Correlation of body mass index and waist to height ratio with cardiovascular risk factors in Colombian preschool and school children

Objective: To analyze the agreement between body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height Ratio (WHtR) to identify preschool and school children with cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs). Methods: Three-hundred-twenty-one kids were divided into preschool (3-5 years) and school children (6-10 years). BMI was used to classify children as overweight or obese. Abdominal obesity was defined with a WHtR ≥0.50. Fasting blood lipids, glucose and insulin were measured, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The presence of CRFs and multiple non-waist circumference (non-WC) metabolic syndrome factors (MetS-Factors) [high HOMA-IR, high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)] were analyzed. Results: One-hundred-twelve preschool and 209 school children were evaluated. WHtR ≥0.50 classified abdominal obesity in more than half of the preschool children, exceeding those classified with overweight+obesity by BMI (59.5% vs. 9.8%; p0.05). There were similar proportions of school children classified with abdominal obesity by the WHtR and overweight+obesity by the BMI (18.7% vs. 24.9%; p>0.05). There was substantial agreement between WHtR and BMI to identify school children with high total cholesterol values, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, non-HDL-C, insulin, HOMA-IR, low HDL-C values, and the presence of multiple non-WC MetS-Factors (kappa: 0.616 to 0.857, p<0.001). Conclusion: In preschool children WHtR ≥0.5 disagree with BMI results, but in school kids, it has good agreement with the BMI to classify the children´s nutritional status and to identify those with CRFs.

Objetivo: Analizar el grado de acuerdo entre el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la relación/cintura estatura (rCE) para identificar niños con factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRC). Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico con 112 niños preescolares (3-5 años) y 209 escolares (6-10 años). El sobrepeso y la obesidad se clasificaron con el IMC y la obesidad abdominal con la rCE ≥0.50. Se tomaron muestras sanguíneas en ayuno para análisis de glucosa, insulina, lípidos y cálculo del índice HOMA-IR. Se analizó la presencia de FRC y de múltiples factores del síndrome metabólico (Factores-SinMet) diferentes a la cintura [HOMA-IR elevado, triglicéridos elevados y colesterol de alta densidad (HDL-C) bajo]. Resultados: rCE ≥0.50 clasificó con obesidad abdominal a más de la mitad de los niños preescolares, excediendo el número de niños clasificados con sobrepeso+obesidad por IMC (59.5% vs 9.8%; p0.05). Fueron similares las proporciones de niños escolares clasificados con obesidad abdominal por la rCE o con sobrepeso+obesidad por el IMC (18.7% vs. 24.9%; p>0.05). Hubo acuerdo sustancial entre la rCE y el IMC para identificar niños escolares con valores elevados de colesterol total, colesterol de baja densidad, triglicéridos, colesterol no-HDL, insulina, HOMA-IR, valores bajos de HDL-C y la presencia de múltiples Factores-SinMet diferentes a la cintura (kappa: 0.616 a 0.857, p<0.001). Conclusión: En niños preescolares la aplicación de rCE ≥0.5 no presenta acuerdo con el IMC, pero en escolares presenta un acuerdo sustancial con el IMC en la clasificación del estado nutricional y en la identificación de niños con FRC.

Adaptação transcultural da ferramenta Royal Free Hospital-Nutritional Prioritizing tool (RFH-NPT) / Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the royal free hospital-nutritional prioritizing tool (rfh-npt)

ABSTRACT Background: Nutritional screening is defined by American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) as a process to identify individuals at risk of malnutrition. Malnutrition is a prevalent condition in cirrhotic patients, and it results in important prognostic implications. Most of the commonly used instruments fail in considering the particularities of cirrhotic patients. The Royal Free Hospital-Nutritional Prioritizing Tool (RFH-NPT) is a nutritional screening tool developed and validated to identify malnutrition risk in patients with liver disease. Objective The study's aim was to conduct the transcultural adaptation (translation and adaptation) of RFH-NPT tool to Portuguese (Brazil). Methods: The process of cultural translation and adaptation followed the Beaton et al. methodology. The process involved the steps of initial translation, synthesis translation, back translation pretest of the final version with 40 nutritionists and a specialists committee. The internal consistency was calculated with the Cronbach coefficient and the content validation was verified with the content validation index. Results: Forty clinical nutritionists with experience in treatment of adult patients participated in the step of cross-cultural adaptation. The alpha Cronbach coefficient was 0.84, which means high reliability. In the specialists analyzes all the tool's questions achieved a validation content index higher than 0.8, showing high agreement. Conclusion: The NFH-NPT tool was translated and adapted to Portuguese (Brazil) and showed high reliability.

