Removal of nutrients from Organic Liquid Agricultural Waste using filamentous algae / Remoção de nutrientes de Resíduos Agrícolas Líquidos Orgânicos utilizando algas filamentosas

Abstract A feasibility analysis of tertiary treatment for Organic Liquid Agricultural Waste is presented using filamentous algae belonging to the genus Cladophora sp. as an alternative to chemical tertiary treatment. The main advantages of tertiary treatments that use biological systems are the low cost investment and the minimal dependence on environmental variables. In this work we demonstrate that filamentous algae reduces the nutrient load of nitrate (circa 75%) and phosphate (circa 86%) from the organic waste effluents coming from dairy farms after nine days of culture, with the added advantage being that after the treatment period, algae removal can be achieved by simple procedures. Currently, the organic wastewater is discarded into fields and local streams. However, the algae can acquire value as a by-product since it has various uses as compost, cellulose, and biogas. A disadvantage of this system is that clean water must be used to achieve enough water transparency to allow algae growth. Even so, the nutrient reduction system of the organic effluents proposed is friendly to the ecosystem, compared to tertiary treatments that use chemicals to precipitate and collect nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates.

Resumo Uma análise de viabilidade do tratamento terciário para Resíduos Agrícola Líquidos Orgânicos é apresentada usando algas filamentosas pertencentes ao gênero Cladophora sp. como alternativa ao tratamento químico terciário. Os tratamentos terciários que utilizam sistemas biológicos têm baixo custo de investimento e a dependência de variáveis ​​ambientais é mínima. Neste trabalho, é demonstrado que essas algas filamentosas reduzem a carga nutricional de nitrato (circa 75%) e fosfato (circa 86%) dos efluentes de resíduos orgânicos provenientes de fazendas de leite em nove dias de cultura e tem a vantagem de que as algas podem ser facilmente coletadas posteriormente. Atualmente, as águas residuais orgânicas são descartadas nos campos e córregos locais. Posteriormente, as algas podem ser consideradas como matéria prima, uma vez que possuem várias utilidades como composto, celulose e biogás. Uma desvantagem desse sistema é que água limpa deve ser usada para obter transparência de água suficiente para permitir o crescimento de algas. Mesmo assim, o sistema de redução de nutrientes dos efluentes orgânicos propostos e amigável ao ecossistema, comparado aos tratamentos terciários que utilizam produtos químicos para precipitar e coletar nutrientes como nitratos e fosfatos.

Effects of different external carbon sources and electron acceptors on interactions between denitrification and phosphorus removal in biological nutrient removal processes / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

The effects of two different external carbon sources (acetate and ethanol) and electron acceptors (dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and nitrite) were investigated under aerobic and anoxic conditions with non-acclimated process biomass from a full-scale biological nutrient removal-activated sludge system. When acetate was added as an external carbon source, phosphate release was observed even in the presence of electron acceptors. The release rates were 1.7, 7.8, and 3.5 mg P/(g MLVSS·h) (MLVSS: mixed liquor volatile suspended solids), respectively, for dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and nitrite. In the case of ethanol, no phosphate release was observed in the presence of electron acceptors. Results of the experiments with nitrite showed that approximately 25 mg NO2-N/L of nitrite inhibited anoxic phosphorus uptake regardless of the concentration of the tested external carbon sources. Furthermore, higher denitrification rates were obtained with acetate (1.4 and 0.8 mg N/(g MLVSS·h)) compared to ethanol (1.1 and 0.7 mg N/ (g MLVSS·h)) for both anoxic electron acceptors (nitrate and nitrite).

Removal of nutrients from Organic Liquid Agricultural Waste using filamentous algae

Abstract A feasibility analysis of tertiary treatment for Organic Liquid Agricultural Waste is presented using filamentous algae belonging to the genus Cladophora sp. as an alternative to chemical tertiary treatment. The main advantages of tertiary treatments that use biological systems are the low cost investment and the minimal dependence on environmental variables. In this work we demonstrate that filamentous algae reduces the nutrient load of nitrate (circa 75%) and phosphate (circa 86%) from the organic waste effluents coming from dairy farms after nine days of culture, with the added advantage being that after the treatment period, algae removal can be achieved by simple procedures. Currently, the organic wastewater is discarded into fields and local streams. However, the algae can acquire value as a by-product since it has various uses as compost, cellulose, and biogas. A disadvantage of this system is that clean water must be used to achieve enough water transparency to allow algae growth. Even so, the nutrient reduction system of the organic effluents proposed is friendly to the ecosystem, compared to tertiary treatments that use chemicals to precipitate and collect nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates.

