Clinical use of tranexamic acid: evidences and controversies

Abstract Tranexamic acid (TXA) significantly reduces blood loss in a wide range of surgical procedures and improves survival rates in obstetric and trauma patients with severe bleeding. Although it mainly acts as a fibrinolysis inhibitor, it also has an anti-inflammatory effect, and may help attenuate the systemic inflammatory response syndrome found in some cardiac surgery patients. However, the administration of high doses of TXA has been associated with seizures and other adverse effects that increase the cost of care, and the administration of TXA to reduce perioperative bleeding needs to be standardized. Tranexamic acid is generally well tolerated, and most adverse reactions are considered mild or moderate. Severe events are rare in clinical trials, and literature reviews have shown tranexamic acid to be safe in several different surgical procedures. However, after many years of experience with TXA in various fields, such as orthopedic surgery, clinicians are now querying whether the dosage, route and interval of administration currently used and the methods used to control and analyze the antifibrinolytic mechanism of TXA are really optimal. These issues need to be evaluated and reviewed using the latest evidence to improve the safety and effectiveness of TXA in treating intracranial hemorrhage and bleeding in procedures such as liver transplantation, and cardiac, trauma and obstetric surgery.

Aclaramiento de la creatinina de largo plazo en pacientes con hemorragia obstétrica / Long-term creatinine clearance in patients with obstetric hemorrhage

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar y comparar el aclaramiento de creatinina de largo plazo con el inicial en pacientes con hemorragia obstétrica. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, longitudinal, retrospectivo, comparativo y analítico llevado a cabo en una serie de pacientes con hemorragia obstétrica (pérdida ≥ 1000 mL) hospitalizadas en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. El aclaramiento de la creatinina se calculó con la fórmula CKD-EPI en dos momentos: al ingreso a cuidados intensivos durante el puerperio inmediato, complicado por hemorragia (medición inicial) y de su última consulta médica registrada (medición de largo plazo). Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y la prueba t de Student con el programa SPSS versión 20. Se consideró significativo el valor de p < 0.05. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 49 pacientes con media de edad de 30.48 ± 6.06 años y 32.20 ± 8.24 semanas de embarazo. En 39 de 49 se practicó cesárea, 5 de 49 tuvieron parto, 4 de 49 requirieron histerotomía y solo 1 legrado instrumental. La media de sangrado estimado fue de 2744.89 ± 1474.65 mL. Para su control se requirió cirugía en 13 de 49, dos intervenciones en 21 de 49 y tres operaciones en 15 de 49. Aclaramiento de la creatinina: medición inicial 159.09 ± 46.62 y de largo plazo (22.27 ± 1.55 meses después) 112.23 ± 30.91 mL de min de 1.73 m2 de superficie corporal. La diferencia fue significativa (p = 0.002). En la medición de largo plazo se encontró enfermedad renal crónica en 1 de las 49 pacientes. CONCLUSIONES: El aclaramiento de la creatinina de largo plazo resultó menor, quizá por la regresión de los cambios gestacionales al paso del tiempo, pero sin deterioro funcional importante, salvo un caso con enfermedad renal crónica encontrado como un hallazgo no necesariamente relacionado con la hemorragia obstétrica.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine and compare long-term creatinine clearance with baseline creatinine clearance in patients with obstetric hemorrhage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, longitudinal, retrospective, comparative and analytical study carried out in a series of patients with obstetric hemorrhage (loss ≥ 1000 mL) hospitalized in the intensive care unit. Creatinine clearance was calculated with the CKD-EPI formula at two time points: on admission to intensive care after the end of pregnancy complicated by hemorrhage (baseline measurement) and from their last recorded medical consultation (long-term measurement). Descriptive statistics and Student's t-test were used with SPSS version 20, p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients with mean age of 30.48 ± 6.06 years and 32.20 ± 8.24 weeks of pregnancy were studied. Cesarean section was performed in 39 of 49, 5 of 49 delivered, 4 of 49 required hysterotomy and only one required instrumental curettage. The mean estimated bleeding was 2744.89 ± 1474.65 mL. Creatinine clearance: initial measurement 159.09 ± 46.62 and long-term (22.27 ± 1.55 months later) 112.23 ± 30.91 mL of min of 1.73 m2 body surface area. The difference was significant (p = 0.002). On long-term measurement, chronic kidney disease was found in 1 of the 49 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term creatinine clearance resulted lower, perhaps due to regression of gestational changes over time, but without significant functional impairment, except for one case with chronic kidney disease found as a finding not necessarily related to obstetric hemorrhage.

Panhipopituitarismo secundario a hemorragia obstétrica profusa / Panhypopituitarism secondary to profuse obstetric haemorrhage

El síndrome de Sheehan o necrosis hipofisaria posparto, constituye la causa más importante de panhipopituitarismo, que de forma ocasional se asocia a hemorragia obstétrica profusa asociada a choque hipovolémico hemorrágico, ocasionando un colapso circulatorio intenso debido a isquemia de la adenohipófisis durante el parto o después del mismo, debido a que esta glándula endócrina sufre importantes cambios anatómicos e histológicos durante el embarazo, los cuales incrementan su volumen hasta en 40%. De esta forma, se produce una secreción reducida de las hormonas que ayudan a regular el crecimiento, la reproducción y el metabolismo, evidenciando en el examen hormonal detallado insuficiencia específicamente de la hormona de crecimiento, foliculoestimulante, luteinizante, estimulante de tiroides, adrenocorticotropica y prolactina predisponiendo a la paciente a inestabilidad hemodinámica a corto plazo así como desequilibrio hormonal permanente. Por esta importancia, es que se presenta el caso de una paciente que ingresó a la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva tras cesárea iterativa debido a acretismo placentario llegando a la histerectomía total intercurriendo con choque hemorrágico, quien cursó durante su estancia en la Unidad con ausencia de recuperación neurológica total y características propias de síndrome de Sheehan, confirmándose el mismo por los niveles hormonales bajos y la ausencia de imagen en la silla turca correspondiente a la necrosis hipofisaria evidenciado por resonancia magnética, realizándose además una sucinta revisión acerca de la literatura relacionada actual.

ABSTRACT Sheehan syndrome or postpartum pituitary necrosis is the most common cause of hypopituitarism and occurs secondary to profuse obstetric haemorrhage with subsequent hypovolemic hemorrhagic shock, with intense circulatory collapse, predisposing to pituitary ischemia during delivery or after the same, due to the hypertrophic changes that occur in this gland during pregnancy. In this syndrome exists a reduced secretion of the hormones that regulate growth, reproduction and metabolism. We present the case of a female patient admitted to the Critical Care Unit after iterative cesarean due to placenta accreta and total hysterectomy, in hypovolemic shock secondary to severe hemorrhage, being suspicious of Sheehan´s syndrome, with characteristic clinical features, low hormone levels and the absence of image in the Turkish chair corresponding to the pituitary necrosis.