RESUMO Contexto: A triagem nutricional é definida pela Sociedade Americana de Nutrição Parenteral e Enteral (ASPEN) como um processo para identificar indivíduos em risco de desnutrição. A desnutrição é uma condição prevalente em pacientes cirróticos e resulta em importantes implicações prognósticas. A maioria dos instrumentos comumente utilizados falha em considerar as particularidades dos pacientes com cirrose. A Royal Free Hospital-Nutritional Prioritizing Tool (RFH NPT) é uma ferramenta de triagem nutricional desenvolvida e validada para identificar o risco de desnutrição em pacientes com doença hepática. Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi realizar a adaptação transcultural (tradução e adaptação cultural) da ferramenta RFH-NPT para o português (Brasil). Métodos: O processo de tradução e adaptação cultural seguiu a metodologia de Beaton et al. O processo envolveu as etapas de tradução inicial, síntese das traduções, retrotradução, pré-teste da versão final em uma amostra de 40 nutricionistas e comitê de especialistas. A consistência interna foi calculada pelo coeficiente de Cronbach e a validação de conteúdo foi verificada por meio do índice de validação de conteúdo. Resultados: Quarenta nutricionistas clínicos com experiência no tratamento de pacientes adultos participaram da etapa de adaptação cultural. O coeficiente alfa de Cronbach foi de 0,84, que expressa alta confiabilidade. Na análise dos especialistas, todas as questões da ferramenta obtiveram índice de validação de conteúdo superior a 0,8, apresentando alta concordância. Conclusão: A ferramenta RFH-NPT foi traduzida e adaptada para a língua portuguesa do Brasil apresentando alta confiabilidade.

Concordância entre instrumentos de triagem nutricional em idosos hospitalizados / Agreement between nutritional screening instruments in hospitalized older patients

ABSTRACT Background The prevalence of hospitalized elderly patients has grown substantially and has impacted the hospital health services. Thus, it is believed that an investigation of the nutritional status associated with different clinical situations in elderly patients could contribute to multidisciplinary hospital intervention and nutritional care actions suitable for this population. Objective To investigate the relationship between two nutritional screening instruments in hospitalized older patients and to compare clinical variables between these two instruments. Methods Retrospective study with hospitalized older patients (n=277), investigating the agreement between two nutritional screening instruments. The data were analyzed using the McNemar, chi-square, Fisher, Mann-Whitney tests and the kappa coefficient for the agreement assessment. Results There was a significant difference (P=0.0002) between the nutritional risk classifications of the two nutritional screening instruments and moderate agreement (k=0.5430) between them. The association between nutritional risk screening and age (P=0.0255), length of hospital stay (P<0.0001), gender (P=0.0365) and illness (P=0.0001) were assessed. There was an association between Mini Nutritional Assessment and length of stay (P<0.0001), illness (P=0.0001) and body weight evolution (P=0.0479). Conclusion The nutritional risk screening and Mini Nutritional Assessment showed moderate agreement in the assessment of elderly patients.

RESUMO Contexto A prevalência de pacientes idosos hospitalizados tem crescido substancialmente e impactado os serviços de saúde hospitalar. Desta forma, acredita-se que uma investigação do estado nutricional, associado a situações clínicas variadas em pacientes idosos, poderia contribuir para ações de intervenção hospitalar multidisciplinares e de cuidado nutricional adequadas para esta população. Objetivo Investigar a relação entre dois instrumentos de triagem nutricional em pacientes idosos hospitalizados e comparar variáveis clínicas entre estes dois instrumentos. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo com pacientes idosos hospitalizados (n=277), sendo investigado a concordância entre dois instrumentos de triagem nutricional. Os dados foram analisados pelos testes McNemar, qui-quadrado, Fisher, Mann-Whitney e o coeficiente kappa para a avaliação de concordância. Resultados Houve diferença significativa (P=0,0002) entre as classificações de risco nutricional pelos dois instrumentos de triagem nutricional e concordância moderada (k=0,5430) entre eles. Verificou-se associação entre triagem de risco nutricional e idade (P=0,0255), tempo de internação (P<,0001), sexo (P=0,0365) e doenças (P=0,0001). Houve associação entre a Mini Avaliação Nutricional e tempo de internação (P<0,0001), doenças (P=0,0001) e evolução do peso corporal (P=0,0479). Conclusão Triagem de risco nutricional e a Mini Avaliação Nutricional apresentam concordância moderada para a avaliação de pacientes idosos.

Desnutrición al ingreso hospitalario y estancia prolongada en un hospital público de la Provincia de Buenos Aires / Malnutrition upon hospital admission and prolonged stay in a state hospital in the Province of Buenos Aires

Resumen Introducción: la desnutrición hospitalaria, vinculada principalmente a la enfermedad o injuria, tiene una alta prevalencia a nivel mundial. Está asociada negativamente con resultados clínicos y económicos. Objetivo: Determinar si existe asociación entre el estado nutricional al ingreso hospitalario y el tiempo de internación. Materiales y método: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo, en pacientes adultos ingresados al Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos "San Roque" durante el año 2019. Para el tamizaje nutricional se utilizó el Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) y para la evaluación nutricional la Valoración Global Subjetiva. Se calculó la estancia hospitalaria como la diferencia entre la fecha de ingreso y egreso. Resultados: se evaluaron 2296 pacientes. La prevalencia global de desnutrición fue del 25,4%. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre estancia hospitalaria prolongada y estado nutricional; tanto en pacientes con desnutrición moderada [OR crudo 2,75 (IC 95% 2,1-3,4; p < 0,0001)] como en pacientes con desnutrición severa [OR crudo 5 (IC 95% 3,5 - 7,0; p < 0,0001)]. Conclusión: este estudio refleja la alta prevalencia de desnutrición que padecen los pacientes al ingreso hospitalario, como así también el mayor riesgo de tener estancias más prolongadas cuando existe desnutrición.

