Severe food insecurity and mental health among women living in extreme poverty in Ceara, Brazil

Introdução: a insegurança alimentar tem efeitos importantes e agravantes na saúde humana, especialmente na saúde mental das mães e crianças.Objetivo: avaliar as inter-relações do Transtorno mental comum (TMC) e Insegurança Alimentar, em famílias assistidas por programa adicional de transferência de renda no Ceará.Método: estudo transversal foi realizado no Ceará, caracterizado como um dos estados mais pobres do país, em uma amostra de 484 famílias, com crianças menores de seis anos, beneficiárias do Cartão Mais Infância Ceará (CMIC), em 24 municípios. Foram analisados o perfil social e econômico das famílias, moradia, dados sobre a saúde e educação, violência, saúde mental, insegurança alimentar, trabalho e renda. Utilizou-se modelos de Regressão de Poisson, ajustados para o efeito amostral.Resultados: das 484 famílias, 86% encontravam-se em situação de IA;36% apresentavam IA Grave. A presença do TMC materno aumentou em 73% o risco de IA Grave na família (p<0,001). A análise de regressão, mostrou que o TMC se manteve como o fator de risco associado à IA Grave, com mães com TMC mostrando um risco ajustado 64% mais elevado, em comparação às outras mães (p=0,002). Não dispor de água tratada no domicílio, apresentou uma medida ajustada de 55% maior risco de IA Grave (p=0,011).Conclusão: as mães assistidas possuem elevada prevalência de TMC e com perfil de alta vulnerabilidade, sendo necessário suporte social e nutricional, acompanhamento da saúde mental dessas mulheres, para melhor cuidar dos filhos.Palavras-chave: segurança alimentar, criança, saúde mental, nutrição, avaliação de programas.

Backgroung: the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity (FI) in the world will reach 2.4 billion people in 2020. Common Mental Disorders (CMDs) affect one in five people, reaching all social classes.Objective: to examine the associations between CMDs and FI in the most vulnerable population, mothers of young children.Methods: population-based cross-sectional observational study, interviewing 484 families with children under six years of age, beneficiaries of the cash transfer program Cartão Mais Infância Ceará (CMIC), in 24 municipalities of Ceara. Poisson regression models were used, adjusted for the sampling effect.Results: 86% of the families were in a situation of FI, with 36% expressing a severe FI, a condition compatible with hunger. In relation to CMDs, it was observed that the prevalence of severe FI increased significantly, affecting 53% of mothers with CMDs against 31% of those without the disorder (p<0.001). Regression analysis showed that CMDs remained the risk factor most associated with severe FI, with mothers with CMDs having a 64% higher adjusted risk compared to other mothers (p=0.002). In the final model, the condition of not having treated water at home was associated with a 55% higher adjusted risk of severe FI (p=0.011), and two factors were close to statistical significance, namely: not feeling safe at home (possibility of domestic violence) and growing edible plants at home, with adjusted measures of 48% risk and 13% protection, respectively.Conclusion: 13% of this population live with very high rates of severe FI, compatible with hunger, concomitant with CMDs. As aggravating factors of severe FI and CMDs, public social support programs are necessary to have a real positive impact on the quality of life of this population.

The Clinical Outcomes of Pharmacist Interventions in Total Parenteral Nutrition services in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia

Objectives: Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is the perilous component of nutritional care for neonatal, pediatric and adult patients. TPN is designated for someone who cannot or should not consume nutrients through their regular oral pathway. In this study, we explored the clinical outcomes of pharmacist intervention in Parenteral Nutrition at the public hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: In prospective cohort studies, we simulated the data of 12 months of 2015 related to TPN services for neonatal, pediatric and adult patients. Most of the TPN units at hospitals works eight hours per day and seven days per a week. The hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia has 300 beds. The pharmacist intervention consisted of an International Study Model, measure level of activity, rational of clinical intervention, recommendation, and patient with outcome impact. The data were analyzed through Survey Monkey system. Results: The total number of pharmacist interventions were 402 of recognized TPN-related problems. The total number of TPN orders was 394 prescribed to 82 patients. The majority of patients were neonates 303 (75.56%) followed by Pediatrics 97 (24.19%). The highest number of critical care interventions were found to be potentially serious 108 (28.8%) and potentially significant 174 (46.4%). The documented rationale of clinical intervention activities was inappropriate dose 93 (24.8%) drug therapy omission 50 (13.3%) and inappropriate route of administration 41 (10.9%). Most of the patient outcomes were laboratory value improved 170 (45.33%) and patient condition improved 137 (36.53%). Conclusion: TPN clinical pharmacist had an essential vital role of preventing a TPN-related problem, improve patient outcome, and avoid the unnecessary supplementary cost. Increasing TPN clinical pharmacist assigned for all TPN services at all health care system in Saudi Arabia.

