CHINESE STRING OF PEARLS POLICY AND INDIA'S SECURITY IMPLICATIONS

String of Pearls refers to the Chinese intention to establish a network in India Ocean Region (IOR) surrounding India. Each Pearl represents some form of permanent Chinese military installation in a series of locations along a String. Recent development of ports around India, in Gwadar, Hambantota, Sittwe on the Bay of Bengal Coast in Myanmar etc. are seen as part of a string of pearls. Although these are commercial ports, the fear is that these could be easily converted to Naval facilities in case of a conflict in India

Primer registro de Berthellina ilisima (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Pleurobranchida) en aguas peruanas con descripción de su anatomía / First record of Berthellina ilisima (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Pleurobranchida) in Peruvian waters with its anatomy description

Resumen Los Pleurobranchida son babosas marinas que agrupan alrededor de 100 especies distribuidas en los mares a nivel mundial, pero con una mayor diversidad en ambientes costeros tropicales y templados. En el Pacífico Oriental se han reportado 2 familias, 4 géneros y más de 10 especies de Pleurobranchida. La especie Berthellina ilisima Marcus & Marcus 1967 común en la Provincia del Pacifico Oriental Tropical se registra formalmente en aguas costeras de Tumbes, Perú. Se describe la anatomía de los sistemas digestivo, circulatorio, reproductor y nervioso de B. ilisima, el cual constituye la primera descripción de la anatomía interna de un Pleurobranchida para Perú.

Abstract The Pleurobranchida are sea slugs that group around 100 species distributed in the seas worldwide, but with a greater diversity in tropical and temperate coastal environments. In the Eastern Pacific, 2 families, 4 genera and more than 10 species of Pleurobranchida have been reported. The species Berthellina ilisima Marcus & Marcus 1967 common in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Province is formally recorded in coastal waters of Tumbes, Peru. The anatomy of the digestive, circulatory, reproductive and nervous systems of B. ilisima is described, which constitutes the first description of the internal anatomy of a Pleurobranchida for Peru.

The study regarding pharmaceutical raw material of animal derived medicine in “Ocean of medicine names” / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Introduction@#The development of Mongolian Traditional Medicine has been closely related to the Indian Ayurvedic medicine in the beginning, and the history of Tibetan medicine since the late middle ages. Therefore, it was impossible to conduct a study without including the historical texts of Tibetan medicine within history of Mongolian Traditional medicine. The scientists from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China included "Materia medica of Tara", "Materia medica of Manjushri", "Materia medica of Yuthog” in the traditional medicinal ancient scripture. However, in recent times, although it has been considered that the "Ocean of medicine names" scripture of Karmapa Rangjung Dorje (1284-1339), the 3rd incarnating lama of Buddhist Karmapa sect should be included in the ancient reference book of pharmacology of Traditional medicine, there is no study aimed to study the ancient medicine in detail. Due to that we aimed to study the ancient pharmacology reference book in detail. @*Goal@#We aimed to clarify the hidden meaning, science or use of the names of raw materials in the fauna of the "Ocean of medicine names". @*Materials and Methods@#We conducted the study by using manuscripts, primary source methods, checklist method, and analysis synthesis method. We have used following materials Ocean of medicine names and Beautiful eyed ornament.@*Results@#Karmapa Rangjung Dorje's " Ocean of medicine names" was a novel written in the form of a narrative of the properties of 768 medicinal raw materials divided into 11 groups. When these 11 groups were divided into plant, animal, and mineral raw materials, the percentage of each was determined as following: plants 462 (60.2%), 130 (17%), 91, 127 (16.5%), 23 (3%), and 26 (3.3%) of these raw materials from plants, minerals, animals, raw materials, extracts and tincture, respectively. </br>Also, the fauna was divided into humans, large meat, meat products, bones, vital bones, horns, bile, feathers, hair, feces, oil, milk, yogurt, and others. We differentially counted them by 8 faunas of animals and identified 90 animals and 116 raw material types. @*Conclusion@#There are more than 1.5 million species of all kinds of animals in the world. Most of these are occupied by insects. Forests, mountains, steppes, deserts, oceans, rivers, farmlands, urban gardens, homes, and any part of the biosphere are bound to encounter animals. </br>Medicines of animal origin occupy a very important place in modern medicine. High biologically active hormones and enzymes are extracted from internal and external excretory glands of animals and used for treatment. Lungs, eyes, blood, and bile are valuable raw materials for medicine.