The bleeding mother and her baby: a study to determine the fetomaternal outcome in cases of placenta previa

Background: Placenta previa is one of the major causes for obstetric hemorrhagic morbidity and mortality with increasing incidence in recent times. This study aims at determining risk factors, maternal and fetal outcome associated with placenta previa.Methods: This was an observational, retrospective study conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai from May 2017 to March 2020. A total of 102 women with placenta previa during the study period were included, their case records critically analyzed to identify risk factors, maternal outcome in relation with blood transfusion required, ICU admission, obstetric hysterectomy and fetal outcome pertaining to prematurity, asphyxia and mortality.Results: A total of 102 patients were analyzed. Placenta previa was more common in >26 years of age, multipara (64.7%), with previous history of caesarean sections (21.5%) and previous curettage (11.7%), 44.2% babies born were preterm, 4.4% stillbirths and 8.5% neonatal deaths. Maternal complications like antepartum hemorrhage was seen in 58.8% patients and postpartum hemorrhage in 33.3%, blood transfusion was required in only 18 patients post operatively, bladder rent was seen in 3 patients and there was no maternal mortality. 44 patients required uterine artery ligation, Ashok Anand stitch was taken in 37 patients, uterus compression sutures in 10, obstetric hysterectomy in 7 patients and internal iliac artery ligation in 2 patients.Conclusions: Early identification of women at risk, obstetric preparedness and simple techniques like uterine artery ligation, Ashok Anand stitch and uterine compression sutures can help in effectively reducing need for multiple blood transfusions and morbidity.

Management of obstetric hemorrhage; an observational study highlighting the efficacy of uterine artery ligation

Background: Obstetrical hemorrhage is leading cause of maternal mortality. UAE is termed safe and effective method for resolving hemorrhage. objective of this study was to determine efficacy of uterine artery ligation in management of obstetrical hemorrhage.Methods: This cross sectional observational using non-probability convenient sampling technique was carried out for six months. After ethical approval, females between 18 to 35 years diagnosed with obstetrical hemorrhage, uterine atony refractory to medical treatment, having active bleeding from placental side or having normal coagulation profile were while females with post-partum hemorrhage because of retained products of conception, due to genital tract trauma or with disseminated intravascular coagulation were excluded. Analysis of data was done using SPSS version 23.0. Quantitative variables were reported as mean and standard deviation and for qualitative variables, frequency and percentages. Chi-square test was applied keeping p-value of <0.05 as statistically significant.Results: From 109 females with mean age 47±5.25 years. In comparison of parity distribution, 62 (56.88%) were multiparous and 47 (43.12%) were primiparous. Type of bleeding observed was antepartum 36(33.03%), peripartum 39 (35.78%) and postpartum in 34 (31.19%). Efficacy of uterine artery ligation in management of obstetric hemorrhage was observed to be 35 (32.11%). The efficacy of uterine artery ligation in management of obstetric hemorrhage in three categories of age groups reported significant association (p=0.0005) and type of bleeding (p=0.025).Conclusions: Efficacy of UAE in different types of obstetrical hemorrhage reported in our study was lower than expected in about one-third of females.

Protocolo de transfusión masiva en obstetricia

La hemorragia obstétrica es la causa más común de mortalidad materna en el mundo. Durante las últimas décadas, nuestro conocimiento de la fisiopatología y manejo del shock hemorrágico se ha incrementado de manera significativa. Una de las estrategias que más impacto ha tenido en la supervivencia de estas pacientes es la transfusión de productos sanguíneos. Debido a ello, es crucial contar con un protocolo de transfusión masiva en caso de hemorragia obstétrica masiva.

Obstetric hemorrhage is the most common cause of maternal mortality in the world. Our knowledge of hemorrhagic shock pathophysiology and management has significantly improved during the last decades. Blood transfusion has emerged as a strategy with great impact on patients' survival. Consequently, it is crucial to have a protocol of massive blood transfusion available for cases of massive obstetric hemorrhage.

Morbilidad y mortalidad asociadas con protocolos de transfusión masiva en hemorragia obstétrica severa / Morbidity and mortality associated with mass transfusion protocols in severe obstetric hemorrhage

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar la morbilidad y mortalidad debidas a la aplicación de protocolos de transfusión masiva en pacientes con hemorragia obstétrica atendidas en cuidados intensivos. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de una cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes con hemorragia obstétrica severa atendidas en la unidad de cuidados intensivos obstétricos del Hospital Materno Infantil del Instituto de Seguridad Social del Estado de México y Municipios, entre septiembre de 2014 y mayo de 2019. Se compararon tres protocolos de transfusión masiva en los que se aplicaron los derivados de la sangre en relación con la proporción de concentrado eritrocitario, de plaquetas y plasma con las siguientes proporciones: 2:1:1, 1:1:1 y liberal. Para analizar la posible asociación de las complicaciones con la elección de los diferentes protocolos de transfusión masiva, se utilizó un análisis mediante prueba ANOVA y χ2 en el programa SPSS versión 21; se consideró significativo el valor de p < 0.05. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 75 pacientes con edad promedio de 32.8 años; 63 eran multigestas. La causa principal de la hemorragia obstétrica fue la atonía uterina. 51 de 75 de los protocolos de transfusión masiva fueron liberales, 11 de ellos con una relación 2:1:1 y 4 de 51 de 1:1:1. Las complicaciones fueron: síndrome de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda, lesión renal aguda, lesión renal aguda originada por la transfusión, infecciones y reintervención quirúrgica. Se encontró asociación positiva con: los días de estancia en cuidados intensivos (p = 0.031), reintervención quirúrgica (p = 0.006) y síndrome de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda (p = 0.044) y los protocolos de transfusión masiva liberal respecto de los protocolos con relación 1:1:1. Solo una paciente falleció y ello se asoció con el protocolo de transfusión masiva liberal. CONCLUSIONES: La aplicación de protocolos de transfusión masiva 1:1:1 y 2:1:1 en pacientes con hemorragia obstétrica severa disminuye el riesgo de complicaciones. La mortalidad materna debido a la aplicación del protocolo de transfusión masiva liberal fue de solo un caso en 51 pacientes.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the morbidity and mortality due to the application of massive transfusion protocols in patients with obstetric hemorrhage treated in intensive care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: study of a retrospective cohort of patients with severe obstetric hemorrhage treated in the obstetric intensive care unit of the maternal and child hospital of the social Security Institute of the State of Mexico and municipalities, between september 2014 and may 2019. three massive transfusion protocols were compared in which blood derivatives were applied in relation to the ratio of erythrocyte concentrate, platelets and plasma with the following ratios: 2:1:1, 1:1:1 and liberal. to analyze the possible association of complications with the choice of the different mass transfusion protocols, an anova and χ2 test was used in the spss version 21 program; the value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients with a mean age of 32.8 years were analyzed; 63 were multigrafted. The main cause of obstetric bleeding was uterine atony. 51 of 75 of the mass transfusion protocols were liberal, 11 of them with a 2:1:1 ratio and 4 of 51 of 1:1:1. The complications were: acute respiratory failure syndrome, acute renal injury, acute renal injury originated by transfusion, infections and surgical reintervention. Positive association was found with: days of stay in intensive care (p = 0.031), surgical reintervention (p = 0.006) and acute respiratory failure syndrome (p = 0.044) and liberal mass transfusion protocols with respect to 1:1:1 ratio protocols. Only one patient died and this was associated with the liberal mass transfusion protocols. CONCLUSIONS: The application of 1:1:1 and 2:1:1 mass transfusion protocols in patients with severe obstetric hemorrhage decreases the risk of complications. Maternal mortality due to the application of liberal mass transfusion protocols was only one case in 51 patients.

