Relationship between Body Surface Area and Pulmonary Functions in Patients of Silicosis

Background and objective: Silicosis is one of the oldest occupational lung diseases. However, there are very few studies identifying the anthropometric variables associated with silicosis. The present study aimed at studying the association between body surface area (BSA), pulmonary function indices, and 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) in patients with silicosis. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on 102 male patients of silicosis. Height and weight were measured to calculate BSA. Spirometry and 6 minute-walk tests were performed. Data were analyzed using EPI info V 7 software. Student's t-test of significance (ANOVA) was applied to test the difference between means. Results: There are no significant changes found in the 6-minute walk distance with years of exposure and BSA. Statistically significant lower values of pulmonary function indices were observed in patients with BSA <1.6 sq m. Statistically significant higher values of forced expiratory volume in the first second and forced vital capacity were observed in patients with BSA >1.9 sq m in all categories of exposure. Conclusion: In conclusion, patients of silicosis with >1.9 sq m BSA had higher values of pulmonary function indices. Large body size may be of value in protection from developing occupational lung disease.

A Case of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis with Giant Cells in a Female Dental Technician

OBJECTIVES: Dental technicians are exposed to methyl methacrylate(MMA) and hard metal dusts while working, and several cases of hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by the exposure have been reported. The authors experienced a case of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a female dental technician who had 10 years' work experience and report the case with clinical evidence. METHOD: The patient's work, personal, social, and past and present medical histories were investigated based on patient questioning and medical records. Furthermore, the workplace conditions and tools and materials the patient worked with were also evaluated. Next, the pathophysiology and risk factors of pneumonitis were studied, and studies on the relationship between hypersensitivity pneumonitis and a dental technician's exposure to dust were reviewed. Any changes in the clinical course of her disease were noted for evaluation of the work-relatedness of the disease. RESULTS: The patient complained of cough and sputum for 1 year. In addition, while walking up the stairs, the patient was not able to ascend without resting due to dyspnea. She visited our emergency department due to epistaxis, and secondary hypertension was incidentally suspected. Laboratory tests including serologic, electrolyte, and endocrinologic tests and a simple chest radiograph showed no specific findings, but chest computed tomography revealed a centrilobular ground-glass pattern in both lung fields. A transbronchial biopsy was performed, and bronchoalveolar washing fluid was obtained. Among the findings of the laboratory tests, microcalcification, noncaseating granuloma containing foreign body-type giant cells, and metal particles within macrophages were identified histologically. Based on these results, hypersensitivity pneumonitis was diagnosed. The patient stopped working due to admission, and she completely quit her job within 2 months of restarting work due to reappearance of the symptoms. CONCLUSION: In this study, the patient did not have typical radiologic findings, but pathological evaluation of the lung biopsy from the bronchoscope led to the suspicion of pneumonitis. Under the microscope, the sample contained fibrotic changes in the lung, multinucleated giant cells, and particles in macrophages and was diagnosed as dental technician pneumoconiosis by the pathology. Working as a dental technician had directly exposed her to light metal dust and MMA, and her clinical symptoms and radiologic findings subsided after withdrawal from exposure to the workplace. These outcomes led to the diagnosis of hypersensitity pneumonitis due to MMA exposure and strong work-relatedness.

Two Cases of Chemical Pneumonitis Caused by Hydrogen Sulfide / 결핵및호흡기질환

Chemical pneumonitis is an occupational lung disease that's caused by the inhalation of chemical substances. Its severity depends on the characteristics of the substances, the exposure time and the susceptibility of the patients. Hydrogen sulfide is not only emitted naturally, but it also frequently found in industrial settings where it is either used as a reactant or it is a by-product of manufacturing or industrial processes. Inhalation of hydrogen sulfide causes various respiratory reactions from cough to acute respiratory failure, depending on the severity. Two pharmaceutical factory workers were admitted after being rescued from a waste water disposal site that contained hydrogen sulfide. In spite that they recovered their consciousness, they had excessive cough and mild dyspnea. The simple chest radiographs and high resolution computed tomography showed diffuse interstitial infiltrates, and hypoxemia was present. They were diagnosed as suffering from chemical pneumonitis caused by hydrogen sulfide. After conservative management that included oxygen therapy, their symptoms, hypoxemia and radiographic abnormalities were improved.