The Effect of Nutrition Education Program on Overweight/Obese Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: a Single-Blind Parallel Randomized Controlled Trial

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a nutrition education program on overweight/obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This single-blind, parallel randomized controlled trial was conducted on 82 NAFLD patients (mean age 48.89 ± 9.85 years) in Isfahan, Iran. Patients were randomly allocated to receive nutrition education program combined with usual care or usual care alone for 2 months. Metabolic markers, including lipid profile, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and dietary intakes were obtained for each patient at baseline and at the end of the study. Nutrition education intervention resulted in a significant decrease compared with usual care in serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) (p 0.05). Furthermore, energy and sugar intakes of patients were reduced significantly in response to our intervention (p < 0.05). Nutrition education intervention significantly reduced serum levels of TC and TG but did not affect other metabolic markers including FBG, LDL-C, and HDL-C. Also, it could reduce total energy and sugar intake. Thus, this study could be useful to use this educational program for NAFLD patients in order to influence their metabolic markers and dietary intakes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: IRCT Identifier: IRCT2014101811763N17

School nutrition program: Assessment of planning and nutritional recommendations of menus / Programa de nutrición escolar: Evaluación de la planificación y recomendaciones nutricionales de los menús

The aim of this study was to verify whether the portion sizes adopted by school lunch cooks were in accordance with nutritional recommendations by PNAE (Brazilian School Nutrition Program). Portion sizes corresponding to shallow and full measures were weighed on a digital scale in duplicate to determine the average weight of each food portion. Nutritional composition of meals was determined using the Brazilian Table of Food Composition. Total energy value (TEV), carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, iron, sodium, vitamin C and dietary fiber were compared with PNAE recommendations for schoolchildren. As a result, two menu proposals with adequate portion sizes were developed. TEV and carbohydrate recommendations were met in the shallow portion size and exceeded recommendations in the full measure. Both shallow and full portions exceeded recommendations for protein, fat and sodium. The values found for dietary fiber, iron and vitamin C were in accordance with PNAE recommendations in both portion sizes. The menu proposals were in accordance with nutritional recommendations except for sodium, which remained slightly above limits. The study showed the need for the creation of manufacturing technical cards aimed at standardizing the portioning of foods/dishes offered to schoolchildren, as well as the training of school lunch cooks.

Verificar si el tamaño de las porciones adoptadas por los cocineros de los almuerzos escolares está de acuerdo con las recomendaciones nutricionales del PNAE (Programa Brasileño de Nutrición Escolar). Los tamaños de las porciones correspondientes a mediciones, poco profundas y completas, se pesaron en una balanza digital para determinar el peso promedio de cada porción de alimento. Se comparó el valor energético total (VET), carbohidratos, proteínas, lípidos, hierro, sodio, vitamina C y fibra dietética con las recomendaciones de PNAE para escolares. Como resultado, se desarrollaron dos propuestas de menú con la adecuación del tamaño de las porciones. Las recomendaciones VET y carbohidratos se cumplieron en el tamaño de la porción relacionada con la medida poco profunda. Tanto las mediciones poco profunda y completas superaron las recomendaciones de proteínas, grasas y sodio. Los valores encontrados para fibra dietética, hierro y vitamina C alcanzaron las recomendaciones de PNAE en ambos tamaños de porciones. Las propuestas de menús alcanzaron las recomendaciones nutricionales excepto el sodio, que se mantuvo ligeramente por encima de los límites. Es necesario elaborar tarjetas técnicas de fabricación con el objetivo de estandarizar la porción de alimentos que se ofrece a los escolares, así como la capacitación de cocineros.

