) existed in the middle third (Type-2) and 1(2.7%) were in the distal third (Type-3). There were no foramina in the proximal third (Type-1).In femur all foramina directed proximally & in tibia all are directed distally while in fibula total 36 nutrient foramina observed out of them, 28 (77.71%) was directed distally; while 8(22.2%) was proximally. Conclusion: The study confirmed previous reports regarding the number and position of the nutrient foramina in the long bones of the lower limbs. Information and details about these foramina is of clinical importance, especially in surgical procedures like bone grafting and microsurgical vascularized bone transplantation.
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This study investigated the anatomy of the nutrient foramen (NF) in German Shepherds by recording the number, site, position, and direction of penetration of the nutrient canal (NC) in the humerus, radius, and ulna of 50 individuals. The site index of the nutrient foramen (SI) was calculated as the ratio of the length to the NF site from the proximal end to the greatest length of the bone. The NF diameter was measured using different sized needles. Most humeri had only one NF on the caudal surface, particularly on the lateral supracondylar crest, or distal cranial surface. All radii had one NF, usually on the caudal surface, while most ulnae had one NF located on either the cranial or lateral surfaces. The SI and NF diameters were 58.0~59.5% and 0.73~0.78 mm in the humerus, 30.4~30.9% and 0.74~0.76 mm in the radius, and 29.3~29.8% and 0.67~0.68 mm in the ulna, respectively. With the exception of the relatively proximal NF of the radius, the direction of penetration followed Berard's rule. This study provides novel information on the location and diameter of the NF and direction of the NC in the long bones of the pectoral limb of German Shepherds.
Subject(s)
Extremities , Haversian System , Humerus , Needles , Radius , UlnaABSTRACT
This study investigated the anatomy of the nutrient foramen (NF) in German Shepherds by recording the number, site, position, and direction of penetration of the nutrient canal (NC) in the humerus, radius, and ulna of 50 individuals. The site index of the nutrient foramen (SI) was calculated as the ratio of the length to the NF site from the proximal end to the greatest length of the bone. The NF diameter was measured using different sized needles. Most humeri had only one NF on the caudal surface, particularly on the lateral supracondylar crest, or distal cranial surface. All radii had one NF, usually on the caudal surface, while most ulnae had one NF located on either the cranial or lateral surfaces. The SI and NF diameters were 58.0~59.5% and 0.73~0.78 mm in the humerus, 30.4~30.9% and 0.74~0.76 mm in the radius, and 29.3~29.8% and 0.67~0.68 mm in the ulna, respectively. With the exception of the relatively proximal NF of the radius, the direction of penetration followed Berard's rule. This study provides novel information on the location and diameter of the NF and direction of the NC in the long bones of the pectoral limb of German Shepherds.