Abstract Introduction: hospital malnutrition, mainly linked to illness or injury, has a high prevalence worldwide. It is negatively associated with clinical and economic outcomes. Objective: to determine if there is an association between nutritional status and length of hospital stay. Materials and method: observational, descriptive and retrospective study was carried out in adult patients admitted to the Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos "San Roque" during 2019. For nutritional screening, the Malnutrition Screening Tool was used and for nutritional assessment, the Subjective Global Assessment. Length of hospital stay was calculated as the difference between the date of admission and discharge. Results: 2296 patients were assessed. The global prevalence of malnutrition was 25,4%. Statistically significant differences were found between prolonged hospital stay and nutritional status; both in patients with moderate malnutrition [crude OR 2,75 (95% CI 2,1-3,4; p<0.0001)] and in patients with severe malnutrition [crude OR 5 (95% CI 3,5 - 7,0; p<0,0001)]. Conclusion: this study reflects the high prevalence of malnutrition suffered by patients at hospital admission, as well as the increased risk of having longer stays when malnutrition exists.

Explanation and analysis on GLIM consensus (2018) for malnutrition assessment (diagnosis) / 中华临床营养杂志

The criteria for malnutrition assessment (diagnosis) have been developed for years.Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition was issued in September 2018,which aims to build a global consensus around core diagnostic criteria for adult malnutrition in clinical settings.In this article,GLIM malnutrition assessment (diagnosis) consensus was reviewed and analyzed.

Revisión de diferentes herramientas de tamizaje nutricional para pacientes hospitalizados / Review of different nutritional screening tools for hospitalized patients

Introducción: la prevalencia de malnutrición clínica se encuentra entre el 20% al 50% de los pacientes hospitalizados. El tamizaje nutricional es esencial para poder identificar aquellos pacientes en riesgo de malnutrición y es el primer paso del proceso de atención nutricional. Objetivo: realizar una revisión bibliográfica de las diferentes herramientas validadas de tamizaje nutricional para pacientes hospitalizados. Materiales y método: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de trabajos de comparación de herramientas de tamizaje nutricional en las bases de datos de Pubmed, Scielo y Lilacs desde 2007 a 2017, más los artículos originales de los métodos. Las palabras claves fueron: herramientas de tamizaje nutricional, evaluación nutricional, malnutrición, pacientes hospitalizados. Se incluyeron todos aquellos artículos en idioma español e inglés. Se identificaron 82 artículos de los cuales se seleccionaron 11 que incluyeron población mayor de 18 años de edad y los estudios originales y de comparación de las herramientas de tamizaje nutricional validadas. Se excluyeron todas aquellas publicaciones de estudios con una muestra menor a 60 y evaluación de tamizaje nutricional para grupos de riesgo específicos. Desarrollo: se analizaron 11 estudios que comparan métodos de tamizaje nutricional. Las herramientas incluidas fueron: VGS, MNA, MNA-SF, MST, NRS-2002, MUST, SNAQ y CONUT. Los estudios resultaron ser heterogéneos en cuanto a las características de la población evaluada, número de pacientes, análisis estadístico, herramientas empleadas y patrones de comparación. Conclusión: es importante contar con una herramienta de tamizaje para detectar aquellos pacientes que se encuentren en riesgo de malnutrición y realizar una intervención temprana. El tamizaje nutricional es una estrategia de priorización que busca determinar la importancia y/o la urgencia de la intervención nutricional. La aplicación de procesos sistemáticos de detección de riesgo nutricional es esencial para poder realizar una intervención oportuna, tanto para disminuir la morbilidad, la mortalidad del paciente y mejorar su calidad de vida como para disminuir los costos que ésta genera(AU).