Evaluación del componente nutricional del Programa Buen Comienzo de Medellín / Evaluation of the nutritional component of the program "Buen Comienzo" Medellín

RESUMEN Antecedentes: los programas nutricionales en Colombia han evolucionado de la mano de modelos económicos y políticos predominantes en cada época. Paralelamente, los modelos para evaluarlos han tenido cambios en el tiempo, encontrándose algunos con enfoques cuantitativos, cualitativos o mixtos. La ciudad de Medellín implementó en 2004 el Programa Buen Comienzo para la atención integral a la primera infancia atendiendo niños desde la gestación hasta los cinco años. Objetivo: Realizar un proceso de evaluación que permita valorar la estructura, los procesos y los resultados de la atención a primera infancia en seis sedes del entorno institucional del Programa Buen Comienzo de la Alcaldía de Medellín. Materiales y Métodos el presente estudio realizó la evaluación del componente nutricional del Programa Buen Comienzo utilizando un modelo mixto que combina las dimensiones de estructura, proceso y resultado con la triangulación de métodos. Resultados los resultados reflejan el significado fundamental del suministro de alimentos para todos los actores, el cambio de hábitos alimentarios no solo en los niños, sino en sus familias y el impacto que tiene en el estado nutricional de los niños su asistencia al programa; indican también la necesidad de ofrecer mejores herramientas a los agentes educativos para el desarrollo de actividades cotidianas. Conclusiones: la evaluación encontró que los niños que asisten al programa cambian favorablemente sus hábitos alimentarios, adquieren habilidades y rutinas que favorecen su salud y estado nutricional, extendiendo esas transformaciones a la familia.

ABSTRACT Antecedents: Nutrition programs in Colombia have evolved in parallel with the prevailing economic and political models in every age. At the same time, the methods to program evaluation have changed over time, resulting in quantitative, qualitative or mixed approaches. The city of Medellin in 2004 implemented the social Program "Buen Comienzo" in order to provide comprehensive care to children from gestation to age five. Objective: Carried out an assessment to evaluate the structure, process and results of the children Program "Buen Comienzo" of the municipal government in Medellin. Materials and Methods This study conducted an evaluation of the nutritional component of the social Program Buen Comienzo using a mixed evaluation method by combining three dimensions: structure, process and outcomes with triangulation methods. Results: The results show the relevance of the food supply for all actors, the changing eating habits produced by the program not only on children but also their families and the impact on the nutritional status of children attending the program; results also point out the need of the program to provide better tools to educators to develop daily activities. Conclusions: The evaluation showed that children who attend the program positively change their dietary habits, acquire skills and routines that promote their health and nutritional status, extending those changes to families.

Family farming products on menus in school feeding: a partnership for promoting healthy eating / Produtos da agricultura familiar nos cardápios da alimentação escolar: uma parceria para promoção da alimentação saudável

The aim of this study was to characterize the process of buying Family Farming (FF) food for the Brazilian School Feeding Program (BSFP) and compare the quality of menus served to the schoolchildren before and after the implementation of Law n. 11,947/09. This is an observational cross-sectional study developed with application of semi-structured questionnaire and evaluating menus. Eighty-two cities from São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro in Brazil participated of the study. Of these cities reported, 74.1% performed the purchase of products of FF for BSFP. The lack of interest of farmers and the deficient hygienic and sanitary conditions were the main difficulties reported. The quality of the menus offered to the schoolchildren improved significantly after the implementation of FF purchases. The partnership between FF and BSFP can contribute greatly to the development of healthy eating habits, not only by offering better nutritional quality menus, but also by implementing of nutritional education activities guided by the sustainable production and consumption of food.

O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar o processo de compra de alimentos da Agricultura Familiar (AF) para a Alimentação Escolar (AE) e comparar a qualidade dos cardápios servidos aos escolares antes e após a implantação da lei n. 11.947/09. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com aplicação de questionário semiestruturado e avaliação de cardápios. Participaram da pesquisa 82 municípios, dos estados de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro. Destes, 74,1% informaram realizar a compra de produtos da AF para a AE. O desinteresse dos agricultores familiares e as condições higiênico-sanitárias deficientes foram as principais dificuldades reportadas pelos municípios para a efetivação das compras da AF. A qualidade dos cardápios oferecidos aos escolares melhorou significativamente após a implementação das compras da AF. A parceria entre a AF e a AE pode contribuir sobremaneira para o desenvolvimento de hábitos alimentares saudáveis, não só pelo oferecimento de cardápios de melhor qualidade nutricional, mas pela execução de atividades de educação nutricional pautadas na produção e consumo sustentável dos alimentos.