Biodegradation of petroleum by bacteria isolated from fishes of Indian Ocean / Biodegradação do petróleo por bactérias isoladas de peixes do oceano Índico

In this study, oil degrading bacteria discovered from fish living near the oil ports at Karachi in Pakistan were characterized. The bacteria isolated from skin, gills, and gut in fish could consume crude oil as a source of carbon and energy. Total 36 isolates were tested using Nutrient Agar (NA) and MSA media with different crude oil concentrations (0.2%, 0.5%, 0.7%, 1%, 2%, and 5%) and 4 out of 36 isolates (two Gram positive and two Gram negative bacteria) were selected for further identification. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the isolates are related to Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus flexus, Pseudomonas brenneri and Pseudomonas azotoforman. Oil degrading potential of these bacteria was characterized by GC-MS analysis of degradation of oil components in crude oil as well as engine oil. We found that one (2, 6, 10, 14-Tetramethylpentadecane) out of 42 components in the crude oil was fully eliminated and the other oil components were reduced. In addition, 26 out of 42 oil components in the engine oil, were fully eliminated and the rest were amended. Taken together, these studies identify that B. velezensis, B. flexus, P. brenneri and P. azotoforman have high oil degrading potential, which may be useful for degradation of oil pollutants and other commercial applications.

Neste estudo, bactérias degradadoras de óleo descobertas em peixes que vivem perto dos portos de petróleo em Karachi, no Paquistão, foram caracterizadas. As bactérias isoladas da pele, guelras e intestinos dos peixes podem consumir petróleo bruto como fonte de carbono e energia. No total, 36 isolados foram testados usando Agar Nutriente (NA) e meio MSA com diferentes concentrações de óleo bruto (0,2%, 0,5%, 0,7%, 1%, 2% e 5%) e 4 de 36 isolados (dois Gram positivos e duas bactérias Gram negativas) foram selecionadas para posterior identificação. O sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA revelou que os isolados estão relacionados a Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus flexus, Pseudomonas brenneri e Pseudomonas azotoforman. O potencial de degradação do óleo dessas bactérias foi caracterizado pela análise de GC-MS da degradação dos componentes do óleo no óleo cru, bem como no óleo do motor. Descobrimos que um (2, 6, 10, 14-tetrametilpentadecano) de 42 componentes do óleo cru foi totalmente eliminado e os outros componentes do óleo foram reduzidos. Além disso, 26 dos 42 componentes do óleo do motor foram totalmente eliminados e o restante corrigido. Juntos, esses estudos identificam que B. velezensis, B. flexus, P. brenneri e P. azotoforman têm alto potencial de degradação de óleo, o que pode ser útil para a degradação de poluentes de óleo e outras aplicações comerciais.

Biodegradation of petroleum by bacteria isolated from fishes of Indian Ocean

Abstract In this study, oil degrading bacteria discovered from fish living near the oil ports at Karachi in Pakistan were characterized. The bacteria isolated from skin, gills, and gut in fish could consume crude oil as a source of carbon and energy. Total 36 isolates were tested using Nutrient Agar (NA) and MSA media with different crude oil concentrations (0.2%, 0.5%, 0.7%, 1%, 2%, and 5%) and 4 out of 36 isolates (two Gram positive and two Gram negative bacteria) were selected for further identification. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the isolates are related to Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus flexus, Pseudomonas brenneri and Pseudomonas azotoforman. Oil degrading potential of these bacteria was characterized by GC-MS analysis of degradation of oil components in crude oil as well as engine oil. We found that one (2, 6, 10, 14-Tetramethylpentadecane) out of 42 components in the crude oil was fully eliminated and the other oil components were reduced. In addition, 26 out of 42 oil components in the engine oil, were fully eliminated and the rest were amended. Taken together, these studies identify that B. velezensis, B. flexus, P. brenneri and P. azotoforman have high oil degrading potential, which may be useful for degradation of oil pollutants and other commercial applications.