Introduction: the prevalence of clinical malnutrition among hospitalized patients ranges between 20% and 50%. Nutritional screening is essential to identify those patients at risk of malnutrition and constitutes the first step towards nutrition care process. Aim: to carry out a literature review of the different validated nutritional screening tools for hospitalized patients. Materials and Methods: a review of nutritional screening tools in the databases Pubmed, Scielo and Lilacs from 2007 to 2017, plus the original articles of the screening tools methods. The key words were: nutritional screening tools, nutritional assessment, malnutrition, hospitalized patients. All articles in Spanish and English were included. 82 particles were identified, out of which 11 included a population over 18 years old, plus the original works, and those of comparison of the nutritional screening tools that were validated. It were excluded studies with sample number under 60 and with nutritional screening tools for specific risk groups. Results: 11 studies that compare nutritional screening tools were identified. The tools included were: SGA, MNA, MNA-SF, MST, NRS-2002, MUST, SNAQ and CONUT. The studies turned out to be heterogeneous regarding characteristics of the population assessed, number of patients, statistical analysis, tools used and comparison patterns. Conclusion: It is important to count on a malnutrition screening tool to detect those patients at risk of malnutrition, in order to do early intervention. Nutritional screening is a strategy to prioritize the importance and/ or urgency of nutritional intervention. The application of systematic processes for the detection of nutritional risk is essential to carry out a timely intervention, so as to decrease the patient's morbidity and mortality, to improve his/her quality of life, and to diminish the costs generated(AU).

Use of Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA®) as a nutritional screening tool among urban older adults in Pasay City, Philippines

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> This study has been conducted to determine the prevalence of malnutrition and nutritionally-at-risk community-dwelling older adults in an urban setting through the use of Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA®).</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHODS:</strong> A cross-sectional survey was done among older adults in Barangay Sto. Niño, an urban poor community in Pasay City, Metro Manila to determine the prevalence of malnutrition and older adults using the short and full form of the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA®). Anthropometric assessment was done to determine body mass index as well as physical examination to determine presence of nutrient deficiencies.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Using the Asia Pacific cut-off for BMI, it can be noted that 16.5% were classified as underweight. On the other hand, results of the MNA® short form screening showed that less than half (42.6%) of the study respondents have normal nutritional status. Majority of the respondents were either malnourished (14.8%) or at risk of malnutrition (42.6%). Moreover, results of the Full MNA® form showed that almost half of the study respondents were either malnourished (8.2%) or at risk of malnutrition (39.3%). The rest of the study respondents were classified as having normal nutritional status (52.5%).</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> As compared to Body Mass Index, which can only identify prevalence of malnutrition, the MNA®, both short and full form, was not only able to identify malnourished and nutritionally-at-risk older adult as well as provide variables that may screen for possible causes of malnutrition. This is necessary and relevant for timely nutrition intervention for improved nutritional outcome among older adults.</p>

Adaptação transcultural para o idioma português do método de triagem nutricional Determine your nutritional health®para idosos domiciliados / Cross-cultural adaptation to the Portuguese language of the Determine Your Nutritional Health® screening method for the elderly in assisted living accommodation

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é descrever o processo de adaptação transcultural do método de triagem nutricional, Determine Your Nutritional Health® (DNH), para utilização na população idosa brasileira. O DNH consiste de 10 questões com enunciados afirmativos, às quais são atribuídas pontuações específicas e cuja soma corresponde ao escore final, que classifica os indivíduos de acordo com a presença ou a ausência de risco nutricional. O processo de adaptação transcultural do método DNH envolveu as seguintes etapas: tradução; retrotradução; equivalência semântica; avaliação dos especialistas; pré-teste e versão final do método. Foram realizadas adaptações de palavras e expressões do método DNH, para a realidade brasileira. A versão final do método foi definida para o Brasil como "Verifique a condição nutricional do idoso", apresentando as mesmas questões da versão original do DNH, contudo, em formato mais claro, por meio de perguntas, consideradas acessíveis e de fácil entendimento, segundo a avaliação de profissionais de saúde e de idosos. A versão brasileira do método de triagem nutricional, "Verifique a condição nutricional do idoso", encontra-se traduzida e adaptada para uso em idosos brasileiros domiciliados.

Abstract This article aims to describe the process of cross-cultural adaptation of the Determine Your Nutritional Health® (DNH) screening method for the elderly Brazilian population. The DNH consists of 10 questions with affirmative statements, to which specific scores are assigned and when added up correspond to the final score, which classifies individuals according to the presence or absence of nutritional risk. The process of cross-cultural adaptation of the DNH method involved the following stages: translation; back translation; semantic equivalence; evaluation by the experts; pre-test and final version of the method. Adjustments were made in words and expressions of the DNH method for the Brazilian reality. The final version of the method has been defined for Brazil as "Verify the nutritional conditions of the elderly," presenting the same questions as in the original version of the DNH. It was in a clearer format, through questions, considered accessible and easy to understand, according to the assessment of health professionals and the elderly. The Brazilian version of the nutritional screening method, "Verify nutritional conditions of the elderly," was translated and adapted, for use in Brazilian elderly in assisted living accommodation.

Research status of nutritional screening and assessment methods in cancer patients / 中国基层医药

With the development of oncology nutrition,the importance of nutrition therapy in the multidisci-plinary treatment of cancer patients is gradually emerging.The incidence and degree of malnutrition was higher and more serious in cancer patients than in other patients,the accurate assessment of the nutritional status and the timely and individualized nutritional support are significant for the patients with malnutrition.This paper reviewed the current research status of nutritional screening and assessment methods in cancer patients,in order to provide references for understanding the nutritional status and carrying on reasonable nutrition therapy.