Tratamiento de pacientes con placenta anormalmente adherida, con hemorragia. Revisión sistemática / Treatment of patients with abnormally attached placenta, with hemorrhage. Systematic review

Resumen OBJETIVO: Reportar la evidencia quirúrgica, disponible en la bibliografía actual, acerca de la conducta médica que debe seguirse en pacientes con placenta anormalmente adherida en embarazos mayores de 20 semanas, según la pérdida hemática que se correlaciona con la morbilidad y mortalidad materna. METODOLOGÍA: Revisión sistemática de la bibliografía asentada en PubMed, Google Scholar, Uptodate y SciELO de artículos publicados en inglés y español, entre 2002 y 2019, con las palabras clave Mesh (Medical Subject Headings): placenta acreta; placenta previa; uterine repair; caesarean hysterectomy; placenta percreta; uterine conservation; uterine compression suture; hemorragia obstétrica; placentación anómala; placenta anormalmente adherida. Criterios de inclusión: artículos de casos y controles, y series de casos que incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de placenta anormalmente adherida, con apartados de la técnica quirúrgica utilizada y descripción de su desenlace. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 40 artículos y se seleccionaron 34 que describían casos con diagnóstico de placenta anormalmente adherida y descripción de la técnica quirúrgica aplicada para disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad materna. Se compararon las distintas técnicas quirúrgicas; se encontraron 9 artículos con técnicas quirúrgicas distintas para el control de la hemorragia obstétrica, en 2 de ellos no hubo reporte de la pérdida hemática, útil para esta revisión. CONCLUSIONES: Se demuestra que la técnica vascular integral avanzada (VIVA) y de Bautista son las que mejor se relacionan con disminución de la morbilidad y mortalidad materna. La búsqueda de técnicas quirúrgicas y estrategias para abatir la muerte materna, por placenta anormalmente adherida y la aplicación y comprensión de lo aquí expuesto, puede contribuir a disminuir la incidencia de desenlaces fatales.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Report the surgical evidence available in the current literature about the medical behavior to be followed in patients with abnormally attached placenta in pregnancies older than 20 weeks, according to blood loss that correlates with maternal morbidity and mortality. METHODOLOGY: Systematic review of the literature available on PubMed, Scholar.google.com, Uptodate, SciELO, of articles published in English and Spanish, from 2002 to the present (August 2019), with the following keywords Mesh (Medical Subject Headings ): placenta acreta; previous placenta; uterine repair; Caesarean Hysterectomy; placenta percreta; uterine conservation; uterine compression suture; obstetric hemorrhage; anomalous placentation; abnormally attached placenta. Inclusion criteria: articles of control cases and case series that included pregnant patients with abnormally adhered placental diagnosis and sections of the surgical technique used, the outcome of which is described in the manuscript. RESULTS: 40 articles were found but only 34 studies were described that described cases with abnormally adhered placental diagnosis and description of the surgical technique used to achieve a decrease in maternal morbidity and mortality, so the different surgical techniques were compared, 9 articles were found with techniques different surgical procedures for the control of obstetric hemorrhage, in 2 of them there was no report of blood loss, useful for this review. CONCLUSIONS: It is shown that the advanced integral vascular technique (VIVA) and that of Bautista are the ones that are best related to a decrease in maternal morbidity and mortality. The search for surgical techniques and strategies to reduce maternal death, due to an abnormally attached placenta and the application and understanding of what is stated here, can contribute to reducing the incidence of fatal outcomes.

Adherencia a las buenas prácticas clínicas en el manejo de la morbilidad materna extremadamente grave / Adherence to Good Clinical Practices in Managing Extremely Severe Maternal Morbidity

Introducción: La vigilancia de la morbilidad materna extrema es complemento para la evaluación y mejoramiento de la calidad de los servicios de salud. Objetivo: Evaluar la adherencia a las buenas prácticas clínicas en el manejo de la morbilidad materna extremadamente grave. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en el Hospital Universitario Ginecobstétrico Mariana Grajales, Villa Clara, Cuba, desde el 2012 al 2015 en mujeres con morbilidad materna extremadamente grave. De las 577 pacientes atendidas se escogió una muestra intencional de 93. Además, fueron revisados los documentos de archivo del hospital y las historias clínicas individuales y hospitalarias. Resultados: En la consulta de atención primaria fueron registrados 80 casos como riesgo obstétrico, en consultas de re-evaluación realizadas a las 14,1 semanas como promedio, solo 88,2 por ciento habían realizado los exámenes complementarios iniciales y solo 94,6 por ciento, tenían reflejado en su carné obstétrico el control de las curvas de tensión y peso. La altura uterina solo apareció reflejada en 96,8 por ciento de los casos. En la atención secundaria se aplicó el código de colores a 92 pacientes y se identificó el riesgo obstétrico en 91. Fueron diagnosticadas al ingreso 85 mujeres. Se aplicaron los protocolos de atención al puerperio y de seguimiento por la comisión de la institución en todos los casos. Conclusiones: Se detectan deficiencias en el proceso de atención a la morbilidad materna extremadamente grave. En este período fueron evaluados como aceptables la captación precoz, la atención al puerperio (inmediato y mediato) y el seguimiento por la comisión de morbilidad materna extremadamente grave de la institución(AU)

Introduction: Surveillance of extreme maternal morbidity is a complement to the assessment and improvement of the quality of health services. Objective: To evaluate adherence to good clinical practices in Managing Extremely Severe Maternal Morbidity. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in women with extremely severe maternal morbidity at Mariana Grajales Gyneco-Obstetric University Hospital, Villa Clara, Cuba, from 2012 to 2015. An intentional sample of 93 was chosen from 577 patients treated. In addition, the hospital records and individual and hospital medical records were reviewed. Results: In the primary care clinic 80 cases were registered as obstetric risk. Only 88.2 percent had performed the initial complementary exams in re-evaluation consultations conducted at 14.1 weeks on average. Moreover, 94.6 percent had registered tension and weight curves in their obstetric control card. Uterine height only appeared registered in 96.8 percent of cases. In secondary care, color code was applied in 92 patients and obstetric risk was identified in 91. Upon admission, 85 women were diagnosed. Puerperium care and follow-up protocols were applied by the institution's commission in all cases. Conclusions: Deficiencies are detected in the process of providing care to extremely severe maternal morbidity. During this period, early pregnancy uptake, care for the immediate and mediate puerperium and follow-up by the institution's extremely serious maternal morbidity commission were assessed as acceptable(AU)