A trajetória do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar no período de 2003-2010: relato do gestor nacional / The trajectory of the Brazilian School Nutrition Program between 2003 and 2010: report of the national manager

O objetivo deste estudo é realizar um relato do gestor nacional do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE), com ênfase no período de 2003 a 2010. Trata-se de ensaio crítico baseado em revisão da literatura e em dados oficiais. Em relação ao volume de recursos financeiros e ao número de alunos atendidos, observou-se que, em 2003, o Programa executou um total de 954,2 milhões de reais para atender 37,3 milhões de alunos, ao passo que em 2010, o total de recursos passou a ser de 3 bilhões de reais para um total de 45,6 milhões de alunos atendidos. Outros avanços importantes foram os estímulos para a ampliação e o fortalecimento do papel dos Conselhos de Alimentação Escolar e as estratégias normativas para as ações do nutricionista como Responsável Técnico. A Lei nº 11.947/2009 fez o PNAE avançar ainda mais, estendendo o programa para toda a rede pública de educação básica e de jovens e adultos, e recomendando que 30% dos repasses do FNDE sejam investidos na aquisição de produtos da agricultura familiar. São evidentes os avanços nos critérios técnicos e operacionais visando maior flexibilidade, eficiência e eficácia na gestão do PNAE. Espera-se que tais avanços possam se traduzir em melhoria das condições de alimentação e nutrição dos escolares.

The scope of this paper is to study the report of the manager of the Brazilian School Nutrition Program (PNAE), with special emphasis on the period from 2003 to 2010. It is a critical essay based on a review of the literature and the official data. It was revealed that the program spent 954.2 million Brazilian reals in 2003 to assist 37.3 million students, and in 2010 the total resources increased to 3 billion Brazilian reals with 45.6 million students attended. Other important advances were the broadening and strengthening of the role of the School Nutrition Councils and the regulatory strategies of nutritionists as Accountable Technicians. Law No. 11.947/2009 gave a new impetus to the PNAE, extending the program to the entire basic public education grid and youths and adults, and recommending that 30% of the funds transferred from the FNDE should be used to acquire products from small farmers. The progress in technical and operational criteria seeking greater flexibility, efficiency and effectiveness in the management of the Program is clear for all to see. It is hoped that these advances will translate into effective improvement in food and nutrition conditions for schoolchildren.

Perfil de la pobreza en hogares que participan en un programa de complementación alimentaria / Poverty profile regarding households participating in a food assistance program

Objetivo: El estudio tiene como objetivo establecer subgrupos con características socioeconómicas específicas mediante la utilización del análisis de clases latentes como método de segmentación de la población beneficiaria del programa de complementación alimentaria alianza MANA-ICBF. Antioquia Colombia y que permita determinar sus diferencias en sus condiciones de pobreza y salud para una mejor focalización de los recursos, programas y políticas públicas. Métodos: Población constituida por 200 000 niños y sus hogares beneficiarios del programa MANA. Se utilizó una muestra representativa por región. Se utilizó el análisis de clases latentes utilizando el algoritmo de Expectatio/Maximization y de Newton Raphson para identificar el número apropiado de clases. Resultados: El modelo final clasificó a los hogares en cuatro conglomerados que difieren entre sí de acuerdo a condiciones socio demográficas bien definidas que afectan la salud de los niños beneficiarios del programa. Conclusiones: Hay hogares en donde hay mayor profundización de la pobreza, por consiguiente condiciones de calidad de vida inferiores que afecta la salud de los niños de este grupo poblacional.

Objective: This study was aimed at establishing subgroups having specific socioeconomic characteristics by using latent class analysis as a method for segmenting target population members of the MANA-ICBF supplementary food program in the Antioquia department of Colombia and determine their differences regarding poverty and health conditions in efficiently addressing pertinent resources, programs and policies. Methods: The target population consisted of 200,000 children and their households involved in the MANA food assistance program; a representative sample by region was used. Latent class analysis was used, as were the expectation-maximization and Newton Raphson algorithms for identifying the appropriate number of classes. Results: The final model classified the households into four clusters or classes, differing according to well-defined socio-demographic conditions affecting children's health. Conclusions: Some homes had a greater depth of poverty, therefore lowering the families' quality of life and affecting the health of the children in this age group.