Nutritional risk screening and nutritional assessment: definition, clinical practice, and possible pitfalls / 中华临床营养杂志

Nutritional support therapy includes three main components:nutritional screening,nutritional assessment,and nutritional intervention.It is important to emphasize that nutritional screening and nutritional assessment are two different concepts and definitions,which are often confusing for many physicians,nurses,and dietitians.In this review,we present an overview on the main concepts about nutritional screening and nutritional assessment,highlight their features and complementarity,and discuss the future perspectives in the clinical practice.

Nutritional Screening Tool for In-Hospital Patients

Malnutrition is a common problem in hospital settings. A poor nutritional status has been associated with higher rates of infection, poor wound healing, longer hospital stays, and higher hospital costs. Therefore, early recognition and timely treatment of malnutrition is vital. To identify malnourished individuals or those at risk of becoming malnourished, selecting and validated a uniform screening tool is clearly an important issue. Both the Nutritional Risk Screening-2002 (NRS-2002) and Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) are recommended by the European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ESPEN) for a hospital setting. For older patients, the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) is the recommended tool. Short Nutrition Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ) and Malnutrition Screening Tools (MST) are brief and simple screening tools that use self-reported queries of variables that include weight loss and poor appetite. On the other hand, many of those require considerable time and labor to administer and may not be highly applicable to a Korean population. In Korea, most hospitals use a computerized nutritional screening system with a self-developed nutrition screening index. The variables for the tools, which are based on each hospital setting, include the objective data available in the patient's medical records and limited information collected from the nursing admission questionnaire. The application of different tools hampers any comparison of the malnutrition prevalence between different settings and patients groups. In addition, the absence of a widely accepted malnutrition screening tool hinders both effective recognition and the treatment of malnutrition. Therefore, the development of uniform and valid screening tools and effective nutritional support programs for Korean malnourished patients is needed.

Herramienta de cribado nutricional versus valoración nutricional antropométrica de niños hospitalizados: ¿Cuál método se asocia mejor con la evolución clínica? / Nutritional screening tool versus anthropometric assessment in hospitalized children: which method is better associated to clinical outcomes?

Por lo general, la hospitalización contribuye al deterioro nutricional y la desnutrición está asociada al aumento de la morbimortalidad. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el estado/riesgo nutricional mediante la valoración nutricional antropométrica y la herramienta de cribado nutricional Screening Tool for Risk on Nutritional Status and Growth (STRONGkids), y compararlas con la evolución clínica. Estudio observacional longitudinal realizado en niños mayores de un mes de edad, ingresados en la unidad de Pediatría de un Hospital Escuela. Se evaluó el estado nutricional mediante Índice de Masa Corporal para la Edad o Peso para la Edad. El riesgo nutricional fue clasificado en elevado, intermedio y bajo. El tiempo de estancia, el resultado de la hospitalización y las complicaciones infecciosas se obtuvieron de la historia clínica. El proyecto fue aprobado por Comité Ético de Investigación. Fueron evaluados 181 niños, de ambos sexos, con mediana de edad de 8,8 (IIQ 3,3;26,9) meses. Respecto al tiempo de estancia la mediana fue de 7 (IIQ 4;10) días. Se encontró 20,8% de desnutrición en los niños menores de un año. La mayoría (55,3%) fue clasificada con riesgo nutricional intermedio. El tiempo de estancia se asoció al riesgo nutricional, sin embargo, a la valoración nutricional antropométrica se asoció solo en los niños menores de un año. Ocurrieron cinco complicaciones infecciosas que no se asociaron al estado/riesgo nutricional. Consiguientemente, el riesgo nutricional se asoció significativamente al tiempo de estancia, demostrando que STRONGkids fue un método mejor en comparación a la valoración nutricional antropométrica para predecir esta evolución clínica.

Hospitalization contributes to worsening of the nutritional status and malnutrition is associate to increase in morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study was to asses nutritional status/risk using anthropometry and the Screening Tool for Risk on Nutritional Status and Growth (STRONGkids), comparing their results to clinical outcomes. For that propose, was conducted an observational longitudinal study with children up to one month of life, hospitalized in Pediatric ward of a teaching hospital. Nutritional status was assessed by Body Mass Index for age and weight for age. Nutritional risk was classified as high, intermediate or low. The length of stay, clinical outcome and complications were taken of the medical records. This project was approved by the Ethics Committee on Research. Were evaluated 181 children, from both sexes. The median age was 8.8 (IQR 3.3; 26.9) months and the median length of stay was 7 (IQR 4; 10) days. There was 20.8% of malnutrition in children younger than one year. Most of the children (55.3%) were classified as in intermediate nutritional risk. The length of stay was associated to nutritional risk, while anthropometry was associated to only in those younger than one year. There were five infectious complication, not associated to nutritional status/risk. Therefore, nutritional risk was significantly associated to length of stay, showing that STRONGkids was a better method compared to anthropometric nutritional assessment to predict this outcome.

