Normal body temperature among Chinese adults: Results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, 2015 / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective:To assess the change and inter-individual variation in body temperature and analyze related variables among Chinese adults.Methods:Data of of 9 184 participants[mean age(52.38±14.69) years, 4 350 men and 4 834 women] were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS) 2015. Descriptive statistics and liner regression models were deployed in the analysis.Results:Overall, the mean normal axillary body temperature was 36.43℃, higher temperature was observed in men(0.032℃, P<0.001) than women. Using the multivariate linear regression model, it was revealed that age, region, territory, season, height, and hip circumference were significantly associated with body temperature. Higher individual temperature was observed in urban(0.028℃) than rural, in southern(0.040℃) than northern, and in winter(0.054℃) than autumn. Body temperature was also negatively associated with age(-0.001℃ per year), hip circumference(-0.001℃ per cm), but is positively associated with height(0.003℃ per cm). With other variables controlled, body temperature was related to whether there is myocardial infarction(ever vs never 0.187℃). Conclusion:In China, the current normal body temperature is lower than that established in 19th century(37℃), and body temperature is related to several factors. When screening and diagnosing a disease, inter-individual variance should be fully considered.

Association between dietary magnesium intake and risk of hypertension in Chinese adults / 环境与职业医学

Background Magnesium plays an important physiological role in human, but the association between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of hypertension is unclear. Few studies have reported the dose-response relationship in Chinese population. Objective To analyze the relationship between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of hypertension in Chinese adults aged 18-64 years, and to explore the dose-response relationship. Methods A total of 13082 adults aged 18-64 years who participated in at least two rounds of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 2000 to 2018 were selected. Dietary data were obtained by consecutive 3-day 24-hour dietary recall and weighting & bookkeeping method. Blood pressure was measured with a standard mercury sphygmomanometer. Hypertension was diagnosed when systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or self-reported hypertension history or using antihypertensive drugs. The mean of dietary magnesium intake in all survey years (excluding the last survey) was used as the dietary magnesium intake of the subject, and the mean of dietary magnesium intake was divided into 5 equal groups. Cox proportional risk model with adjustments for socio-demographic factors, body mass index (BMI), smoking and drinking, sleep time, physical activity, and dietary factors, was used to analyze the association between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of hypertension. A sensitivity analysis was conducted by excluding baseline diabetes patients and adjusting for baseline blood pressure. In addition, a restricted cubic spline model was used to analyze the dose-response relationship between them. Results In this study, male participants accounted for 47.70%, and those aged 18-44 years accounted for 72.47%. The mean follow-up time was 12.56 years and the prevalence of hypertension was 13.86%. Dietary magnesium intake was inversely associated with the risk of hypertension at the 4th quintile (median 333.56 mg·d−1) and the 5th quintile (median 420.07 mg·d−1) compared with the 1st quintile (median 189.06 mg·d–1), and the hazard risk (HR) values and associated 95%CIs were 0.81 (0.67-0.97) and 0.81 (0.66-0.99) respectively. After eliminating baseline diabetes and adjusting baseline blood pressure, dietary magnesium intake remained negatively associated with the risk of hypertension, which was consistent with the population-wide HR. The association between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of hypertension was non-linear (χ2=11.07, P=0.01). When dietary magnesium intake was higher than 339 mg·d−1, the risk of hypertension decreased, and the HR value was the lowest in 375-418 mg·d−1 (HR=0.65, 95%CI: 0.45-0.94), and then gradually tended to 1. There was no statistically significant association at 467 mg·d−1 and above. Conclusion Magnesium intake in the range of 339-467 mg·d−1 is negatively associated with the risk of hypertension in Chinese adults, presenting a U-shaped dose-response relationship.

Asociación de un índice de dieta saludable y sostenible con sobrepeso y obesidad en adultos mexicanos / Association of a healthy and sustainable dietary index and overweight and obesity in Mexican adults

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación de un patrón de dieta sostenible con sobrepeso y obesidad en adultos mexicanos. Material y métodos: En 11 506 adultos de la Ensanut 2018-19, con información de índice de masa corporal y del cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, se estimó el puntaje de un índice de dieta saludable y sostenible (IDSS) clasificando los alimentos y bebidas en 13 grupos. Mediante modelo logístico ordinal, se analizó la asociación entre el puntaje del IDSS y la presencia de sobrepeso y obesidad. Resultados: El puntaje promedio del IDSS fue 6.7 de 13 puntos. Se encontró interacción significativa entre IDSS y sexo sobre la prevalencia de obesidad. Los hombres con mayor IDSS presentaron menor prevalencia de obesidad (OR=0.55,p<0.05); esta asociación no fue significativa en mujeres. Conclusiones: Mayor IDSS se relaciona con menor prevalencia de obesidad y, por ende, de enfermedades crónicas. Se requiere mayor investigación para su implementación a nivel poblacional.

