ABSTRACT
Abstract Objective: To analyze the reliability of estimating the percentage of rhinopharyngeal obstruction by the adenoid using nasofibroscopy and its correlation with clinical symptoms. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study was conducted, involving 80 patients between 4 and 14 years old, recruited from Santa Casa of São Paulo general otorhinolaryngology outpatient service during the years of 2020 and 2021. All patients underwent nasal endoscopy examination, and the recorded videos were randomly assigned to four evaluators in two different sessions, with a minimum interval of 1 month. The evaluators estimated the percentage of rhinopharyngeal obstruction caused by the adenoid. Intra- and inter-evaluator correlations were established by comparing the reports from each evaluator. The data were compared to the Pro Image J Software report, that also estimates a percentage of obstruction by computer graphics. To correlate the grading of obstruction with clinical symptoms, all patients completed the OSA (Obstructive Sleep Apnea) 18 questionnaire, a validated tool for assessing sleep apnea in children. The questionnaire data were then compared to the average scores assigned by the evaluators. Results: Satisfactory intra- and inter-rater correlations were observed, and the results were consistent with the Pro Image J Software. However, no correlation was found between the percentage of obstruction and the severity of clinical symptoms. Conclusion: Nasofibroscopy demonstrates good reliability in assessing a percentage of rhinopharyngeal obstruction caused by adenoids. However, there is no correlation between the degree of obstruction of the rhinopharynx and the clinical symptoms. Level of evidence: 4.
ABSTRACT
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is well known disease which induces cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and metabolic sequelae. Positive airway pressure (PAP) is considered as standard and primary therapy of choice in OSA. However, compliance continues to be a problem for many patients despite advances in PAP for obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep apnea surgery is a viable option for patients who are intolerant of positive pressure therapy and should be one column in treatment of this disease. This review will present the current state in sleep apnea surgery, including concept of surgery, formulation of surgical planning through a lot of factors which should be considered, as well as introduction of various surgical techniques which have been used world widely, and perioperative cares.