Needs Assessment for Web-based Self-management Program by the Nutrition Knowledge Levels of Diabetic Patients / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was conducted to assess needs of self-management nutrition program for diabetic patients. The survey was conducted among 100 diabetic patients, and the mean age of the subjects was 54.2 years old. Thirty three percent of the subjects were diagnosed diabetes less than 2 years ago. The average nutrition knowledge score about diabetes was 10.2 point, and percentages of correct answers were very high in 'foods rich in fiber' (97.0%), 'relevance of exercise and insulin' (97.0%), 'quantity of insulin injection' (91.0%), and 'diabetes menu' (91.0%). The sources of nutrition information were hospitals/healthcare centers (56.1%), TV/radio (19.2%), and internet (13.1%). Sixty nine percent of the subjects have experienced nutrition education on subjects as 'menu planning skills' (22.4%), 'selecting foods' (22.4%), 'relevance of blood glucose and eating foods' (21.5%) by personal counseling (54.4%). The total score of eating behavior was higher after diagnosed diabetes (35.3) than before (30.0) (p < 0.001). The preferred topics in developing diabetes nutrition information websites were 'diabetes mellitus', 'relevance of blood glucose and foods', and 'selecting foods for diabetes'. The subjects wanted the websites developed by 'using mainly illustrations, pictures, tables' (22.8%) and 'using simple design' (19.6%). The preferred contents in developing diabetes self-management nutrition program were 'dietary life diagnosis', 'chronic disease risk diagnosis', 'calorie control by selecting foods and cooking skills', and 'dietary assessment'. In designing the program, the subjects' most wanted designs were 'be handy and simple in using' (29.3%), 'using simple design' (17.9%), and 'using mainly illustrations, pictures, tables' (15.7%).

A Study on Customized Nutrition Intervention Program Design and Application for the Low-Income Elderly / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study aimed to plan nutrition support programs for the elderly living alone whose nutrition status were seriously concerned, conducted seven stages nutrition intervention program on a trial basis, and evaluated the effectiveness of the program of the Elderly Nutrition Support Project. Subjects were selected for personalized nutrition management based on nutritional risk score and nutrition intervention were tailored to the problems occurred. The elderly nutrition support program targets were 44 senior citizens who lived alone with low income. The 33 (as Type 1) of the subjects with whom milk, tofu, seaweed, eggs, black beans have been supported, and also provide nutrition education, and the rest 11 persons (as Type 2) to whom food was not supported but provide nutrition education programs. As a result, all subjects showed that compared with pre and post program implementation, their daily exercise time and milk and protein consumption level were increased and some improvement was observed regular meals consumption and low-salt diets. Their nutrient intake level such as calories, protein, calcium, iron improved after implementation. In addition, NSL DETERMINE scores significantly improved from 13.21 to 7.24 in Type 1 and 11.27 to 9.91 in Type 2. As positive dietary behavioral changes were observed as in that they purchased more protein and calcium rich foods.

Construction of web-based nutrition education contents and searching engine for usage of healthy menu of children

A diet habit, which is developed in childhood, lasts for a life time. In this sense, nutrition education and early exposure to healthy menus in childhood is important. Children these days have easy access to the internet. Thus, a web-based nutrition education program for children is an effective tool for nutrition education of children. This site provides the material of the nutrition education for children with characters which are personified nutrients. The 151 menus are stored in the site together with video script of the cooking process. The menus are classified by the criteria based on age, menu type and the ethnic origin of the menu. The site provides a search function. There are three kinds of search conditions which are key words, menu type and "between" expression of nutrients such as calorie and other nutrients. The site is developed with the operating system Windows 2003 Server, the web server ZEUS 5, development language JSP, and database management system Oracle 10 g.

Needs Assessment of Nutrition Programs in Public Health Center by General Characteristics and Body Mass Index of Community Residents / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to assess the needs for nutrition programs in the public health centers by general characteristics and body mass index (BMI) of community residents. Information of general characteristics of study participants including age, education, income, marital status, residence, and job, and resident's interest in nutrition programs, the preferred educational methods and the willingness to participate in nutrition programs were collected by an interview. Weight and height were measured and were used to calculate the BMI. The program that resident's were most interested in was 'diet therapy for chronic disease and counseling' (28.5%), followed by 'nutritional management for the elderly' (21.1%), and 'obesity and weight control' (17.1%). 'Education and counseling by nutrition professionals' was the most preferred educational method. Among the programs that the subjects would participate in, if they were offered in public health centers, 65.8% subjects would participate in 'diet therapy for chronic disease and counseling' programs, 64.9% would participate in 'nutritional management for the elderly' programs and 52.2% would participate in 'obesity and weight control' programs. The contents of programs that the subjects were interested in, the preferred methods and their willingness to participate nutrition programs differed significantly by age, income, education, marital status, and body mass index. The results imply that the planning of nutrition interventions in the public health centers must be tailored and targeted group specific by taking the participants general characteristics and body mass index into consideration. This would surely increase the nutrition program's effectiveness