Resumo Neste estudo, bactérias degradadoras de óleo descobertas em peixes que vivem perto dos portos de petróleo em Karachi, no Paquistão, foram caracterizadas. As bactérias isoladas da pele, guelras e intestinos dos peixes podem consumir petróleo bruto como fonte de carbono e energia. No total, 36 isolados foram testados usando Agar Nutriente (NA) e meio MSA com diferentes concentrações de óleo bruto (0,2%, 0,5%, 0,7%, 1%, 2% e 5%) e 4 de 36 isolados (dois Gram positivos e duas bactérias Gram negativas) foram selecionadas para posterior identificação. O sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA revelou que os isolados estão relacionados a Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus flexus, Pseudomonas brenneri e Pseudomonas azotoforman. O potencial de degradação do óleo dessas bactérias foi caracterizado pela análise de GC-MS da degradação dos componentes do óleo no óleo cru, bem como no óleo do motor. Descobrimos que um (2, 6, 10, 14-tetrametilpentadecano) de 42 componentes do óleo cru foi totalmente eliminado e os outros componentes do óleo foram reduzidos. Além disso, 26 dos 42 componentes do óleo do motor foram totalmente eliminados e o restante corrigido. Juntos, esses estudos identificam que B. velezensis, B. flexus, P. brenneri e P. azotoforman têm alto potencial de degradação de óleo, o que pode ser útil para a degradação de poluentes de óleo e outras aplicações comerciais.

Marine and coastal biodiversity studies, 60 years of research funding from FAPESP, what we have learned and future challenges / Estudos de biodiversidade marinha e costeira, 60 anos de financiamento à pesquisa da FAPESP, o que aprendemos e desafios futuros

Abstract In this study we survey and analyze 300 projects related to marine biodiversity funded by FAPESP from 1972 to 2021, of which 46 were nested in the BIOTA Program. From a unique project in the 1970's, the number gradually increased until 2009, when BIOTA promoted a call on marine biodiversity, which led to a boost in the number of funded projects in the subsequent years. The geographical range of the projects expanded over the years and, from studies based on the coast of São Paulo State, the focus gradually shifted to broader areas of the Brazilian coast, then to other areas of the Atlantic, and eventually became global. The majority of projects focused on coastal benthic organisms living on hard-bottom. In terms of taxa, six groups accounted for about 60% of the projects (viz. Crustacea, Actinopterygii, Mollusca, Chondrichthyes, Cnidaria, and Rhodophyta), but it is observed an increase in the number of groups studied over the decades. The 300 projects refer to a set of 82 different topics, of which the top five are taxonomy, phylogeny, community, "omics", and pollution. The analyses show a long-standing effort in marine biodiversity surveys, with ongoing updated approaches regarding scope and methods. Research on strategic areas is discussed, including deep-sea and marine microbiota. Climate change and the increasing pressure of human activity on the ocean, including pollution, acidification and invasive species, are among the main challenges for the future. Projects producing and using basic research data in an integrative and transdisciplinary way offer multiple perspectives in understanding changes in ecosystem functioning and, consequently, are essential to support public policies for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity at different scales. UNESCO's Decade of Ocean (starting 2021) is a window of opportunity to strengthen marine research, to promote national and international collaboration, to build up networks involving the public and private sector, but particularly to draw society's attention to the importance of knowing marine environments and using ocean resources in a sustainable way. The advancement of ocean literacy is one of the main legacies for future generations promoted by integrated research programs such as BIOTA-FAPESP.