A study on maternal near miss cases in Government Medical College Shivpuri, India

Background: Obstetrics near miss is an important indicator that reflects the quality of obstetrics care in a health facility. It assesses and monitors the activities aimed for prevention of maternal mortality. The aim and objective of this study was to find out the incidence, the prevalence and causes of maternal near miss due to severe obstetric complications and to identify the gapes and contextualize corrective measures to be taken in our facility.Methods: This is a retrospective study done in department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in GMC associated with DHS Shivpuri MP. The study was done during a period from 1st January 2018 to 30 April 2019.Results: In this study the hospital maternal near miss incidence ratio was 14.34%. In our study we found the most common morbidity was (30.18%) hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. These 159 near miss diagnoses were comprised of (30.18 %) cases of Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, (27.67%) cases of major obstetric hemorrhage, (6.91) Severe systemic infection or sepsis, (4.40%) Labour related disorders. In Medical disorders very Severe Anemia, (1.88%) was most common cause of near miss. The most common cause of death was post-partum hemorrhage 37.5% and most of the patients referred from periphery in very critical condition.  The median time taken to get clinical intervention among cases was 20-40 minutes after admission.Conclusions: Hemorrhage and hypertension disorders are the leading causes of MNM. Prompt diagnosis and adequate management of near miss cases can reduce mortality rates.

La hemorragia posparto / Postpartum hemorrhage

Introducción: La hemorragia posparto es una de las principales causas de mortalidad materna. Objetivo: Caracterizar la hemorragia posparto. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo en el servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación del Hospital Dr. Agostinho Neto entre los años 2015-2017. El universo se constituyó por 65 pacientes. Se estudiaron las siguientes variables: edad biológica, edad gestacional, tipo de hemorragia, cantidad estimada del sangrado, etiología, variables de laboratorio clínico y hemodinámicas, reanimación con fluidos y hemoderivados, complicaciones. Se emplearon métodos empíricos (análisis documental, instrumentos para la recolección de la información), teóricos (procedimientos de análisis, síntesis, inducción, deducción) y matemático-estadístico (porcentaje, media, la desviación típica e intervalos de confianza). Resultados: La edad media de las pacientes fue de 24,2 ± 6,2 años; la edad gestacional fue de 34,2 ± 6,2 años; 73,8 por ciento terminó el embarazo por vía vaginal e intervalo entre el parto, el inicio de la hemorragia posparto fue de 2,46 h ± 53 min. La atonía uterina (61,5 por ciento) fue la causa más común de la hemorragia. El shock fue la complicación más común (100 por ciento), lo que condicionó el uso de altos volúmenes de fluidos y hemoderivados para su reanimación. La histerectomía y ligadura arterias hipogástricas fue la técnica quirúrgica más utilizada (52,3 por ciento). Conclusiones: La hemorragia posparto fue una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad en el mencionado servicio de salud(AU)

Introduction: Postpartum hemorrhage is one of the main causes of maternal mortality. Objective: To characterize postpartum hemorrhage. Methods: A descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study was carried out in the Anesthesiology and Resuscitation service of Dr. Agostinho Neto Hospital, between 2015 and 2017. The study population was made up by 65 patients. The following variables were studied: biological age, gestational age, type of hemorrhage, estimated amount of bleeding, etiology, hemodynamic and clinical laboratory variables, fluid resuscitation and blood products replacement, complications. We used empirical methods (document analysis, instruments for the collection of information), theoretical methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction), and mathematical-statistical methods (percentage, mean, standard deviation and confidence intervals). Results: The average age of the patients was 24.2±6.2 years; the gestational age was 34.2±6.2 years; 73.8 percent completed the pregnancy by natural delivery, while the interval between delivery and the onset of postpartum hemorrhage was 2.46h±53 min. Uterine atony (61.5 percent) was the most common cause of hemorrhage. Shock was the most common complication (100 percent), which conditioned the use of high volumes of replacement fluids and blood products. Hysterectomy and ligation of hypogastric arteries was the most used surgical technique (52.3 percent). Conclusions: During the study period, postpartum hemorrhage was an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the Anesthesiology and Resuscitation service of Dr. Agostinho Neto Hospital(AU)

Índice de choque como marcador inicial de choque hipovolémico en hemorragia obstétrica de primer trimestre / Shock index as initial marker of hypovolemic shock in obstetric hemorrhage of the first trimester / Índice de choque como marcador inicial do choque hipovolémico na hemorragia obstétrica do primeiro trimestre

Resumen: La hemorragia obstétrica continúa siendo la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad materna a nivel mundial siendo mayor en países en vías de desarrollo. Estudios realizados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) revelan que entre 25-30% de muertes maternas se deben a hemorragia obstétrica, tales muertes inician usualmente al relacionarse con el desarrollo de choque hemorrágico y sus consecuencias, especialmente la disfunción orgánica múltiple. La hemorragia obstétrica se define como la pérdida sanguínea mayor o igual a 500 mL. El índice de choque (IC) se define como la frecuencia cardiaca dividida por la presión arterial sistólica, fue introducida por primera vez en 1967 por Allgöwer y Burri. Se ha estudiado en pacientes con y sin trauma y se usa en la práctica clínica para evaluar el choque hipovolémico o la gravedad del choque no hipovolémico y para ayudar al tratamiento agudo en este contexto. En la población normal no embarazada, el rango del IC normal es 0.5-0.7 y un IC > 0.9 se ha asociado con una mayor mortalidad. En el presente trabajo se realizó la correlación del índice de choque como marcador inicial de choque hipovolémico en pacientes con hemorragia obstétrica del primer trimestre. Se realizó un estudio observacional, prospectivo, transversal y analítico en pacientes de todas las edades con hemorragia obstétrica del primer trimestre. Se observó que el índice de choque en las pacientes con diagnóstico de hemorragia obstétrica de primer trimestre se asocia significativamente con inestabilidad hemodinámica y mayor probabilidad de requerir productos sanguíneos.

