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Introduction: Occipital condyles are two bony elevations present on either side of foramen magnum in the baseof the skull which articulates with the superior articular facet of the atlas vertebra, connecting the skull with thevertebral column.Objectives: Morphometric analysis of occipital condyles is important for the neuro-surgeons operating for thepathology like degenerative changes of the condyles, neoplasms, and trauma. So the aim of the study wasmorphometric analysis of the occipital condyles and observe any morphological variations of it.Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 60 occipital condyles of 30 dry adult skulls. Length,breadth, height, intercondylar distance were measured. Relations of hypoglossal canal with the condyles werenoted.Results: The mean length, width and height of occipital condyle were found to be 1.99± 0.33 (right), 2.23 ± 0.33(left), 1.31± 0.28(right) 1.37±0.27 (left), 0.62± 0.17(right) and 0.62± 0.14cm (left), respectively. The mean anteriorintercondylar distance and posterior intercondylar distance were measured as 1.95± 0.34and 3.66± 0.28 cm,respectively. Variations of shape of occipital condyle were kidney like (30%), S-like (23.33%), triangular (16.67%)oval (10.0%), eight like (16.7%) and bipartite condyles (3.33%) respectively. The hypoglossal canal was presentrelated to anterior 1/3 of the occipital condyles in 73.33% case.Conclusions: The shape and morphometric values of occipital condyles are variable. So the knowledge of thesevariations may guide neurosurgeons in transcondylar approach in the management of neoplasms and otherpathology related to this region.
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Background: Anomalies of craniovertebral junction (CVJ) are of interest both to an anatomist as well as to theclinicians because many of these deformities produce clinical symptoms. The stability of this CVJ dependslargely on the morphometric parameters of the occipital condyles (OCs). Most of the surgical approaches suchas, the lateral trans-jugular approach, trans-tubercular approach and transcondylar approach require resectionof the condyles.Materials and methods: The measurements of 30 occipital condyle length, width, height, Size and the anteriorand posterior intercondylar distances, Distance between the anterior tip of OC & Basion, Distance between theposterior tip of OC & Opisthion, Anterior intercondylar distance (AID), Posterior intercondylar distance (PID),non-metric parameters including Shape was done.Results: Mean length, width and height of the occipital condyle were found to be 23.2, 12.39 and 9.16 mm on theright and 23.43, 12.31 and 8.95 mm on the left respectively. The anterior and posterior intercondylar distanceswere 21.28 and 40.61 mm respectively.Conclusion: The occipital condyles are integral part of neck and base of the skull. In the present study an effortwas made to measure various parameters related to occipital condyle. The data may be used as a morphometricdata base for posterior and lateral approaches to the craniovertebral junction by neurosurgeons andorthopaedicians
ABSTRACT
Background: Morphometric analysis of the occipital condyles is essential for craniovertebral junction surgeries.There are no studies done yet on correlation of hypoglossal canal and occipital condyle, therefore the presentstudy is carried out to find differences of parameters of OC in different races and to find out the correlation ofvarious parameters of occipital condyle with orifices of hypoglossal canal.Method: The size, shape and anterior, posterior inter condylar distances of occipital condyles and the locationsof the extracranial and intracranial orifices of the 108 hypoglossal canal were studied in 55 dry skulls.Result: The Mean length, height, width were 21.64±2.97, 11.06±2.2, 6.15±1.44 respectively.Anterior, posteriorinter condylar distances mean were ranged between 13.30-32.93 and 21.46– 46.77 respectively and most commonshape of occipital condyles was oval. Location of hypoglossal canal extra cranially was 3,whereas intra craniallyit was 4 for both right and left sides. There was strong correlation between length of occipital condyle and widthbut the same was not with location of hypoglossal canal.Conclusion: The measurements of occipital condyles were found to have some similarities and some dissimilariesamong different races. These differences could be useful for anthropometric analysis and forensic sciencesstudies. Significant correlation was found between length and width, width and height, height and length.However no correlation could be found between various parameters of occipital condyle and orifices of hypoglossalcanal.