A Case of Chemical Pneumonitis Caused by Nitric Acid Fume Inhalation / 결핵

Chemical pneumonitis is caused by the inhalation of noxious chemical substances and is a cause of occupational lung disease. Nitric acid, which is a one of the common air pollutants and a potential oxidant for refining and cleansing of metals, has a chance for occupational and environmental exposure. A 52-year-old man visited our hospital due to coughing and dyspnea after the inhalation of nitric acid fumes at his workplace. He had conditions of tachypnea (respiratory rate 26 /min) and hypoxemia (PaO2 42.6 mmHg, SaO2 80.2% in room air) in our emergency department. The chest radiographs showed diffuse interstitial infiltrates and ground glass opacity in both lungs. The patient made improvements in clinical symptoms and chest radiography after being given a supply of oxygen, antibiotics, and bronchodilator therapy without systemic glucocorticoid therapy. On his follow up visit after 4 weeks, he showed no symptoms and sequelae, and the pulmonary function test showed a normal pulmonary function.

Os principais métodos diagnósticos da asbestose / The main methods of diagnosis of asbestosis

O amianto ou asbesto é uma fibra de origem mineral que, quando inalada, é capaz de causar uma doença intersticial difusa no pulmão, conhecida como asbestose. Além disso, produz alterações das vias aéreas pulmonares e uma doença cancerígena no tecido pulmonar e na pleura, este último conhecido como mesotelioma. Esta fibra é utilizada, atualmente, em mais de 3.000 produtos em todo o mundo. Devido ao seu elevado poder cancerígeno e aos inúmeros danos pulmonares causado por esta fibra, vários países e alguns estados brasileiros vêm proibindo o seu uso e substituindo gradativamente por outros produtos. Os maiores expostos são os trabalhadores que durante o processo produtivo se expõe ao material particulado na fração respirável. As principais atividades no Brasil onde ocorre a produção de poeiras do amianto são a mineração, as indústrias têxtil de amianto, de cimento e metalúrgica de pastilha de freios, trabalhadores de vedação e outros. O objetivo deste trabalho é revisar e discutir os principais métodos utilizados no diagnóstico da asbestose, fornecer elementos, quando possível, para o diagnóstico precoce. Serão abordados os aspectos patogênicos da doença, as alterações clínicas, os aspectos radiológicos, tomográficos e funcionais compatíveis com a asbestose. Discutir-se-á também o papel da biópsia pulmonar e a utilização de biomarcadores nos trabalhadores expostos e nos trabalhadores com asbestose.

Asbestos is a mineral fiber that when inhaled can cause a diffuse interstitial lung disease known as asbestosis, besides producing alterations of the airways and lung and pleural cancerous disease, known as asbestosis, this last one known as mesothelioma. This fiber is now used in more than 3.000 products all over the world. Due to its high cancerigenic power and to the countless lung damages caused by this fiber, several countries and some Brazilian States are prohibiting its use and it is gradually being substituted for other products. The workers that handle the particles in the respirable size range during the productive process are the more exposed. In Brazil, the main activities that produce asbestos dust are the mining, the textile industry of asbestos, cement industry, metallurgic industry of brake tablets, insulators workers and other. The objective of this study is to revise and to discuss the main methods used in the diagnosis of the asbestosis, to supply elements, when possible, for the early diagnosis. The pathogenic aspects of the disease, the clinical alterations, radiographic, tomographic and functional aspects compatible with asbestosis will be approached. The role of lung biopsy and the use of biologic markers in the exposed workers and in the workers with asbestosis will also be discussed.

Trend of occupational lung disease in Viet Nam

Occupational lung disease (silicosis) in Viet Nam occupied the highest rate among occupational diseases and have an increasingly trend in a near future. The most important branches are coal mines, heavy industry, rock exploitation, construction, etc. Studies on prevalence and estimating the number of cases are important to set - up the prevention strategies for control and elimination of silicosis in Viet Nam.