Abstract: Objective: To assess the association between a healthy and sustainable dietary index (HSDI) and overweight and obesity in Mexican adults. Materials and methods: We analyzed a sample of Mexican adults (n=11 506) from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018-19 with body mass index and dietary intake data. We estimated the HSDI score based on foods and beverages recorded in a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, which were classified into 13 food groups. Ordinal logistic model was fitted to analyze the association between HSDI score and overweight and obesity. Results: The mean HSDI score was 6.7 out of 13 points. A significant interaction of HSDI score and sex was found. Men with higher HSDI score showed lower obesity prevalence (OR=0.55,p<0.05); this association was not significant in women. Conclusions: A higher HSDI is related to a lower prevalence of obesity and therefore of chronic diseases. Further research is required for its implementation at the population level.

Food Insecurity Situation In Malaysia: Findings From Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS) 2014

@#Food insecurity affects food intake, and it could prevent an individual from consuming enough nutritious food to support and maintain health. The aim of this paper is to determine the prevalence and factors influencing food insecurity among Malaysian households. In 2014, the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS) was carried out, and one of the components measured was food insecurity. Six out of sixteen questions from the food security core-module questionnaire were adopted and answered by 2962 adults. The results showed that about 25.0% adult experienced food quantity insufficiency, 25.5% had food variety insufficiency, 21.9% practised reduced size of the meal, and 15.2% skipped main meal due to lack of money to spend on. For the parents, 23.7% only rely on cheap food to feed children, and 20.8% could not afford to purchase various foods to feed their children. Location, strata, race, level of education, working status and household income shows significant difference while none of the nutritional status components found to be difference in all six parameters of food insecurity measured. Logistic regression with adjusted odds ratios discovered race, education level and household income were related to risk to all six parameters of food insecurity. In conclusion, food insecurity can be a serious problem in Malaysia. An effective and comprehensive effort by the government in terms of policy solution is required to increase education level and ensure an adequate income for every household. Therefore, future research should focus on some of those promising policy solutions and at the same time, study the other possible underlying factors that may lead to food insecurity.

Evaluation of haemoglobin cut-off for mild anaemia in Asians - analysis of multiple rounds of two national nutrition surveys

Background & objectives: The haemoglobin (Hb) cut-off is a single value for all populations. It is possible that different populations might have slightly different cut-off values; but, this needs to be evaluated in healthy populations with low possibility of inadequate dietary intakes of haematopoietic nutrients. This study was conducted to assess the existence of race-specific Hb cut-offs for mild anaemia in healthy populations and their potential implications. Methods: In this study the Hb distributions of healthy White, Black, Mexican and Hispanic and Asian non-pregnant women obtained from nine rounds of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and two rounds of National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS), was examined to check the existence of race-specific Hb cut-off for mild anaemia, by standard statistical methods. Results: The mean Hb of Blacks, Mexicans and Hispanics and Asians were lower than Whites, consistent with previous literature. The Hb cut-off for mild anaemia in Asians was lower at 11.22 g/dl. Interpretation & conclusions: Using the Hb cut-off derived in this study in place of the World Health Organization, cut-off of 12 g/dl would result in a 17.9 per cent decrease in the prevalence of anaemia in India. This points to the need for re-examining race-specific cut-off for mild anaemia and points to the need for alternative methods, perhaps linked to risk of unhealthy outcomes.