Resumo Neste estudo levantamos e analisamos 300 projetos relacionados à biodiversidade marinha financiados pela FAPESP entre 1972 a 2021, dos quais 46 foram realizados no Programa BIOTA. De um projeto único na década de 1970, o número foi aumentando gradativamente até 2009, quando o BIOTA promoveu uma chamada sobre biodiversidade marinha, o que impulsionou o número de projetos financiados nos anos seguintes. A abrangência geográfica dos projetos se expandiu ao longo dos anos e, a partir de estudos baseados no litoral do Estado de São Paulo, o foco gradualmente se deslocou para áreas mais amplas da costa brasileira, depois para outras áreas do Atlântico, e acabou se tornando global. A maioria dos projetos se concentrou em organismos costeiros, bentônicos, em substrato consolidado. Em termos de táxons, seis grupos responderam por cerca de 60% dos projetos (Crustacea, Actinopterygii, Mollusca, Chondrichthyes, Cnidaria e Rhodophyta), mas observa-se um aumento no número de grupos estudados ao longo das décadas. Os 300 projetos referem-se a um conjunto de 82 temas diferentes, dos quais os cinco principais são taxonomia, filogenia, comunidade, "ômicas" e poluição. As análises mostram um esforço de longa data em pesquisas de biodiversidade marinha, com abordagens atualizadas em relação ao escopo e métodos. A pesquisa em áreas estratégicas é discutida, incluindo os estudos sobre a microbiota marinha e em águas profundas. As mudanças climáticas e a crescente pressão da atividade humana sobre o oceano, incluindo poluição, acidificação e espécies invasoras, estão entre os principais desafios para o futuro. Projetos de produção e uso de dados de pesquisa básica de forma integrada e transdisciplinar oferecem múltiplas perspectivas de compreensão das mudanças no funcionamento dos ecossistemas e, consequentemente, são essenciais para subsidiar políticas públicas de conservação e uso sustentável da biodiversidade marinha em diferentes escalas. A Década do Oceano da UNESCO (a partir de 2021) é uma janela de oportunidade para fortalecer a pesquisa marinha, promover a colaboração nacional e internacional, construir redes envolvendo os setores público e privado, mas principalmente para chamar a atenção da sociedade para a importância de conhecer os ambientes marinhos e utilizar os recursos oceânicos de forma sustentável. O avanço da "alfabetização" oceânica é um dos principais legados para as gerações futuras promovidos por programas integrados de pesquisa como o BIOTA-FAPESP.

Biodegradation of petroleum by bacteria isolated from fishes of Indian Ocean / Biodegradação do petróleo por bactérias isoladas de peixes do oceano Índico

In this study, oil degrading bacteria discovered from fish living near the oil ports at Karachi in Pakistan were characterized. The bacteria isolated from skin, gills, and gut in fish could consume crude oil as a source of carbon and energy. Total 36 isolates were tested using Nutrient Agar (NA) and MSA media with different crude oil concentrations (0.2%, 0.5%, 0.7%, 1%, 2%, and 5%) and 4 out of 36 isolates (two Gram positive and two Gram negative bacteria) were selected for further identification. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the isolates are related to Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus flexus, Pseudomonas brenneri and Pseudomonas azotoforman. Oil degrading potential of these bacteria was characterized by GC-MS analysis of degradation of oil components in crude oil as well as engine oil. We found that one (2, 6, 10, 14-Tetramethylpentadecane) out of 42 components in the crude oil was fully eliminated and the other oil components were reduced. In addition, 26 out of 42 oil components in the engine oil, were fully eliminated and the rest were amended. Taken together, these studies identify that B. velezensis, B. flexus, P. brenneri and P. azotoforman have high oil degrading potential, which may be useful for degradation of oil pollutants and other commercial applications.

Neste estudo, bactérias degradadoras de óleo descobertas em peixes que vivem perto dos portos de petróleo em Karachi, no Paquistão, foram caracterizadas. As bactérias isoladas da pele, guelras e intestinos dos peixes podem consumir petróleo bruto como fonte de carbono e energia. No total, 36 isolados foram testados usando Agar Nutriente (NA) e meio MSA com diferentes concentrações de óleo bruto (0,2%, 0,5%, 0,7%, 1%, 2% e 5%) e 4 de 36 isolados (dois Gram positivos e duas bactérias Gram negativas) foram selecionadas para posterior identificação. O sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA revelou que os isolados estão relacionados a Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus flexus, Pseudomonas brenneri e Pseudomonas azotoforman. O potencial de degradação do óleo dessas bactérias foi caracterizado pela análise de GC-MS da degradação dos componentes do óleo no óleo cru, bem como no óleo do motor. Descobrimos que um (2, 6, 10, 14-tetrametilpentadecano) de 42 componentes do óleo cru foi totalmente eliminado e os outros componentes do óleo foram reduzidos. Além disso, 26 dos 42 componentes do óleo do motor foram totalmente eliminados e o restante corrigido. Juntos, esses estudos identificam que B. velezensis, B. flexus, P. brenneri e P. azotoforman têm alto potencial de degradação de óleo, o que pode ser útil para a degradação de poluentes de óleo e outras aplicações comerciais.