Abstract: Obstetric hemorrhage continues to be the main cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide, being higher in developing countries. Studies conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) reveal that between 25 and 30% of maternal deaths are due to obstetric hemorrhage, such deaths usually begin when related to the development of hemorrhagic shock and its consequences, especially multiple organ dysfunction. Obstetric hemorrhage is defined as blood loss greater than or equal to 500 mL. The shock index (CI) is defined as the heart rate divided by the systolic blood pressure, it was first introduced in 1967 by Allgöwer and Burri. It has been studied in patients with and without trauma and is used in clinical practice to evaluate hypovolemic shock or the severity of non-hypovolemic shock and to help acute treatment in this context. In the normal non-pregnant population, the range of the normal CI is 0.5-0.7 and an IC of > 0.9 has been associated with a higher mortality. In the present work, the correlation of the shock index was made as an initial marker of hypovolemic shock in patients with obstetric hemorrhage in the first trimester. An observational, prospective, cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted in patients of all ages with first-trimester obstetric hemorrhage. It was observed that HF in patients with a diagnosis of first-trimester obstetric hemorrhage is significantly associated with hemodynamic instability and a higher probability of requiring blood products.

Resumo: A hemorragia obstétrica continua sendo a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade materna a nível mundial, sendo maior nos países em desenvolvimento. Estudos realizados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) revelam que entre 25 e 30% dos óbitos maternos são decorrentes de hemorragia obstétrica, tais óbitos começam usualmete quando relacionados ao desenvolvimento do choque hemorrágico e suas conseqüências, especialmente disfunção de múltiplos órgãos. A hemorragia obstétrica é definida como perda de sangue maior ou igual a 500 mL. O índice de choque (IC) é definido como a freqüência cardíaca dividida pela pressão arterial sistólica, que foi introduzida pela primeira vez em 1967 por Allgöwer e Burri. Tem sido estudado em pacientes com e sem trauma e é usado na prática clínica para avaliar o choque hipovolêmico ou a gravidade do choque não-hipovolêmico e para auxiliar no tratamento agudo nesse contexto. Na população normal não gestante, o intervalo do IC normal é de 0.5-0.7 e um IC > 0.9 foi associado a uma mortalidade mais elevada. No presente trabalho foi realizada a correlação do índice de choque como um marcador inicial de choque hipovolêmico em pacientes com hemorragia obstétrica no primeiro trimestre. Foi realizado um estudo observacional, prospectivo, transversal e analítico em pacientes de todas as idades com hemorragia obstétrica no primeiro trimestre. Observou-se que a IC em pacientes com diagnóstico de hemorragia obstétrica no primeiro trimestre está significativamente associada à instabilidade hemodinâmica e maior probabilidade de necessidade de hemoderivados.

Hemorragia obstétrica secundaria a placenta previa y leiomioma retroplacentario gigante cervical. Reporte de un caso / Obstetric hemorrhage secondary to placenta previa and giant retroplacental leiomyoma cervical. Case report

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Los leiomiomas y el embarazo se relacionan con complicaciones impredecibles; incluso su incidencia se ha incrementado, debido al retraso de la primera gestación y conforme avanza la edad de la madre, su asociación con hemorragia posparto y alto riesgo de histerectomía obstétrica aumentan la morbilidad y mortalidad. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 30 años, sin control prenatal y embarazo clínicamente de término, que acudió a urgencias por dolor obstétrico y sangrado transvaginal. En la exploración física reveló el primer periodo de trabajo de parto, 9 cm de dilatación, altura de presentación -4 según los planos De Lee; se palpó el borde placentario a nivel cervical, acompañado de sangrado transvaginal moderado, rojo rutilante. Se activó el código mater y se preparó para cesárea, por placenta previa sangrante. Durante la intervención quirúrgica se comprobó el diagnóstico y la tumoración, que inició en la cara posterior, en el segmento uterino inferior, y finalizó en la zona cervical, con múltiples vasos de neoformación sangrantes y atonía uterina secundaria, circunstancias que condicionaron hemorragia importante. Se efectuó la histerectomía obstétrica y nació una niña de 3145 g, talla 51 cm, Capurro de 41 semanas de gestación y Apgar 7/9. La pérdida hemática total fue de 2000 cc; permaneció cuatro días en estancia hospitalaria y la madre y su hijo se dieron de alta del hospital sin complicaciones. CONCLUSIÓN: La relación entre miomatosis uterina y embarazo incrementa el riesgo de complicaciones maternas. El seguimiento ecográfico y el control prenatal determinan su repercusión durante la evolución del embarazo y el parto. En estos casos es importante considerar el tratamiento conservador.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Leiomyomas and gestation are an association with unpredictable complications, in which their incidence is increased by the delay of the first gestation and as maternal age advances, its relationship with postpartum hemorrhage and high risk of obstetric hysterectomy increases maternal morbidity and mortality proportionally. CLINICAL CASE: A 30-year-old patient without prenatal care and a clinically terminal pregnancy, who attended the emergency department due to obstetric pain and transvaginal bleeding. Physical examination revealed first labor, 9cm of dilation, height of presentation -4 according to plans From Lee, placental edge was palpated at the cervical level, accompanied by moderate transvaginal bleeding, bright red, mater code is activated and prepared for cesarean section, for bleeding placenta, during the surgical event, corroborates diagnosis and tumor that starts on the face posterior, lower uterine segment and ends at the cervical level, with multiple vessels of bleeding neoformation and secondary uterine atony, causing significant hemorrhage, obstetric hysterectomy was performed, a new born with sex female woman with a weight of 3145 g, size 51cm, Capurro 41 weeks of gestation was obtained, Apgar 7/9, the total blood loss was 2000 cc, 4 days of inpatient hospital stay, the binomial without complications was graduated. CONCLUSION: The association of uterine myomatosis and pregnancy increase the risk of maternal complications, adequate ultrasound monitoring and prenatal control, determine the repercussion during the evolution of pregnancy and childbirth, conservative management should always be considered.

Técnica quirúrgica vascular integral avanzada (VIVA) aplicada en pacientes con placenta previa anormalmente adherida con feto in situ / Advanced integral vascular surgical technique (AIVS) applied in patients with placenta previa adhered abnormally with in situ fetus