Adaptación y validación de cuestionario para medir hábitos alimentarios en educación superior / Adaptation and validation of a questionnaire to measure food habits in higher education

RESUMEN Validar instrumentos de medición de datos es fundamental para constituir conocimiento certero y objetivo respecto a los hábitos en ingesta alimentaria. El artículo pretende adaptar y validar para el contexto de educación superior un cuestionario que originalmente es de atención primaria, y que se transforme en un insumo válido para medir hábitos alimentarios en estudiantes universitarios. Basados en un cuestionario validado por Pino, Díaz y López en el 2011, se ajustaron las preguntas para un contexto de educación terciaria. El instrumento se aplicó a una muestra estratificada de 405 estudiantes de pregrado de una universidad perteneciente al Consejo de Rectores de Chile (CRUCH) de la región del Maule. Los datos fueron procesados mediante el paquete estadístico SPSS 20, y contó con los respectivos resguardos éticos mediante consentimiento informado firmado. Siguiendo los pertinentes análisis estadísticos para la validación del instrumento, podemos dar cuenta de un cuestionario confiable y aceptable (α= 0,815), estableciéndose 10 dimensiones con 35 preguntas. Se concluye un instrumento válido y adaptado para ser aplicado en estudiantes con el fin de identificar sus hábitos alimentarios en educación superior.

ABSTRACT Validating data measurement instruments is essential to establish accurate and objective knowledge regarding dietary habits. This article aims to adapt and validate a questionnaire to measure dietary habits originally designed for the primary care setting for use in the context of higher education. Based on a questionnaire validated by Pino, Díaz and López in 2011, the questions were adjusted for a tertiary education context. The instrument was applied to a sample of 405 undergraduate students of a university belonging to the Council of Rectors of Chile (CRUCH) of the Maule region, stratified by college year. Data were analysed using SPSS 20; signed informed consent was obtained. Following the relevant statistical analysis for the validation of an instrument, 10 dimensions with 35 questions were established. Results indicated that the instrument is trustworthy and acceptable (α= 0.815). We conclude that the instrument is a valid adaptation and can be applied to higher education students in order to identify their eating habits.

Urine Cotinine for Assessing the Association between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Depression in Adult Non-Smokers in Korea: Analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016

BACKGROUND: Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) has been shown to cause health problems. Recent studies demonstrated an association of SHS with depression and poor mental health. The urinary cotinine concentration (Ucot) is an objective indicator of exposure to SHS. In this study, we evaluated the association between depression and Ucot in adult non-smokers adults in Korea. METHODS: We analyzed the data of 3,417 adults, aged ≥19 years, who participated in the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016). The eligible subjects were non-smokers. Depression was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The subjects were dichotomized into two groups: the high depressive symptom group (PHQ-9 ≥10 [n=185]) and the low depressive symptom group (PHQ-9 <10 [n=3,232]). The demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical characteristics of the subjects were retrieved from the survey data. Ucot was dichotomized into high-Ucot (≥10 ng/mL) and low-Ucot (<10 ng/mL). The Ucot and other characteristics were compared between the two groups. To adjust for confounding variables, we conducted a logistic regression analysis and determined the difference in Ucot between the two groups. RESULTS: After adjusting for confounders, the high depressive symptom group was found to be associated with high-Ucot (odds ratio, 1.824; 95% confidence interval, 1.020–3.262). Sex, education, socioeconomic status, marital status, occupational status, limitation of activity, and the presence of an underlying diseases (diabetes and dyslipidemia) had a significant effect on depression. CONCLUSIONS: This concluded that depression was associated with high urine cotinine level in adult non-smokers.

Comparison of lunch quality through home meals, institutional meals, and eating-out in Chinese adults: analysis of the data from the 2011 China Health and Nutrition Survey / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the dietary quality of lunches consumed through home meals, institutional meals, and eating-out at restaurants in Chinese adults.METHODS: The total of 3,708 people (aged 20 ~ 64) were selected from the data of the 2011 China Health and Nutrition Survey and divided into three groups: the home (HM, 2,845 people), institutional (IM, 579 people), and eating-out (EO, 284 people) meal groups. Dietary intakes of eight food groups, the frequency of eating certain foods, food group intake pattern, dietary diversity and the variety score of lunches were analyzed.RESULTS: The meat intake of IM and EO were higher than that of HM (p < 0.05), and the vegetable intake was the highest in HM, followed by IM and EO (p < 0.05). The intake of fruit and milk · dairy products were extremely low in all the groups. Compared with 1/3 daily recommended intake, the meat intake was above the standard in all the groups and the vegetable intake was insufficient only in EO. The most frequently consumed food in all the groups was rice, followed by pork. The relatively desirable food group pattern, “grain + meat + vegetable”, was highest in IM (66.0%) and lowest in EO (48.2%). The “grain + vegetable” pattern in HM and the “grain + meat” pattern in EO were relatively higher than that in the other groups. The dietary diversity score (p < 0.001) and dietary variety score (p < 0.001) were significantly higher in IM than that in the HM or EO.CONCLUSION: The lunches of Chinese adults had common problems in excess meat intake and a severe lack of fruit and milk · dairy products. Even institutional meals were not ideal as single meals for Chinese adults, although they were better in food diversity. Customized dietary educational programs based on balanced meal plans need to be established, especially for those Chinese people having lunch at home or eating out. In addition, a systematic food service program should be developed and firmly implemented.