ABSTRACT
El síndrome de Collet - Sicard consiste en una afectación unilateral y combinada de los nervios craneales bajos, originado por lesiones en la base craneal. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente masculino con antecedentes de sufrir accidente del tránsito. A su llegada al hospital refiere dolor cervical alto, voz apagada y dificultad para tragar. Al examen físico se contacta paresia de pares craneales bajos. Se realizan Rx de columna cervical y tomografía axial de región cráneo espinal. Se diagnostica una fractura de los cóndilos occipitales y una fractura tipo II del atlas. Se coloca un Halo chaleco. Se consulta al paciente al final del primer mes de tratamiento con alivio del dolor cervical y sin empeoramiento neurológico. CONCLUSIONES: La afectación de pares craneales bajos puede ser la forma clínica de presentación de las lesiones traumáticas de la región cráneo espinal. Su reconocimiento temprano favorece el pronóstico de estos pacientes
Collet syndrome - Sicard is a combined unilateral involvement and lower cranial nerves, caused by damage to the cranial base. Case report. Male patient with a history of developing traffic accident. Upon arrival at the hospital referred high cervical pain, muffled voice and difficulty swallowing. Physical examination contact lower cranial nerve paresis. Rx are performed CT cervical spine and skull spinal region. Was diagnosed with a fracture of the occipital condyles and type II fracture of the atlas. Place a Halo vest. They see patients at the end of the first month of treatment with cervical pain relief without neurological deterioration. CONCLUSIONS: The lower cranial nerve involvement may be the clinical presentation of traumatic injuries of the skull spinal region. Its early recognition and the prognosis of these patients.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Cervical Atlas/injuries , Cranial Nerve Diseases , Cranial Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Cranial Nerve Diseases/etiology , Cranial Nerve Diseases/rehabilitation , Cranial Nerve Diseases/therapy , Accidents, Traffic , Deglutition Disorders , DysphoniaABSTRACT
Aim: In the paracondylar region(lateral to the occipital condyles)there might be morphological variation in the form of an anomalous foramina. This anomalous foramina may represent the course of an emissary vein in absence of posterior condylar canal or an aberrant course. Material & Method: 82 dry adult skulls (164 sides), of Indian origin and of both the sexes formed the basis for this study. The region anterior, posterior and lateral to the occipital condyles was carefully examined for the presence of foramina. Complete foramina were only considered for this study. The patency was ascertained by passage of a probe through it. Results: paracondylar foramina was observed in 12.1% specimens ,in 10.9% it was predominantly located on the left side and in 1.2% it was bilateral. No right sided paracondylar foramina was observed. Unilateral left sided Double hypoglossal canal was seen in 4.8% specimens . Posterior condylar canal was present in 9.7% out of which 6.0% were on the left side exclusively and 3.6% bilateral in position. Conclusion: Misinterpretation may occur as neoplasm or an abnormal lymph node during radiodiagnosis Surgical procedures in this area such as paracondylar approach and far lateral supracondylar approach could be impacted upon by this.
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This article analyzes the performance of diagnostic tests for sex determination by examining human skulls, using the Baudoin condylar index. For this study, 215 skulls were examined, and the maximum dimensions (length and width) of the right and left occipital condyles, were noted. With these data, we calculated the Baudoin condylar index and determined the level of agreement between the values for the left and the right side, the sensitivity of the method, the accuracy of the tests and the positive predictive value for each sex. The level of agreement in the diagnosis based on both sides was 65.58 percent (of which 83.09 percent were of women, and 63.88 percent were of men). The overall accuracy was 41.39 percent, and a greater sensitivity was seen in women (52.1 percent right side and 64.78 percent left). The positive predictive value was higher in male skulls (77.6 percent right side, left side 76.68 percent). These results question the usefulness of the Baudoin condylar index for the diagnosis of sex and discuss the usefulness of their applicability in forensic and anthropological practice.
El presente artículo analiza el rendimiento de la prueba diagnóstica para la determinación del sexo en cráneos humanos, del índice condíleo de Baudoin, para ello se analizaron 215 cráneos, determinándose las dimensiones máximas (largo y ancho) de los cóndilos occipitales derecho e izquierdo. Con estos datos se calculó el índice de Baudoin y se determinó el nivel de concordancia entre los lados derecho e izquierdo, la sensibilidad del método, su exactitud, el valor predictivo positivo para cada sexo. El nivel de acuerdo en el diagnóstico a ambos lados fue de 65,58 por ciento (mujeres 83,09 por ciento; hombres 63,88 por ciento), estos valores disminuyeron al analizarse sólo los correctamente diagnosticados. La exactitud general fue 41,39 por ciento con una mayor sensibilidad en mujeres (52,1 por ciento lado derecho; y 64,78 por ciento izquierdo). El valor predictivo positivo fue mayor en cráneos de hombres (77,6 por ciento lado derecho; 76,68 por ciento lado izquierdo). Estos resultados cuestionan la utilidad del índice de Baudoin para el diagnóstico del sexo y discuten su aplicabilidad en la práctica forense y antropológica.