Resumen OBJETIVO: Describir la técnica quirúrgica vascular integral avanzada (VIVA) aplicada en pacientes con placenta previa anormalmente adherida, con feto in situ. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo y descriptivo de serie de casos efectuado en pacientes atendidas en el Hospital de Especialidades del Niño y la Mujer de Querétaro, y en el Hospital Materno Celaya, entre enero y junio de 2017, con placenta previa anormalmente adherida en quienes se practicó la técnica quirúrgica vascular integral avanzada. Los datos se analizaron con estadística descriptiva y medidas de tendencia central. Parámetros de estudio: edad materna, edad gestacional al momento de la interrupción del embarazo, tiempo y sangrado quirúrgico estimado, concentración de hemoglobina y hematocrito pre y posquirúrgicos; pacientes que requirieron "biocirugía", ingreso a unidad de cuidados intensivos obstétricos y tiempo de estancia intrahospitalaria. Variables perinatales: Capurro al nacimiento, peso del neonato, calificación de Apgar y gasometría del cordón umbilical. RESULTADOS: Se registraron 16 pacientes, todas se intervinieron en un solo procedimiento quirúrgico, sin necesidad de reintervención, con sangrado quirúrgico promedio objetivado con hemoglobina pre y posquirúrgica, sin indicación de ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos obstétricos, con adecuada evolución posquirúrgica y sin morbilidad neonatal asociada. CONCLUSIÓN: La técnica quirúrgica vascular integral avanzada (VIVA) es un procedimiento seguro, accesible, asequible y disponible; debe integrarse un equipo médico-quirúrgico adecuadamente organizado.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe the advanced integral vascular surgical technique (AIVS) applied in patients with placenta previa adhered abnormally with in situ fetus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective and descriptive study presenting a series of cases, carried out in patients with abnormally attached placenta previa to whom the advanced integral vascular surgical technique was applied, attended at the Hospital of Specialties of the Child and the Woman of Querétaro, and Hospital Maternal Celaya, between January and June 2017. Using descriptive statistics of central tendency, maternal variables were analyzed such as: maternal age, gestational age at the time of the interruption of the obstetric event, time and estimated surgical bleeding, hemoglobin concentration and pre and post hematocrit postsurgical patients who required "biosurgery", admission to obstetric intensive care unit and intrahospital stay; perinatal variables: Capurro at birth, neonatal weight, Apgar score and umbilical cord blood gas. RESULTS: 16 patients were registered. All the patients were operated on in a single surgical event, with no need for reoperation, with average surgical bleeding objectified with pre- and postoperative hemoglobin, without indication of admission to the Obstetric Intensive Care Unit, with adequate postoperative evolution and perinatal outcomes without associated neonatal morbidity. CONCLUSION: The advanced integral vascular surgical technique (AIVS) is a safe, accessible, affordable and available technique, having to integrate a properly organized medical surgical team.

Complicaciones obstétricas y perinatales en pacientes con anemia / Obstetric and perinatal complications in anemic patients

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar la relación entre complicaciones obstétricas y perinatales con la anemia durante el embarazo. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio ambispectivo, observacional y transversal. Se incluyeron pacientes en trabajo de parto, con embarazo único, atendidas entre marzo y octubre de 2017 en el Hospital General Dr. Salvador Zubirán Anchondo, Chihuahua, Chih. Se excluyeron las pacientes con embarazo complicado por defectos congénitos, que hubieran recibido anticoagulantes, con diagnóstico médico de hemoglobinopatías, hemofilias, preeclampsia, síndrome de HELLP, partos instrumentados y distocias, diabetes gestacional, nefropatías, hepatopatías, tabaquismo y toxicomanías. Complicaciones valoradas: amenaza de aborto, amenaza de parto pretérmino, parto pretérmino, ruptura prematura de membranas, infección de vías urinarias, peso al nacer, valoración de Apgar al minuto y a los 5 minutos, hemorragia obstétrica. Se entrevistó a todas las pacientes para evaluar los antecedentes ginecoobstétricos y se tomó una muestra de sangre venosa para determinar: hemoglobina, hematocrito, cantidad de glóbulos rojos, volumen corpuscular medio, concentración de hemoglobina corpuscular media. Se registraron las mediciones antropométricas, valores de Apgar y complicaciones perinatales del expediente clínico. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 1051 pacientes divididas en dos grupos: con anemia (n = 172) y sin anemia (n = 879). Se consideró anemia a la hemoglobina menor de 11 g/dL o hematocrito menor de 33%. Se clasificaron de acuerdo con la OMS como: anemia leve 10-10.9 g/dL, moderada 7-9.9 g/dL y severa menos de 7.0 g/dL. La prevalencia de anemia fue de 16%. La anemia leve se identificó con mayor frecuencia 10% (n = 111), anemia moderada y severa 6% (n = 61). Las complicaciones maternas y neonatales no mostraron asociación con la anemia materna durante el embarazo. La hemotransfusión fue mayor en pacientes con anemia (9 vs 1%). CONCLUSIÓN: Se identificó anemia materna en 16% de los casos y se asoció con necesidad de transfusión de hemoderivados en el posparto o posquirúrgico de cesárea.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Determinate the association between adverse perinatal outcomes and anemia in pregnant women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, prospective-retrospective and cross-sectional study. Including women in birth labor attended at Hospital General Dr. Salvador Zubirán Anchondo in Chihuahua City, during March to October 2017. Inclusion criteria considered women with single pregnancy. Exclusion criteria with present conditions: congenital deformities, use of anticoagulants, blood diseases, preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, instrumental delivery with forceps, dystocia, maternal diabetes, kidney and liver diseases, use of tobacco and other drugs. Adverse perinatal outcomes included were: miscarriage risk, preterm labor, preterm birth, pre labor rupture of membranes, urinary infection, low birth weight, Apgar score at birth and after five minutes, obstetric hemorrhage. Patients were interviewed to evaluate obstetric background; blood venous sample was taken to determine haemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells number, medium corpuscular volume, medium corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Birth data was registered from medical records. RESULTS: Two groups were integrated: with anemia (n=172) and without anemia (n=879). Patients with anemia were those with haemoglobin less than 11 g/dL or hematocrit less than 33% according World Health Organization anemia classification: mild 10-10.9 g/dL, moderate 7-9.9 g/dL and severe less than 7.0 g/dL. Anemia frequency was calculated in 16%, mild anemia frequency was 10% (111 patients), 6% moderate and severe anemia (n = 61). Both groups developed patients with adverse perinatal outcomes. Transfusion of blood products showed higher frequency in anemic patients (9% versus 1% control group). CONCLUSION: Anemia prevalence calculated in 16% associated with transfusion of blood products, during puerperium or after c-section period.

Desenlaces con dos técnicas de sutura hemostática uterina en pacientes con hemorragia obstétrica / Results with two techniques of uterine hemostatic sutures in obstetric hemorrhage patients