A multicenter survey on changes in nutritional risk and malnutrition incidence of elderly patients in Chinese large hospitals during hospitalization / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective To investigate the change of the nutritional status of elderly patients in Chinese major hospitals dynamically with nutritional risk screening 2002 (NRS 2002) and subjective global assessment (SGA) during hospitalization.Methods A prospective,multi-center survey was conducted on over 65 years old patients who were admitted in departments of gastroenterology,respiratory medicine,general surgery,geriatrics,thoracic surgery,neurology,orthopedics and medical oncology of 9 large hospitals in China for 7-30 days between June 2014 and September 2014.On admission and within 24 hours after discharge,the clinical data were recorded,physical indices were measured,and laboratory examination were conducted.NRS 2002 and SGA were used to make an evaluation.The nutritional supports and clinical outcomes were also recorded and then the correlation between nutritional status and clinical outcomes were analyzed.Results A total of 2558 patients above 65 years old were included into the study.Compared with their status on admission,their grip strength,upper arm circumference and crural circumference were reduced significantly at discharge (P＜0.05).The total protein,albumin and hemoglobin levels were significantly lower than those on admission (P＜0.05).The incidence of nutritional risk (NRS 2002 score ≥ 3) and malnutrition (SGA B + C) on admission were lower than those at discharge (51.1％ vs 53.0％,32.6％ vs 35.6％).The hospitalization time and medical expenses were higher in patients with malnutrition on admission than in those with normal nutrition intakes.The nutritional status at discharge was negatively correlated with hospitalization time and medical expenses.61.3％ patients having nutritional risk did not take nutritional support during the hospital stay,while utilization rate of parenteral nutrition was higher than that of enteral nutrition in patients receiving nutritional support (19.6％ vs 11.9％).Conclusion Elderly patients have higher possibilities of facing nutritional risk or malnutrition on admission,these are associated with poor clinical outcomes and their nutritional status will not improve significantly at discharge.Therefore,the screening and evaluation of nutritional status in elderly patients during hospitalization should be conducted and their nutritional intervention should be standardized so as to improve the clinical outcomes.

Under-reporting of energy and nutrient intake is a persistent issue in the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Surveys

@# Introduction: Under-reporting of energy intake is a common cause of bias in nutritional studies. This study was aimed at examining the extent of under- reporting of energy intake and its related characteristics among respondents in the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS) 2003 and MANS 2014. Methods: The present study analysed energy intakes of 9,624 adults aged 18-59 years from the MANS in year 2014 (2,890 respondents) and 2003 (6,734 respondents) using a single 24-hour diet recall. Basal metabolic rates (BMR) were calculated from the age- and gender-specific equations of Schofield. Under-reporting was defined as an energy intake:BMR ratio of <1.2 as proposed by Goldberg. Results: Under-reporting was found to have increased significantly from 53% in 2003 to 61% in 2014. In both surveys, under-reporting increased with higher body mass index (BMI) and older age groups. It was higher among women than men, lowest among those with primary schooling or below, and those living in Peninsular Malaysia. It was higher among rural respondents in 2014 but higher among urban respondents in 2003. The intake of energy and micronutrients increased when under-reporters were excluded. Conclusion: Under-reporting was prevalent in both the nationwide MANS, and is associated with BMI, age, gender, education level, location strata, zone. It is important to take this factor into account when assessing dietary intake in population-based studies.