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Nutrition Education Program for Hypertensive Patients at the Community Level / 대한지역사회영양학회지

Hypertension is the major risk factor for cardiovascular disease which is considered the leading cause of death in Korea. Since nonpharmarologic dietary intervention is recommended as the first step in the management of hypertension, evaluation of intervention programs is needed to formulate strategies for improving patients' dietary adherence. This study was designed to evaluate the overall effectiveness of a hypertension nutrition education program (HNEP) at a public health center, by assessing changes in nutrition knowledge, food attitude, self-efficacy, dietary behavior, and nutrient intake after program completion. An HNEP was conducted in Suwon city for 5 months in 1999 by a public health center. The program provided 3 sessions of group education with individual nutrition counseling. Thirty-five patients participated fully in the program out of 62 enrollees. Data about nutrition knowledge, food attitude, self-efficacy, dietary behavior, and intake (24-hour recall) were collected before (baseline) and after the program. Post program results indicate the following : 1) nutrition knowledge and perception of importance of nutrition significantly increased, 2) food attitudes also improved, 3) the self-efficacy for maintaining a low salt diet was increased significantly, whereas self-efficacy for maintaining a low fat diet or dietary guidelines was not improved, 4) frequency of intake of processed food, animal fat, and sweets as well as frequency of dining out were significantly reduced, 5) nutrient intake was not improved after the program, 6) the most serious barrier for participating in the program and practicing diet therapy was lack of time and willingness. In conclusion, it appears that HNEP might improve food attitudes, individual perceptions and self-efficacy for desirable eating behavior, but it might not improve dietary intake. It follows then, that a long term intervention program may need to increase effectiveness of patient dietary adherence.

A biochemical evaluation of the UNICEF School lunch program given to malnourished children of San Andres Elementary School

An evaluation of the UNICEF School Feeding Program by microchemical methods was made on about 200 selected school children. One-half served as control and the other half received school lunch for one school year which consisted of one-third the daily carolie allowance recommended by the National Research Council of the PhilippinesThe mean hemoglobin level and serum protein are within the normal range. A significant increase in hemoglobin and a slight rise in serum protein may be attributed to the de-worming of the children, the consumption of undermilled rice, milk and in general to a more balanced school lunch of the childrenResults from the control group showed that in this study the greatest deficiency appeared to be in Vitamin A and carotene. The school lunch given during the feeding program did not improve on the vitamin A levels of the subjects. There is apparently a great need for whole milk and more leafy, green and yellow vegetables in the diet of these childrenThe findings showed that vitamin c is within a satisfactory ranged. It would seen that the vitamin C derived from the limited intake of fruits and vegetables in the childrens diet is enough to give a good blood serum levels of vitamin C or that the children had fruits in between meals which were not recordedThe low consumption of milk is reflected clearly in the low urinary riboflavin excretion of the control. Striking results were obtained from the subjects receiving one glass of milk on school days. A corresponding high value in serum riboflavin was noted among the subjectsAlthough a better thiamine level of excretion was obtained in comparison with urinary riboflavin, the fact still remains that more than one-third of the children failed to reach at least the "critical" level of urinary thiamine. The school lunch program which provided undermilled rice gave a 10 percent improvement in urinary excretion for thiamine. (Summary)

A Study on the Development of Method for Measuring Nutrient Intakes at the Worksite

In Korea, the practice of nutrition education program at the worksite has not yet been implemented, especially for the workers who are at risk for health. Accordingly, the worksite nutrition program, education, and nutrition counseling are necessary. In this study, the worksite nutrition program was developed from June, 1997 to May, 1998. For this program, we surveyed the workers' age and the levels of education, income and physical activity. We developed the proper dietary intake questionnaire to evaluate the employees' nutritional status and the nutrition index which is a simple tool to assess nutrient intakes of the employees at the worksites. To demonstrate the validity of the developed nutritional assessment tools, the CAN(Computer Aided Nutritional) program and Hyunmin system developed by the Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Dietetic Association respectively, were used as references. The result of the validity test for the dietary assessment method that we have been developed revealed that the method was valid showing no significant difference among the various methods. However, the carbohydrate intake measured by the CAN program was higher than those of others. The validity test results for the nutrient index method showed that there was no significant difference among the methods, except the carbohydrate intake measured by the Hyunmin system was lower that those of others. As a result, we concluded that the dietary assessment methods that we had been developed, were valid method to measure the nutrient intakes of the employees at the worksites.