New record of monogeneans (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea) infecting some marine fishes from the Peruvian coastal zone

A parasitological survey searching monogeneans infesting marine fish was carried out during June 2018 and January 2020 from the coastal zone of Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes (northern Peru) and from the coastal zone of Chorrillos, Lima (central Peru). The gills, skin, nasal cavities, or branchial gill-cover of seven species were sampled. Ten monogenean species assigned to six families and nine genera were identified. The monogeneans Callorhynchocotyle callorhynchi (Manter, 1955); Capsala biparasiticum (Goto, 1894) Price, 1938; Euryhaliotrema sagmatum Kritsky & Boeger, 2002; Listrocephalos kearni Bullard, Payne &Braswell, 2004; Magniexcipula lamothei Bravo-Hollis, 1981; Nasicola klawei (Stunkard, 1962) Yamaguti, 1968; and Pseudorhabdosynochus anulus Violante-Gonzalez & Rojas-Herrera, 2011 are registered for the first time in Peru. While Capsala gregalis (Wagner & Carter, 1967) Chisholm & Whittington, 2007; Heterocotyle margaritae Chero, Cruces, Sáez, Santos & Luque, 2020; and Monocotyle luquei Chero, Cruces, Iannacone, Sanchez, Minaya, Sáez & Alvariño, 2016 have been previously registered in Peruvian waters, however, the region of Tumbes (northern Peru) represent a new locality record for these species.

Durante junio de 2018 y enero de 2020 se realizó un levamiento parasitológico para buscar monogeneos que infectan peces marinos en la zona costera de Puerto Pizarro, departamento de Tumbes (norte de Perú) y en la zona costera de Chorrillos, departamento de Lima (centro de Perú). Se analizaron las branquias, la piel, las cavidades nasales o el opérculo de siete especies. Se identificaron diez especies de monogeneos, asignadas a seis familias y nueve géneros. Los monogeneos Callorhynchocotyle callorhynchi (Manter, 1955); Capsala biparasitica (Goto, 1894) Price, 1938; Euryhaliotrema sagmatum Kritsky y Boeger, 2002; Listrocephalos kearni Bullard, Payne y Braswell, 2004; Magniexcipula lamothei Bravo-Hollis, 1981; Nasicola klawei (Stunkard, 1962) Yamaguti, 1968; y Pseudorhabdosynochus anulus Violante-Gonzalez & Rojas-Herrera, 2011 son registrados por primera vez en Perú. Mientras que, Capsala gregalis (Wagner y Carter, 1967) Chisholm y Whittington, 2007; Heterocotyle margaritae Chero, Cruces, Sáez, Santos & Luque, 2020; y Monocotyle luquei Chero, Cruces, Iannacone, Sanchez, Minaya, Sáez & Alvariño, 2016 han sido previamente registrados en aguas peruanas, sin embargo, la región de Tumbes (norte de Perú) representa un nuevo registro de localidad para estas especies.

Morfología y crecimiento relativo en Clypeaster europacificus (Clypeasteroida: Clypeasteridae) del Golfo de California

Introducción: Clypeaster europacificus es una especie de galleta de mar que se distribuye de 0 a 200 m en el Golfo de California. Objetivo: Describir la morfología y el crecimiento relativo en la testa de C. europacificus. Métodos: Medimos 1 846 especímenes de museo de C. europacificus (N = 1 846) y analizamos el patrón de crecimiento en 32 especímenes de Baja California Sur, México (64 m de profundidad). Estudiamos cinco variables: radio mayor (R) (variable independiente), radio menor (r), longitud del pétalo anterior (LP), área total de prueba (A) y peso seco (P). Resultados: El área de cobertura del petaloide y el contorno de la testa son los caracteres taxonómicos importantes para C. europacificus: los especímenes van desde casi redondos en especímenes pequeños (≤ 3 cm de radio) a ondulados, enfatizando un contorno pentagonal, en organismos más grandes (≥ 3,1 cm de radio). Conclusiones: Existe un crecimiento alométrico negativo en las relaciones R vs. r, R vs. A y R vs. P; mientras que la relación R vs. LP tiene un crecimiento alométrico positivo.