Children's Food Intake and Nutrition Levels, and Obesity by Maternal Employment: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2015 / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study examines the intake of food and nutrients of children according to the employment and working hours of their mothers. METHODS: The married women in the source data from the 6th National Health and Nutrition Survey were classified into full-time working mothers, part-time working mothers and housewives according to the working type and the data on their children from 3 to 18 years old were analyzed using SAS 9.4. RESULTS: The group from 3 to 5 years old was the smallest group with 682 children (20.2%), followed by the group from 6 to 11 years with 1,345 children (39.8%) and the group from 12 to 18 years old with 1,355 children (40.1%). The lowest rates for having no breakfast and dinner were observed in the group with housewives (p<0.05). The calcium and phosphorous intakes were the highest in the group with housewives at 61.9% and 126.8%, respectively, and the lowest in the group with full-time working mothers at 54.7% and 115.3%, respectively (p<0.05). The group with full-time working mothers had the highest rate in the calcium and iron intake less than the dietary reference intake at 74.9% and 30.0%, respectively. It indicated that the group with full-time working mothers did not have sufficient nutrients as compared to the other two groups. Moreover, the group with the part-time working mothers showed the high vitamin A intake ratio of 41.4% (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study found evidence of a negative association between mother's employment status and children's diet quality. The employment and economic activity of married women will continuously increase in the future. Therefore, a national nutrition policy is required to provide quality nutrition care for children in the households.

Dietary intake and adequacy of energy and nutrients in Mexican adolescents: Results from Ensanut 2012 / Ingesta dietética y adecuación de energía y nutrimentos en adolescentes mexicanos: resultados de la Ensanut 2012

Abstract Objective To estimate energy and nutrient intakes and adequacies in Mexican adolescents. Materials and methods Dietary intake was assessed in 1 961 adolescents who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012 (Ensanut 2012), by a food frequency questionnaire. Medians of intakes and adequacies were estimated for energy, macro- and micronutrients and are presented by residence area, region and household wealth index (HWI). Consumption by food groups was estimated. Results Median daily energy intake was 2 000 Kcal in males and 1 800 Kcal in females. High prevalences of inadequacy were observed for fiber, PUFAs, iron, zinc and calcium. These inadequacies were higher among individuals of low HWI. Moreover, excessive intakes of total and saturated fat were higher among adolescents of higher HWI. Conclusion The diet of Mexican adolescents is deficient in essential nutrients for good health and high in saturated fat. Actions are needed to promote a healthy diet.

Resumen Objetivo Estimar la ingesta de energía, nutrientes e inadecuaciones en adolescentes mexicanos. Material y métodos La ingesta se evaluó en 1 961 adolescentes mexicanos participantes en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012 (Ensanut 2012), mediante un cuestionario de frecuencia. Se calcularon las medianas de ingestas y adecuaciones para la energía, macro y micronutrientes, y el consumo por grupo de alimentos. Resultados La ingesta energética diaria fue de 2 000 kcal en varones y 1 800 kcal en las mujeres. Se observó una alta prevalencia de inadecuación de fibra, grasa poliinsaturada, hierro, zinc y calcio. Las inadecuaciones fueron mayores en el índice de bienestar bajo, mientras que el nivel alto se caracterizó por ingesta excesiva de grasas. Conclusión La dieta de los adolescentes mexicanos es deficiente en nutrientes esenciales para la buena salud y es excesiva en grasas saturadas. Es necesario promover una dieta saludable.

Development of Strategies to Improve the National Nutrition Survey System / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: The current survey environment is changing and participation rates in national nutrition surveys are decreasing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop strategies for improving the nutrition survey system in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). METHODS: To develop an alternative system for conducting the KNHANES nutritional survey, we conducted focus group interviews with stakeholders of the survey, SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis, and expert reviews. In addition, spatial analysis of potential sites for conducting surveys instead of relying on household visits was performed, and the perception of nutritional surveys in the population eligible for KNHANES was evaluated. RESULTS: Based on the results of the focus group interviews, SWOT analysis, and expert reviews, we propose two options for survey sites: vehicles specifically prepared for nutritional surveys and public facilities such as community service centers or public health centers. Among public facilities, community service centers were found to be more appropriate sites than public health centers because they were considered more accessible. About 90% of respondents would participate in the survey in public facilities and about 74% would in vehicles. CONCLUSIONS: Conducting national nutrition surveys in specially designed vehicles and public facilities could be a viable alternative to home visits. Next, the validity of these newly proposed nutrition survey methods needs to be compared to the results of the current national nutrition survey.