Resumen OBJETIVO: Exponer los desenlaces de dos técnicas de sutura hemostática uterina para controlar la hemorragia obstétrica. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo, observacional y longitudinal, llevado a cabo en tres unidades hospitalarias de Guanajuato, México, del 1 de enero al 30 de noviembre de 2018. Se incluyeron pacientes con hemorragia transcesárea y posparto. En las primeras se aplicó la técnica de B-Lynch y en las segundas la de Hayman. Se analizaron las variables: 1) cantidad de hemorragia antes y después de aplicar la sutura, 2) tiempo del procedimiento, 3) concentración de hemoglobina al ingreso a la unidad de atención, 1 hora después de la hemorragia y 24 horas posteriores a la intervención quirúrgica, 4) desenlace de las técnicas y 5) complicaciones. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó el programa SPSS versión 22 para Windows. RESULTADOS: Se registraron 34 pacientes: 26 con aplicación de la técnica de sutura B-Lynch y 8 con la técnica de Hayman. La pérdida sanguínea después de la aplicación de las técnicas fue menor (p < 0.001). El tiempo entre el diagnóstico de hemorragia y la aplicación de la sutura fue de 11.5 ± 5.9 minutos. La concentración de hemoglobina al ingreso al hospital y 1 h posterior a la hemorragia fue significativamente menor (p < 0.01) versus 24 h después (p < 0.05) 30 de 34 pacientes tuvieron reacción favorable al tratamiento quirúrgico. Cuatro mujeres requirieron procedimientos adicionales para el control de la hemorragia. No se reportaron complicaciones ni muertes maternas asociadas con las técnicas de sutura. CONCLUSIONES: Las técnicas de sutura uterina representan un procedimiento útil, rápido y sin complicaciones para el control de la hemorragia obstétrica.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To present the results obtained with two techniques of uterine hemostatic sutures for the control of obstetric hemorrhage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective, observational, longitudinal study in three hospital units of the 1st. from January to November 30, 2018. Thirty-four patients with postpartum and transcesarean hemorrhage were included. The postpartum patients underwent Hayman technique and the B-Lynch technique. The following were analyzed: 1) amount of hemorrhage before and after the sutures, 2) time between diagnosis and placement, 3) hemoglobin levels at admission to the care unit, 1 hour after the hemorrhage and 24 hours after treatment, 4) results with the two techniques and 5) complications. Statistical analysis of all these variables was performed with SPSS, 22 version. RESULTS: A total of 34 patients were registered: 26 sutures performed with B-Lynch technique and 8 with Hayman technique. The amount of bleeding after the application was lower (p <0.001). The time between diagnosis of bleeding and placement was 11.5 + 5.9 minutes. The hemoglobin levels at admission to the hospital and one hour after the hemorrhage were significantly lower (p <0.01) and 24 hours later (p <0.05). In 30/34 of cases, a favorable response to surgical treatment was achieved. In four cases, another procedure was required to control bleeding. There were no complications with the use of sutures or maternal deaths. CONCLUSIONS: The use of uterine sutures was a useful, fast and uncomplicated therapy for the control of obstetric hemorrhage.

Utilidad del índice de choque como valor predictivo para el requerimiento de trasfusión en hemorragia obstétrica / Utility of the shock index in obstetric hemorrhage as a predictive value for the transfusion requirement

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar el punto de corte del índice de choque obstétrico asociado con trasfusión masiva en mujeres con hemorragia obstétrica. Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, transversal y analítico efectuado con base en la revisión de los expedientes clínicos de pacientes que ingresaron a la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Cálculo del índice de choque obstétrico al momento del diagnóstico de hemorragia obstétrica. Análisis de los signos vitales, gasometría, tipo de componentes sanguíneos trasfundidos y cantidad de líquidos administrados. Resultados: Se incluyeron 105 pacientes con hemorragia obstétrica; en 65 (61%) el resultado del índice de choque fue ≥ 0.9, de éstas 38 (58%) requirieron trasfusión masiva. El índice de choque obstétrico ≥ 0.9 se asoció, significativamente, con trasfusión masiva (p < 0.001). La pérdida sanguínea fue de 3000 mL (RIC 2000 mL) en pacientes con índice de choque obstétrico ≥ 0.9 vs 2500 mL (RIC 1000 mL) en pacientes con índice de choque obstétrico < 0.9 (p = 0.04). Las mujeres con índice de choque obstétrico ≥ 0.9 mostraron mayor requerimiento de trasfusión de concentrados globulares (p = 0.03) y plaquetarios (p = 0.01). Conclusiones: Un índice de choque obstétrico ≥ 0.9 se asoció con altos requerimientos de trasfusión sanguínea y mayor incidencia de eventos adversos graves, por lo que se recomienda este valor como el punto de corte para predicción de la necesidad de trasfusión masiva.

Abstract Objective: To determine the cut-off point of obstetric shock index associated with massive transfusion in women with obstetric hemorrhage. Materials and methods: We designed a cross-sectional study in women who were admitted to the intensive care unit. The obstetric shock index was calculated at the time of the diagnosis of obstetric hemorrhage. We analyzed vital signs, arterial blood gas, loss of blood, fluid replacement and transfused blood products. Results: One hundred and five women with obstetric bleeding were included, in 65 (61%) the obstetric shock index was ≥ 0.9, of whom 38 (58%) needed massive transfusion. Obstetric shock index ≥ 0.9 was significantly associated with massive transfusion (p < 0.001). The blood loss was of 3000 mL (RIC 2000 mL) in the patients with obstetric shock index ≥ 0.9 compared to 2500 mL (RIC 1000 mL) in patients with obstetric shock index < 0.9 (p = 0.04). Women with obstetric shock index ≥ 0.9 showed more significant requirement of transfusion of package red blood (p = 0.03) and platelets (p = 0.01). Conclusions: An obstetric shock index ≥0.9 was associated with high transfusión requirements and a higher incidence of serious adverse events, this value is recommended as the cut-off point for predicting the need for massive transfusion.

Traje antichoque no neumático: una opción en el tratamiento de la paciente con hemorragia obstétrica / Non-pneumatic anti-shock garment: A valuable intervention in the management of a patient with an obstetric hemorrhage

Resumen OBJETIVO Revisar la experiencia con el traje antichoque no neumático y su integración a los protocolos de atención médica de la paciente con hemorragia obstétrica. MÉTODO Estudio retrospectivo consistente en la búsqueda de artículos en español e inglés que aluden a la hemorragia obstétrica y al traje antichoque no neumático indizados en las bases de datos de PubMed, Cocharne, Embase, Ebsco y Lilacs que reunieran los siguientes requisitos: contenter los términos relacionados: traje antichoque no neumático, non-pneumatic anti-shock garment, hemorragia posparto, postpartum haemorrhage, hemorragia obstétrica, obstetric haemorrhage, choque hipovolémico, hipovolemic shock. CONCLUSIONES La hemorragia obstétrica sigue siendo una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad materna. La innovación e integración de fármacos y tecnologías, acompañadas de la acumulación de experiencia son decisivas en la resolución de las complicaciones maternas. Está ampliamente demostrada la efectividad y seguridad del traje antichoque no neumático en el tratamiento de la hemorragia obstétrica; sin embargo, hoy día poco se ha utilizado en México.

Abstract OBJECTIVE Conduct a review of the results of the NASG/TANN and its integration into the management of obstetric hemorrhage protocols. Disseminate knowledge of its effectiveness, characteristics, indications, and appropriate use through continuing medical education activities. METHOD Research was conducted on the existence of items that meet the following requirements: Reviewed both English and spanish terms associated with the non-pneumatic anti-shock suit (NASG/TANN). Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH). Hemorragia postparto. Obstetric hemorrhage (HO). Hemorragia obstétrica. Hypovolemic shock, Choque hipovolémico, whether published in English or Spanish, with reference to human patients. Analysed all the items found in Spanish and English in the following search engines: PubMed, Cocharne, Embase, Ebsco, and Lilacs; and all that reveal a relation between obstetric hemorrhage and the non-pneumatic anti-shock costume. None has been published in a Mexican journal. CONCLUSIONS Obstetric hemorrhage continues to be one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Innovation and integration of drugs and technology, accompanied by the acquisition of proficiency in their use, have been and are fundamental to the management of maternal complications. There is enough scientific evidence to demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of the non-pneumatic anti-shock garment in the management of obstetric hemorrhage; unfortunately, up to the present, little has been implemented in Mexico.