Resumo Uma análise de viabilidade do tratamento terciário para Resíduos Agrícola Líquidos Orgânicos é apresentada usando algas filamentosas pertencentes ao gênero Cladophora sp. como alternativa ao tratamento químico terciário. Os tratamentos terciários que utilizam sistemas biológicos têm baixo custo de investimento e a dependência de variáveis ambientais é mínima. Neste trabalho, é demonstrado que essas algas filamentosas reduzem a carga nutricional de nitrato (circa 75%) e fosfato (circa 86%) dos efluentes de resíduos orgânicos provenientes de fazendas de leite em nove dias de cultura e tem a vantagem de que as algas podem ser facilmente coletadas posteriormente. Atualmente, as águas residuais orgânicas são descartadas nos campos e córregos locais. Posteriormente, as algas podem ser consideradas como matéria prima, uma vez que possuem várias utilidades como composto, celulose e biogás. Uma desvantagem desse sistema é que água limpa deve ser usada para obter transparência de água suficiente para permitir o crescimento de algas. Mesmo assim, o sistema de redução de nutrientes dos efluentes orgânicos propostos e amigável ao ecossistema, comparado aos tratamentos terciários que utilizam produtos químicos para precipitar e coletar nutrientes como nitratos e fosfatos.

Assessment of an artificial free-flow wetland system with water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for treating fish farming effluents / Evaluación de un humedal artificial con Jacinto de agua (Eichhornia crassipes) para el tratamiento de efluentes piscícolas / Avaliação de uma zona húmida artificial com Jacinto de água (Eichhornia crassipes) no tratamento de efluentes piscícolas

Background: fish farming effluents are mainly composed of organic matter and are considered a source of environmental pollution. Objective: to evaluate the efficiency of an artificial free-flow wetland system using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) to treat fish farming effluents under various hydraulic loadings. Methods: effluents generated from fingerling ponds of Oreochromis sp. and Piaractus brachypomus were passed through a constructed wetland system (40 m long and 7.7 m wide) to measure NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, total phosphorus (TP), and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) removal efficiency. The hydraulic retention time was measured for six months in five assessment phases under real production conditions by using five hydraulic loadings (44.9, 45.3, 43.1, 41.6, 42.0 cm/day). Results: the hydraulic retention time of the constructed wetland system was 1.6 days, and its removal efficiency rates were: 67.9% for NH4+, 32.1% for BOD5, 27.1% for NO2-, 23.0% for TP, and 16.7% for NO3-. Removal rate was positively correlated with the loading rate of total inorganic nitrogen during the five phases of this study (r=0.956). Also, highest removal values and efficiency increase were reached in phase 5. Conclusions: the free-flow wetland with E. crassipes is efficient for removing nitrogen compounds, TP and BOD5.

Antecedentes: el efluente piscícola se compone principalmente de materia orgánica y es la principal fuente de impactos ambientales negativos. Objetivo: evaluar la eficiencia de un humedal artificial de flujo libre con Jacinto de agua (Eichhornia crassipes) en el tratamiento de efluentes piscícolas bajo diferentes cargas hidráulicas. Métodos: efluentes generados por estanques de alevinaje de Oreochromis sp. y Piaractus brachypomus se pasaron por el humedal artificial (40 m de largo y 7,7 m de ancho) y se determinó la eficiencia de eliminación de NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, fósforo total (TP) y BOD5 (Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigeno). Durante seis meses se determinó el tiempo de retención hidráulica en cinco fases de evaluación en condiciones reales de producción con cinco cargas hidráulicas (44,9, 45,3, 43,1, 41,6, 42,0 cm/día). Resultados: el tiempo de retención hidráulica del humedal artificial fue 1,6 días y registró eficiencias de eliminación de: NH4+ (67,9%), BOD5 (32,1%), NO2- (27,1%), TP (23,0%) y NO3- (16,7%). La velocidad de eliminación se correlacionó positivamente con la velocidad de carga del nitrógeno inorgánico total en las cinco fases de estudio (r=0,956); los mayores valores de eliminación y el incremento de su eficiencia se alcanzaron durante la fase 5. Conclusiones: el humedal artificial a flujo libre con E. crassipes es eficiente en la eliminación de compuestos nitrogenados, TP y BOD5.