Development of Strategies to Improve the National Nutrition Survey System / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: The current survey environment is changing and participation rates in national nutrition surveys are decreasing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop strategies for improving the nutrition survey system in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). METHODS: To develop an alternative system for conducting the KNHANES nutritional survey, we conducted focus group interviews with stakeholders of the survey, SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis, and expert reviews. In addition, spatial analysis of potential sites for conducting surveys instead of relying on household visits was performed, and the perception of nutritional surveys in the population eligible for KNHANES was evaluated. RESULTS: Based on the results of the focus group interviews, SWOT analysis, and expert reviews, we propose two options for survey sites: vehicles specifically prepared for nutritional surveys and public facilities such as community service centers or public health centers. Among public facilities, community service centers were found to be more appropriate sites than public health centers because they were considered more accessible. About 90% of respondents would participate in the survey in public facilities and about 74% would in vehicles. CONCLUSIONS: Conducting national nutrition surveys in specially designed vehicles and public facilities could be a viable alternative to home visits. Next, the validity of these newly proposed nutrition survey methods needs to be compared to the results of the current national nutrition survey.

A survey of Changes in nutritional risk and incidence of malnutrition among patients with chronic cardiovascular disease during 7-30 days hospitalization in 3 tertiary hospitals in Beijing / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective To investigate the changes of nutritional status of chronic cardiovascular patients during hospitalization by using nutritional risk screening 2002 (NRS 2002) and subjective global assessment (SGA).Methods A prospective,parallel multicenter study was can-ied out in 3 tertiary A hospitals in Beijing from June 2014 to September 2014.Subjects in the study had been hospitalized for 7-30 days for various types of chronic cardiovascular diseases.Physical indexes and laboratory examination results were recorded within 24 hours after admission and 24 hours before discharge.The nutritional status was evaluated using NRS 2002 and SGA.Results 454 inpatients were enrolled in this study.Prevalence of undernutrition,defined as body mass index＜ 18.5 kg/m2 with poor general condition,was 7.0％ on admission.Prevalence of nutritional risk (NRS 2002 score≥3) was 27.9％.Patients with heart valve disease (34.6％) and arrhythmia (47.5％) had higher prevalence of nutritional risk,which decreased on discharge.At admission,the prevalence of SGA-based moderate and severe undernutrition (grade B+C) was 16.7％.In particular,this prevalence was higher in patients with heart valve disease (30.7％) and arrhythmia (22.5％).At discharge,the proportion of patients (except patients with coronary heart disease) with moderate and severe dystrophy,especially severe dystrophy,decreased significantly.Conclusions Patients with chronic cardiovascular disease were likely to have comorbid nutritional risk at the time of admission,including undernutrition,as defined by body mass index＜ 18.5 kg/m2 plus poor general condition,and SGA-based moderate or severe malnutrition,which was partially improved on discharge.Attention should be paid to nutritional status screening and evaluation on admission.Reasonable nutrition intervention should be done to correct malnutrition and improve clinical outcomes.

Enhancing nutrition and health survey and implementing effective interventions to reduce the incidence of nutritional diseases / 中华流行病学杂志

Public nutrition is related to the improvement of population health and the development of social economy.Nutrition and health survey can provide indispensable information for public health and disease prevention and control to improve people's nutritional and health status and support the policy making of food production and chronic diseases prevention and control.In recent years,China's nutritional supply capacity has increased significantly.Our people's nutritional and health status has improved significantly.The articles published in "Nutrition and Health Survey" column come from nutrition surveys both at the national and provincial level.They are making full use of data to give information on not only nutritional and health status of residents throughout the country,but also regional features.These results will provide a detailed and reliable reference for both national and regional nutrition and health policy and strategy making.At present,China's nutrition work faces many challenges.China's Party Central Committee and the State Council always places great emphasis on people's nutritional and health status.In order to promote the health of the whole population in our country,our government has implemented a number of nutrition promotion policies or strategies.Chinese nutrition and health survey will further evaluate the effect of these movements.

Enhancing nutrition and health survey and implementing effective interventions to reduce the incidence of nutritional diseases / 中华流行病学杂志

Public nutrition is related to the improvement of population health and the development of social economy.Nutrition and health survey can provide indispensable information for public health and disease prevention and control to improve people's nutritional and health status and support the policy making of food production and chronic diseases prevention and control.In recent years,China's nutritional supply capacity has increased significantly.Our people's nutritional and health status has improved significantly.The articles published in "Nutrition and Health Survey" column come from nutrition surveys both at the national and provincial level.They are making full use of data to give information on not only nutritional and health status of residents throughout the country,but also regional features.These results will provide a detailed and reliable reference for both national and regional nutrition and health policy and strategy making.At present,China's nutrition work faces many challenges.China's Party Central Committee and the State Council always places great emphasis on people's nutritional and health status.In order to promote the health of the whole population in our country,our government has implemented a number of nutrition promotion policies or strategies.Chinese nutrition and health survey will further evaluate the effect of these movements.