Introduction: Clypeaster europacificus is a species of sand dollar found from 0 to 200 m in the Gulf of California. Objective: Describe the morphology and relative growth in the test of C. europacificus. Methods: We measured 1 846 museum specimens of C. europacificus (N = 1 846) and analyzed growth pattern in 32 specimens from Baja California Sur, Mexico (64 m depth). We studied five variables: major radius (R) (independent variable), minor radius (r), length of anterior petal (LP), total test area (A) and dry weight (P). Results: The petaloid cover area and the outline of the test are the important taxonomic characters for C. europacificus: they range from almost round in small specimens (≤ 3 cm in radius) to wavy, emphasizing a pentagonal outline, in larger organisms (≥ 3.1 cm in radius). Conclusions: There is negative allometric growth in the relationships R vs. r, R vs. A, and R vs. P; while the relationship R vs. LP has positive allometric growth.

Gestión de fronteras marítimas: el caso de Costa Rica y Nicaragua en el océano Pacífico

Introducción: La gestión pública ha adquirido nuevas características, producto de cambio en la forma en que se aborda la gobernanza. Conforme las áreas temáticas, niveles y escalas de esa gestión se ha expandido, la administración pública se tornado más compleja, requiriendo nuevos enfoques. Si bien el derecho del mar y la tesis de que la tierra domina el mar, no son nuevas, lo cierto es que fue con la Convención de Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar, de 1982, que se formaliza e institucionalizan los espacios bajo jurisdicción del Estado ribereño. Ello ha generado nuevo desafíos y retos para los gobiernos, pues no solo se extiende la soberanía territorial sobre una extensa porción del mar, sino que se asumen responsabilidades en nombre de la comunidad internacional. Objetivo: Como se trata de una cuestión que vincula la gestión pública con la normativa del derecho del mar en materia de delimitación y administración de fronteras; por lo que en esta revisión se busca plantear una aproximación a un asunto sobre el cual se ha explorado poco. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura sobre gestión pública de fronteras considerando el caso de las fronteras marítimas, identificando jurisprudencia internacional y acciones implementadas por Costa Rica. Resultados: En la porción terrestre la gestión de fronteras muestra un desarrollo importante; no así en los espacios marítimos. La jurisdicción es diferente en cada uno de esos espacios, por lo que la gestión pública debe tener en cuenta esas particularidades. Pero, las cosas se complican cuando se trata del espacio fronterizo, porque en este converge lo marino y lo marítimo, pero también diversos intereses, por la naturaleza del espacio marino. Por consiguiente, es necesario reconocer que la gestión de fronteras marítimas no es tan sencilla como trasladar lo que se hace en tierra al mar. Cuando el límite fue definido por un tratado bilateral, existen disposiciones particulares que facilitan la coordinación y cooperación transfronteriza; por eso se utilizó como referencia el caso Costa Rica y Nicaragua en el océano Pacífico, pues en este caso la línea divisoria la estableció la Corte Internacional de Justicia, lo que provoca un trazado que no necesariamente es satisfactorio para los actores involucrados. Conclusiones: las diferencias en la gestión de fronteras entre lo terrestre y lo marítimo, sumado a la forma en que se definió el límite entre los dos países, ha dificultado la implementación de la gestión pública por parte de Costa Rica, que es la experiencia más conocida en la región sobre políticas y gestión marina-marítima.