Antecedentes: o efluente piscícola se compõe principalmente de matéria orgânica e essa é a principal fonte de impactos ambientais negativos. Objetivo: avaliar a eficiência de uma zona húmida artificial de fluxo livre com Jacinto de água (Eichhornia crassipes) para o tratamento de efluentes piscícolas sob diferentes cargas hidráulicas. Métodos: efluentes gerados por viveiros de alevinagem de Oreochromis sp e Piaractus brachypomus se passaram pela zona húmida (40 m de comprimento e 7,7 m de largura) e foi determinada a eficiência da eliminação de NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, fósforo total (FT) e BOD5. Durante seis meses determinou-se o tempo de retenção hidráulica em cinco estágios de avaliação em condições reais de produção com cinco cargas hidráulicas (44,9; 45,3; 43,1; 41,6 e 42,0 cm/dia). Resultados: o tempo de retenção hidráulica da zona húmida artificial foi de 1,6 dias e registrou eficiências de eliminação: NH4+ (67,9%), BOD5 (32,1%), NO2- (27,1%), FT (23,0%) e NO3- (16,7%). A velocidade de eliminação correlacionou-se positivamente com a velocidade de carga do nitrogênio inorgânico total durante os cinco estágios de estudo (r=0,956); os valores de eliminação maiores e o incremento da sua eficiência se alcançaram durante o estágio 5. Conclusões: a zona húmida artificial a fluxo livre com E. crassipes é eficiente na eliminação de compostos nitrogenados, FT e BOD5.

Evaluation of biological removal efficiency in an UCT process treating municipal wastewater during start-up stage.

This study reports the performance of University of Cape Town (UCT) municipal wastewater treatment plant, during the startup stage with the focus on the relationship between hydraulic retention time (HRT) and biological nutrient removal (BNR) efficiency. The entire experimental period was 144 days, divided into four periods. Results showed that the removal efficiency of TN, NH4+-N, and Kjeldahl nitrogen (KN) was closely related to the HRT. Furthermore, the biodegradation kinetics analysis was used to calculate the specific degradation rates of pollutants. The GPS-X modeling was also used to examine the effect of the UCT pilot plant on BNR. The UCT pilot plant used in this study achieved high BNR efficiency even during the startup stage. With HRT of 24 hr (Period 1, day 1-40, data set 1-10), the highest levels of TN, NH4+-N and KN removal efficiency were approximately 72, 76 and 78%, respectively. The COD showed consistent high removal efficiency, with the highest level of approximately 96% at HRT of 15 hr (Period 3, day 81-120, data set 21-30). The TP removal efficiency rose at first and subsequently decreased abruptly. The maximum removal efficiency was 85% with HRT of 19 hr (Period 2, day 41-80, data set 11-20). With the optimal HRT 19 hr, the average removal efficiency values of COD, TP, TN, NH4+-N and KN were 89, 80, 65, 67 and 68%, respectively. The GPS-X modeling results indicated that the UCT process was effective in COD, TP and TN removal.

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from municipal wastewater by the green alga Chlorella sp.

The potential of microalgae as a source of renewable energy based on wastewater has received increasing interest worldwide in recent decades. A freshwater microalga Chlorella sp. was investigated for its ability to remove both nitrogen and phosphorus from influent and effluent wastewaters which were diluted in four different proportions (namely, 100%, 75%, 50% and 25%). Chlorella sp. grew fastest under 50% influent and effluent wastewaters culture conditions, and showed an maximum cell density (4.25?09 ind l-1 for influent wastewater and 3.54?09 ind l-1 for effluent wastewater), indicating the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus greatly influenced algal growth. High removal efficiency for total nitrogen (17.04-58.85%) and total phosphorus (62.43-97.08%) was achieved. Further, more than 83% NH4-N in 75%, 50%, 25% influent wastewater, 88% NOX-N in effluent wastewater and 90% PO4-P in all treatments were eliminated after 24 days of incubation. Chlorella sp. grew well when PO4-P concentration was very low, indicating that this might be not the limiting factor to algal growth. Our results suggest the potential importance of integrating nutrient removal from wastewater by microalgae cultivation as biofuel production feedstock.

A study on the performance of a pilot scale A2/0-MBR system in treating domestic wastewater.

Phosphorus and nitrogen are the important eutrophication nutrients. They were removed in the anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A2/O) system through biologically. The use of pilot scale A2/O systems with immersed membranes in removing nutrients phosphorus and nitrogen were investigated over a period of 150 days. The A2/O membrane bio reactor (MBR) was operated at a flux of 17 LMH. The designed flux was increased stepwise over a period of one week. The reactor was operated with the mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSS) concentrations in the range of 7000-8000 mg l-1. The phosphorus removal was found to be in the range of 74-84%. The ammonification was completed in the aerobic zone and the ammonia concentration was almost nil. Nitrate concentration in the anoxic zone was found to be in the range of 0.3-1.6 mg l-1 indicating efficient denitrification. The nitrogen removal efficiency of the A2/O-MBR system was in the range of 68 to 75%. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the effluent was in the range of 8-5 mgl-1 indicating the efficiency of membrane. During the period of reactor operation transmembrane pressure (TMP) of the reactor increased slowly from 0 to 6 -cmHg over a period of 150 days.