Food choices among Malaysian adults: Findings from Malaysian Adults Nutrition Survey (MANS) 2003 and MANS 2014

Introduction: Changes in dietary habits are known to be associated with changes in health outcomes. This study determined food choices among Malaysian adults using secondary data of the Malaysian Adults Nutrition Survey (MANS) in 2003 and MANS in 2014. Methods: A total of 6,742 and 3,000 adults aged 18 to 59 years participated in MANS 2003 and MANS 2014, respectively. Both studies used a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess habitual food intake. Results: Overall, the prevalence of adults consuming rice twice daily were 97.3% and 86.9% in 2003 and 2014, respectively. While the percentage of urban dwellers who consumed rice daily differed significantly between 2003 (96.7%) and 2014 (86.9%), the percentage remained quite similar among rural adults in 2003 (97.8%) and 2014 (96.3%). Other top ten food items consumed daily were sugar (2003, 58.5% vs 2014, 55.9%), marine fish (40.8% vs 29.4%), green leafy vegetables (39.9% vs 43.2%) and sweetened condensed milk (35.2% vs 29.3%). In both surveys, a higher percentage of men consumed rice, sugar and sweetened condensed milk on a daily basis compared to women, a higher proportion of whom daily consumed green leafy vegetables and marine fish. Majority of the adults reported drinking plain water daily. Other beverages taken daily were tea, coffee and chocolate-malt drinks. Conclusion: Rice, sugar and sweetened condensed milk were among the top food items consumed daily in 2003 and 2014. Educational efforts to improve dietary intake of Malaysian adults is recommended.

Physical check-up result for monitoring residents'dietary and health in Pudong New Area in Shanghai in 2012 / 上海预防医学

Objective To investigate the health status and nutrition-related diseases of residents in Pudong New Area,Shanghai and provide information for shaping the relevant national policies and guiding the people''s health dietary.Methods By means of a stratified multi-stage cluster random household sampling survey were performed questionnaire,physical examination and laboratory assay for 737 residents above the age of 15.Results The mean±standard deviation of the men''s height was (168.79±6.81) cm,and the women''s mean height (157.47±6.53) cm.And the rates of malnourishment,overweight,obesity and central obesity were 4.37%,48.91%,14.48% and 49.25%,and the prevalence rate of hypertension was 45.18%.Among residents above 18 years old,the abnormal rate of total cholesterol and triglycerides were 28.69% and 23.50%.Conclusion Nutrition-related chronic diseases will be an important public health problem in Pudong New Area.

Status of Maternal Nutrition in South and North Korea / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study compared the nutritional status of child-bearing age women between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea). METHODS: The data presented in the DPRK Final Report of the National Nutrition Survey 2012 was utilized for the nutritional status and food intake of North Korean women. To produce the South Korean women's data comparable to those of North Korean women, the data from the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey were analyzed and the data presented in the 2010 Report of the Korean Agency for Technology and Standards were utilized. RESULTS: The prevalence of maternal anemia (blood hemoglobin < 12.0 g/dL) was over 30% in all the age groups of North Korean women and 8.9%, 14.2%, 16.4% in 20-29, 30-39, 40-49 year old South Korean women, respectively. The prevalence of maternal protein-energy malnutrition (Mid-Upper Arm Circumference < 22.5 cm) was 25.2%, 21.4%, 21.8% in 20-29, 30-39, 40-49 year old North Korean women, respectively and less than 10% in all the age groups of South Korean women. Result of dietary diversity comparison showed that North Korean women consumed less food than South Korean women at all food groups: grains, fruits, vegetables, meat, and dairy. Percentage of North Korean women having consumed protein rich foods-meat and fish, eggs or dairy products-were much lower than those of South Korean women. CONCLUSIONS: The striking disparity of nutritional status between South and North Korean women indicates that nutrition support for North Korean women is essential in the process of preparation for a unified nation.