Evaluation of the efficacy of nutritional screening tools to predict malnutrition in the elderly at a geriatric care hospital

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Malnutrition in the elderly is a serious problem, prevalent in both hospitals and care homes. Due to the absence of a gold standard for malnutrition, herein we evaluate the efficacy of five nutritional screening tools developed or used for the elderly. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Elected medical records of 141 elderly patients (86 men and 55 women, aged 73.5 +/- 5.2 years) hospitalized at a geriatric care hospital were analyzed. Nutritional screening was performed using the following tools: Mini Nutrition Assessment (MNA), Mini Nutrition Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF), Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) and Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002). A combined index for malnutrition was also calculated as a reference tool. Each patient evaluated as malnourished to any degree or at risk of malnutrition according to at least four out of five of the aforementioned tools was categorized as malnourished in the combined index classification. RESULTS: According to the combined index, 44.0% of the patients were at risk of malnutrition to some degree. While the nutritional risk and/or malnutrition varied greatly depending on the tool applied, ranging from 36.2% (MUST) to 72.3% (MNA-SF). MUST showed good validity (sensitivity 80.6%, specificity 98.7%) and almost perfect agreement (k = 0.81) with the combined index. In contrast, MNA-SF showed poor validity (sensitivity 100%, specificity 49.4%) and only moderate agreement (k = 0.46) with the combined index. CONCLUSIONS: MNA-SF was found to overestimate the nutritional risk in the elderly. MUST appeared to be the most valid and useful screening tool to predict malnutrition in the elderly at a geriatric care hospital.

Influence of nutritional screening, assessment and intervention on the nutritional status and quality of life in patients with malignant tumor / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate the influence of nutritional screening,assessment and intervention on the nutritional status and quality of life in patients with malignant tumor,which will provide a scientific basis for malignant tumor patients with individualized care.Methods A total of 146 patients with malignant tumor were screened and assessed by Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (SGA),86 patients with nutritional risks were divided into control group and experimental group according to random digit table,oncology routine nursing care was implemented in the control group,and nutritional intervention was given to the experimental group before chemotherapy,after 4-week intervention,nutritional assessment were implemented again,and Quality of Life Questionnaires-Core 30 (QLQ C30) was used to evaluated quality of life respectively before and after intervention,the nutritional status and quality of life changes was compared in two groups of patients before and after the intervention.Results Nutritional status and quality of life in the experimental group were better than those of the control group:serum albumin [(37.6±4.5) g/L vs.(32.4±4.8) g/L],prealbumin [(282.8 ±28.3) mg/L vs.(242.0±26.6)mg/L],hemoglobin [(111.2±7.6) g/L vs.(100.9±9.2) g/L],body mass index [(18.0±1.5) kg/m2 vs.(16.5±1.2) kg/m2],t=-5.115 9,-6.888 6,-5.643 7,-5.175 1,P＜0.01;general health condition [(66.73±14.06) vs.(54.41±15.35)],t=-3.881 0,P＜0.01,the difference was significant.Conclusions On the basis of nutritional screening and assessment,specific nutritional intervention can obviously improve the nutritional status and quality of life in patients with malignant tumor,it should become an important component of comprehensive treatment of tumor.

Malnutrition risk of hospitalized elderly and their anthropometric indicators / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Introduction: With advancing age, the risk of developing nutritional deficiencies increases. Malnutrition can lead to functional dependency, increases morbidity, mortality, and greater use of health care resources. Goal: The goal of our study was to assess the nutritional risk among recently hospitalized elderly in Secondary healthcare systems by the NSI screening tool and assess indicators of anthropometry assessment in nutritionally different groups. Materials and Methods: To the study were enrolled 411 hospitalized elderly patients in secondary healthcare systems. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the HSUM, and written informed consent was obtained from all study participants. The nutritional status was classified by the NSI (Nutrition Screening Initiative) into: high risk of malnutrition, moderate risk of malnutrition and without malnutrition (adequate). Results: Among the assessed elderly, 8.03% had adequate nutritional status; 32.85% were at a risk of malnutrition and 59.12% were at a moderate risk of malnutrition. Some anthropometric variables such as weight, abdominal circumference, calf and mid-arm circumference assessed were significantly more deteriorated among the malnourished individuals. Among the NSI variables tooth loss/ mouth pain (21.6%), eating few fruits or vegetables or milk products (14.3%), chronic illness (13.8%), multiple medicines (13.4%) or economic hardship (11.3%) were found as the risk of malnourished elderly. Conclusion: There is an interrelationship between the nutritional status of the elderly and some anthropometric variables.