Uso de la matriz hemostática Floseal® en el control de la hemorragia obstétrica: estudio de seguimiento y costos asociados con el tratamiento / Use of Floseal® hemostatic matrix in the management of obstetric hemorrhage: A follow-up and costs related to treatment

Resumen OBJETIVO Evaluar cómo se atendieron las pacientes con hemorragia obstétrica, qué recursos se utilizaron y los costos directos relacionados con el tratamiento de pacientes con placenta previa, con o sin placenta acreta, en quienes se indicó Floseal® como parte de las medidas de control e inhibición de la hemorragia en comparación con quienes solo recibieron los cuidados convencionales. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Estudio retrospectivo, observacional y comparativo de los expedientes clínicos de pacientes adultas con más de 20 semanas de gestación y placenta previa tratadas entre septiembre y noviembre del 2012 en la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad 23 en Monterrey, México. Los resultados clínicos y costos se compararon con pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas. RESULTADOS Se analizaron 29 expedientes (15: Floseal® coadyuvante, 14: solo con tratamiento convencional). El grupo tratado con Floseal® tuvo menos reintervenciones (0 vs 57.1%, p 0.0010), días de estancia hospitalaria [2(2-4) vs 6(4-11), p 0.0048] y cuidados intensivos (2.4 ± 1.5 vs 4.5 ± 2.1, p 0.0048). El costo promedio por remuestreo fue de 109,172.00 pesos mexicanos (IC95%: 80,153.10-139,073.71 pesos) para Floseal® vs 224,289.00 pesos mexicanos (IC95%: 181,881.48-269,061.23 pesos) para el tratamiento convencional a expensas de un número de piezas mayor de Tisseel®, crioprecipitados, cristaloides y retiro quirúrgico de compresas. CONCLUSIONES El uso coadyuvante de Floseal® se asoció con menor número de reintervenciones, días de estancia hospitalaria y atención en cuidados intensivos. Se registraron menores costos promedio y total asociados con la atención. Para corroborar estos resultados en población mexicana se requieren análisis de largo seguimiento y con muestras más grandes.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical outcomes and direct costs related to treatment of placenta previa with Floseal® hemostatic matrix as part of the treatment of obstetric hemorrhage in comparison with conventional management only. METHODS Clinical records of patients with hemorrhagic hemorrhage, with more than 20 weeks of pregnancy and placenta previa were reviewed, all patients were adults and treated within September and November of 2012 in the "Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad 23" of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, Monterrey, México. Costs where estimated using the Diario Oficial de la Federación 2013) and a resampling was performed. Clinical and costs outcomes where compared with parametric and non-parametric tests. RESULTS 29 clinical records (15: Adjuvant Floseal®, 14: conventional treatment only). Floseal® group resulted in less re-interventions (0% vs 57.1%, p 0.0010), days of hospital stay [2(2-4) vs 6(4-11), p 0.0048] and days in the intensive care unit (2.4 ± 1.5 vs 4.5 ± 2.1, p 0.0048). Average cost by resampling was $109,172.00 [CI95% (80,153.10-139,073.71 mexican pesos)] for Floseal® vs 224,289.00 mexican pesos [IC95% (181,881.48-269,061.23)] for conventional treatment at the expense greater number of pieces of Tisseel®, cryoprecipitate, crystalloids and surgical removal of compresses. CONCLUSIONS The adjuvant use of Floseal® was associated with fewer re-interventions, days of hospital stay and intensive care. Lower average and total costs associated with treatment were also estimated. Future long-term analyzes and larger sample sizes are necessary to corroborate these results in the Mexican population.

Cirugía de control de daños en hemorragia obstétrica: experiencia institucional / Damage control surgery in obstetric hemorrhage: institutional experience

Resumen OBJETIVO: evaluar los resultados de la cirugía de control de daños en hemorragia obstétrica en un hospital de tercer nivel. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y transversal efectuado en pacientes con hemorragia obstétrica que requirieron cirugía de control de daños en el Hospital de Ginecoobstetricia 3 del Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, de enero a diciembre del 2015. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizaron medidas de tendencia central y el programa SPSS, versión 16.0. RESULTADOS: se identificaron 16 pacientes con edad promedio de 34.5 años, y 33.3 semanas de gestación. La causa de la hemorragia fue: atonía uterina 31%, inserción placentaria anómala 44%, ruptura uterina 13%, otras 13%. La cirugía inicial fue programada en 6%, y de urgencia en 94%. El promedio de compresas fue de 7.6, y de ligadura de arterias hipogástricas 88%. El tiempo promedio entre la primera y segunda cirugía fue de 27.3 horas. En 81% de los casos se logró el tratamiento definitivo en la segunda cirugía. Los días de estancia en la unidad de cuidados intensivos fueron 5.3, y de estancia hospitalaria 10.9. Hubo complicaciones en 81% de los casos y las principales complicaciones quirúrgicas representaron 63%, las infecciosas 31% y las renales 81%. Se documentó una muerte materna. CONCLUSIONES: si no se consigue el control definitivo del sangrado la cirugía de control de daños debe efectuarse lo más pronto posible. En Obstetricia hay un elevado porcentaje de complicaciones quirúrgicas, infecciosas y derivadas de la hemorragia masiva.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of the damage control surgery in obstetric hemorrhage in a third level hospital. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective study. Medical records from patients with obstetric hemorrhage who required damage control surgery at the Obstetrics and Gynecology hospital number 3, "Centro Médico Nacional La Raza", a third level unit in Mexico city, from January to December 2015. Measures of central tendency were performed for the statistical analysis using Software SPSS, version 16.0. RESULTS: 16 patients were identified. The mean age of the participants was 34.5 years and for the gestational age was 33.3 weeks. The etiology of the hemorrhage included: uterine atony in 31%, abnormal placentation in 44%, uterine rupture in 13%, other causes in 13%. Planned programmed surgery was performed in 6%, while emergency surgery in 94%. The mean number of compress towels used was 7.6, and hypogastric arteries ligation was necessary in 88%. The mean time between the first and second surgeries was 27.3 hours. A definitive treatment was achieved at the second surgery in 81% of cases. The mean time of ICU stay was 5.3 days, and in hospital was 10.9 days. Complications were identified in 81% of cases, being the principal: surgical (63%), infectious (31%) and renal (81%). One death was documented. CONCLUSIONS: Damage control surgery should be done early by not achieving definitive control of bleeding. In obstetrics there is a high percentage of surgical complications, infectious and those resulting from massive hemorrhage.