Introduction: Public management has acquired new characteristics because of change in the way governance is approached. As the subject areas, levels and scales of this management have expanded, public administration has become more complex, requiring new approaches. Although the Law of the Sea and the thesis that the land dominates the sea are not new, the truth is that it was with the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea, of 1982, that the areas under the jurisdiction of the coastal States were formalized and institutionalized. This has generated new challenges for the governments, since not only does territorial sovereignty extend over a large portion of the sea, but new responsibilities are assumed on behalf of the international community. Objective: The matter links public management with the regulations of the Law of the Sea regarding the delimitation and administration of boundaries. Therefore, this review proposes an approach to a matter that has not been explored enough. Methods: A review of the literature on public border management was made, considering the case of maritime boundaries, identifying international jurisprudence -especially of the International Court of Justice- and actions implemented by Costa Rica. Results: in the land portion, border management shows important development; this is not the case in the maritime spaces. The jurisdiction is different in each of these spaces, so public management must take these particularities into account. Things get complicated when it comes to the border area, because in it the marine and the maritime converge, but also different interests, due to the nature of the marine space. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize that the management of maritime boundaries is not as simple as moving what is done on land to the sea. When the limit was defined by a bilateral treaty, some provisions facilitate cross-border coordination and cooperation. For this reason, the case of Costa Rica and Nicaragua in the Pacific Ocean was used as a reference, since in this case the dividing line was established by the International Court of Justice, which causes a layout that is not necessarily satisfactory for the actors involved. Conclusions: the differences in border management between land and sea, in addition to how the boundary between the two countries is defined, has made it difficult for Costa Rica to implement public management, which is the best-known experience in the region on marine-maritime policies and management.

Individual niche trajectories in nesting green turtles on Rocas Atoll, Brazil: an isotopic tool to assess diet shifts over time / Trajetórias de nicho individual em tartarugas verdes do Atol das Rocas, Brasil: uma ferramenta isotópica para verificar trocas de dieta ao longo do tempo

Abstract In this study, multi-tissue (yolk and carapace) stable isotope analysis was used to assess individual isotopic niche trajectories of nesting green turtles on Rocas Atoll, off northeastern Brazil, and to reveal a diet shift in the temporal dimension. The diet trajectories of individual green turtles were highly directional, with a stronger component towards decreasing values of δ15N from carapace to yolk. When the green turtles are in their foraging sites (temporal window measured by the yolk samples), they are more herbivores. Conversely, in a broader temporal window, the green turtles demonstrate a carnivore-omnivore strategy, such as represented by heavier δ15N values in the carapace. This finding confirms a temporal diet shift. This is the first study that applies trophic niche trajectories for sea turtles, adding a new isotopic tool to understand the trophic ecology of these migrant animals.

Resumo Neste estudo, a análise de isótopos estáveis em múltiplos tecidos (vitelo e carapaça) foi usada para avaliar as trajetórias individuais de nicho isotópico de tartarugas verdes em nidificação no Atol das Rocas, nordeste do Brasil, e para revelar uma mudança de dieta na dimensão temporal. As trajetórias individuais da dieta de tartarugas verdes foram altamente direcionais, com um componente mais forte na direção de valores decrescentes de δ15N da carapaça ao vitelo. Quando as tartarugas verdes estão em seus locais de forrageamento (janela temporal medida pelas amostras de vitelo), elas são mais herbívoras. Por outro lado, em uma janela temporal mais ampla, as tartarugas verdes demonstram uma estratégia carnívora-onívora, representada por valores mais elevados de δ15N na carapaça. Os resultados confirmam uma mudança temporal na dieta. Este é o primeiro estudo que aplica trajetórias de nicho trófico para tartarugas marinhas, adicionando uma nova ferramenta isotópica para entender a ecologia trófica desses animais migrantes.

Independent evolutionary lineage of the clingfish Gobiesox adustus (Gobiesocidae) from Isla del Coco, Costa Rica