Clinical Nutrition Service at Medical Centers in Seoul

The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of clinical nutrition services at various medical centers in Seoul, Korea. A questionnaire was distributed to the departments of nutrition at 44 hospitals in Seoul on July 2009. Nutritional screening carried out at a rate of 59.1% at the medical centers, and a significant difference was found according to the type of center, from 100% in tertiary hospitals to 18.8% in normal hospitals. On annual average, the numbers of inpatients, inpatients for malnutritional screening, inpatients with malnutrition, and inpatients for malnutrition management were 15,169.5, 10,870.9, 2,224.8, and 1,546.2, respectively. On average the group nutrition education was done 36.1 times/year for diabetes, 8.2 times/year for cancer, and 1.9 times/year for renal disease, and the numbers of participants 423.1, 95.1, and 31.5, respectively. On average the individual nutrition education of inpatients with diabetes was done 135.4 times/year for ordered-type, and 119.3 times/year for unordered-type, 106.2 times/year for paid-type, and 148.5 times/year for unpaid-type. The mean fee for education and counseling was the highest for peritoneal dialysis (73,090.9 won) but the lowest for heart disease (23,609.1 won). On average the individual nutrition education of outpatients with diabetes was done 234.6 times/year for ordered-type, and 2.5 times/year for unordered-type, 204.4 times/year for paid-type, and 32.7 times/year for unpaid-type. The mean fee for education and counseling was also the highest for peritoneal dialysis (63,500.0 won) but the lowest for heart disease (21,336.4 won). To implement more effective clinical nutrition service, a national medical insurance imbursement policy should be urgently instituted such that diseases left as unpaid are covered by health insurance, including all nutrition-related disease.

Avaliação e monitoramento do estado nutricional de pacientes hospitalizados: uma proposta apoiada na opinião da comunidade científica / Assessment and monitoring of the nutritional status of hospitalized patients: a proposal based on the opinion of the scientific community

OBJETIVO: A desnutrição pode afetar adversamente a evolução clínica de pacientes hospitalizados e aumentar o tempo de permanência hospitalar. O objetivo deste estudo foi certificar critérios para avaliação e acompanhamento do estado nutricional de pacientes hospitalizados aceitos pela comunidade de pesquisadores, docentes e profissionais da área de nutrição clínica. MÉTODOS: Com este propósito aplicou-se um questionário via Internet, à comunidade científica, cadastrada na Plataforma Lattes - sistema nacional de cadastro curricular unificado on-line -, para apoiar atividades de fomento de agencias federais e estaduais. O questionário é composto de recomendações acompanhadas por uma escala Likert e espaços para justificativas dos participantes em relação à opção de aceitação parcial ou discordância do procedimento proposto. Foi considerado aprovado o procedimento que teve concordância total ou parcial maior ou igual a 70,0 por cento. RESULTADOS: Responderam ao questionário 35,2 por cento dos profissionais contatados. A maioria (84,0 por cento) era professor universitário, sendo 62,0 por cento de universidade pública; 67,0 por cento eram doutores; 63,0 por cento tinha mais de 20 anos de formado; 74,0 por cento eram nutricionistas e 25,0 por cento médicos. Os procedimentos propostos versam sobre as seguintes necessidades: triagem para definição de complexidade da atenção nutricional, indicadores de avaliação e monitoramento nutricional durante a internação e equipamentos e protocolos para o atendimento nutricional. Todos os procedimentos foram aceitos pelos entrevistados. Foi proposto pelos autores um modelo de triagem para definição da complexidade do atendimento nutricional, considerando os procedimentos aceitos. CONCLUSÃO: A aceitação dos procedimentos propostos fortalece o reconhecimento da necessidade de implantação de padrões para a avaliação e monitoramento nutricional nas instituições hospitalares.

OBJECTIVE: Malnutrition can adversely affect the clinical course of hospitalized patients and increase the length of hospital stay. The objective of this study was to certify procedures for assessing and following the nutritional status of hospitalized patients accepted by the clinical nutrition research community, professors and professionals. METHODS: For this purpose, a questionnaire was administered via the Internet to the scientific community registered in the Lattes Platform - national system of online, unified curriculum database to support the activities of the state and federal research funding agencies. The questionnaire consists of recommendations together with a Likert scale and space for the participants to justify their reasons for partial acceptance or rejection of the procedure proposed. The procedure that obtained total agreement or partial agreement >70.0 percent was approved. RESULTS: Roughly one-third (35.2 percent) of the professionals who received the questionnaire answered it. Most of them (84.0 percent) were university professors; 62.0 percent were of public universities; 67.0 percent had a PhD; 63.0 percent had twenty years or more of professional experience; 74.0 percent were dietitians and 25.0 percent were physicians. The proposed procedures cover the following needs: screening for defining the complexity of nutritional care, indicators of nutritional assessment and monitoring during hospital stay and equipment and protocols for nutritional care. All the procedures were accepted by the interviewees. A screening model to define the complexity of nutritional care was proposed based on the accepted procedures. CONCLUSION: Acceptance of the proposed procedures strengthens the acknowledgement of the need to implement standards for nutritional assessment and monitoring in hospitals.

Validation of the Developed Nutritional Screening Tool for Hospital Patients

Malnutrition has been associated with higher hospital costs, mortality, rates of complications and longer length of hospital stay. Several nutritional screening tools have been developed to identify patients with malnutrition risk. However, many of those require much time and labor to administer and may not be applicable to a Korean population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop nutritional screening tool for Korean inpatients. Then we compare nutritional screening tools that developed and previously described. Seven hundred sixty-four patients at hospital admission were screened nutritional status and classified as well nourished, malnutrition stage 1 or stage 2 by the KNNRS (Kyunghee Neo Nutrition Risk Screening), PG-SGA (Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment) and NRS-2002 (Nutritional Risk Screening-2002). The KNNRS, PG-SGA and NRS-2002 respectively classified 28.7%, 51.3%, 48.5% of patients as malnourished status. Compared to the PG-SGA, the KNNRS had sensitivity 60.7% (95% CI 54.2-67.0) and specificity 81.2% (95% CI 75.3-85.2). Agreement was fair between KNNRS and PG-SGA (k = 0.34). Compared to the NRS-2002, the KNNRS had sensitivity 57.8% (95% CI 53.4-60.9) and specificity 64.4% (95% CI 60.2-69.8). Agreement was poor between KNNRS and NRS-2002 (k = 0.18). These result should include that the KNNRS and PGS-GA have clinical relevance and fair concordance. However the rate of malnourished patients by KNNRS were less than by PG-SGA. For more effectivity of nutritional screening and management, the criteria of KNNRS would be better revised.

Nutrition Assessment of Older Subjects in a Health Care Center by MNA (Mini Nutritional Assessment)

Elderly people comprise an increasing proportion of the population, and nutritional impairments may contribute to health problems among this group. This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional status by Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and to identify relationships among anthropometric measurements, biochemical indicators, bone Mineral Density (BMD) and MNA results among older adults (> or =65 yrs, n=98, 66.7+/-2.5 yrs; M=52, F=46, BMI 24.5+/-2.8 kg/m2) at a Health Care Center. A dietitian administered MNA and collected anthropometric measurements (weight, height, waist circumference), biochemical indicators (albumin, hemoglobin, hematocrit, TLC, glucose, lipids) and the BMD (spine, femur, F=46). Subjects were grouped into a normal nutrition group (0~2 risk factors of malnutrition) and a high risk of malnutrition group (>=3 risk factors of malnutrition) based on their risk factor status for malnutrition. The risk factors for malnutrition include age > or =65 years, PIBW <90%, albumin <3.5 g/dl, TLC <1,500%, Hgb <14 g/dl (men), Hgb <10 g/dl (women), loss of appetite and weight loss 1~3 kg/last 3 months. In addition, subjects were grouped into a normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis group by BMD. We found that 12% of the subjects were at risk of malnutrition (MNA score, 21.4+/-2.1) and that 88% were well nourished (27.3+/-1.5) according to the MNA. Full-MNA scores were positively and significantly (p<0.05) associated with BMI, mid-arm circumference (MAC), calf circumference (CC), albumin and hemoglobin, respectively. The full-MNA score of the high risk of malnutrition group (23.0+/-3.8) was lower than that of the normal nutrition group (27.0+/-2.1) (p<0.05). In addition, the Full-MNA score was negatively associated with the risk factor of malnutrition (r=-0.35, p=0.0004). We found that 39.1% of the subjects had osteoporosis, 45.7% had osteopenia and 15.2% were normal according to their BMD. The MNA score of osteoporosis group (24.58+/-3.3) was lower than that of the normal (27.4+/-1.1) and osteopenia group (26.9+/-1.5) (p<0.05). These results suggested that MNA can be useful as a nutritional screening tool of older adults in Health Care Centers.

Development of B-eNSP (Baptist Electronic Nutritional Screening Program) Using Integrated Medical Information System and Clinical Efficiency

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop a baptist electronic Nutritional Screening Program (B-eNSP) that could be easily used to identify patients with nutrition at risk or malnutrition on their admission to hospital using an integrated medical information system and to evaluate validity, reliability and efficiency of B-eNSP. METHODS: From June 1 2009 to June 21 2009, we enrolled 496 patients for prospective research. We analyzed age, sex, weight, height, weight loss in the last 3 months, serum albumin, alteration of dietary intake, gastrointestinal symptom, functional capacity, diagnosis and its relationship to nutritional requirements, physical examination and Subjective Global Assessment (SGA). B-eNSP included body mass index (BMI), weight loss in the last 3 months, serum albumin. Each component was scored. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated to evaluate the validity of the B-eNSP. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn by using B-eNSP to choose a cut-off value that maximizes sensitivity and specificity and Yoden Index. Comparison with SGA and the reliability of the B-eNSP was done using kappa statistics. RESULTS: The maximum Yoden Index was 0.866 and the cut-off value of the ROC curve was 2. A B-eNSP score higher than 2 was defined as nutrition at risk or malnutrition. Reliability of the B-eNSP was in accordance with SGA by kappa 0.845. CONCLUSION: The B-eNSP can be used efficiently to identify patients with nutrition at risk or malnutrition by simply using an integrated medical information system.