Introduction: Isla del Coco is an important protected area for marine fauna in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. In this area, the species that inhabit the intertidal zone have been subject to few studies. One of the species inhabiting these areas is the clingfish Gobiesox adustus (Gobiesocidae). Objective: To analyze for the first time the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) of G. adustus' population from Isla del Coco and compare it with those of continental coast of Costa Rica and Ecuador. Methods: We constructed a haplotype network for these samples. Genetic diversity, distance and structure were calculated by several software. The historical demography of Isla del Coco samples was assessed with the method Bayesian skyline plot as implemented in BEAST2. Results: The samples segregate into three haplogroups: one consisting of the Isla del Coco samples, a second consisting of a subset of the Ecuador samples, and a third consisting of Costa Rica and the remaining Ecuador samples. The genetic distances between the three haplogroups range between 1.6% and 2.1% (uncorrected p-distance), and pairwise ΦST and AMOVA results between the three haplogroups show high and significant values. Conclusions: The Isla del Coco haplogroup showed a Pleistocene population growth, which agrees with demographic patterns found in other marine organisms. The history of isolation of the G. adustus population from Isla del Coco demonstrates the evolutionary independence of this population.

Introducción: Isla del Coco es un área protegida importante para la fauna marina en el Pacifico Oriental Tropical. En esta área, las especies que habitan la zona intermareal han sido objeto de pocos estudios. Una de las especies que habitan en estas áreas es el clingfish Gobiesox adustus (Gobiesocidae). Objetivo: Analizar por primera vez el gen mitocondrial citocromo oxidasa sub unidad 1 (cox1) de poblaciones de Isla del Coco y compararlo con las de la zona continental de Costa Rica y Ecuador. Métodos: Se construyó una red de haplotipos. La diversidad, la distancia y la estructura genética fueron calculadas por diversos programas. La demografía histórica de las muestras de Isla del Coco fue evaluada con el método Bayesian skyline plot implementado en BEAST2. Resultados: Las muestras se agruparon en tres haplogrupos: en un haplogrupo se incluyó a los individuos de Isla del Coco, otro haplogrupo integró las muestras de Ecuador y un tercer grupo incluyó las muestras restantes de Costa Rica y Ecuador. Las distancias genéticas entre los tres haplogrupos oscilan entre 1.6% y 2.1% (p-distancia, no corregida), las distancias ΦST y los resultados de AMOVA entre los tres haplogrupos muestran valores altos y significativos. Conclusiones: El haplogrupo de Isla del Coco mostró un crecimiento poblacional datado en el Pleistoceno, coincidiendo con la demografía poblacional encontrada en otros organismos marinos. La historia de aislamiento de la población de G. adustus de Isla del Coco demostró la independencia evolutiva de esta población.

Fermentation conditions and antitumor products of an ocean-derived fungus Alternaria sp. 114-1G: a preliminary investigation / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective: To investigate and optimize the fermentation conditions of an ocean-derived fungus, Alternaria sp. 114- 1G, and isolate metabolites in the fermentation products to explore antitumor compounds in the products via the structure elucidation and in vitro antitumor activity assay. Another aim of this study is to accomplish a fundamental work for further research on new compounds from Alternaria sp. 114- 1G. Methods: The in vitro antitumor activity was assayed for the crude extracts and isolated compounds by the CCK-8 method using a human cervical cancer HeLa cell line. The fermentation conditions were investigated and opti- mized based on the biomass of the fermentation and the in vitro antitumor activity of crude extracts of the fermentation. For the separation and isolation of metabolites, the column chromatography was performed on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 columns, and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography(semi-HPLC)was conducted on a COSMOSIL C18-MS-Ⅱ column(10 mm×250 mm). The obtained compounds were identified according to the MS, 1H NMR and13C NMR data. Results: The relatively favored fermentation conditions were as follows: mannitol 25 g/L, maltose 15 g/L, glucose 10 g/L, monosodium glutamate 10 g/L, soybean peptone 5 g/L, yeast extract 3 g/L; 60% sea water in whole medium, initial pH 7.5; and fermentation at 10℃ for 15 days under a 150 r/min shaking speed on a rotary shaker. Four compounds 1-4 were isolated from the fermentation products of 114-1G strain and identified as cyclo (Gla-Tyr)(1), cyclo(Ala-Ile)(2), thymidine DNA nucleotide(3)and pachybasin(4). Among them, 4 showed a relatively stronger inhibitory activity on HeLa cells, with the 57.8% of inhibition rate at 100 μg/ml. Some other compounds were also isolated, and a phenolic one had been shown to be a new compound by a literature survey according to the planar structure deduced. Further studies on their structures were in progress. Conclusion: Fermentation conditions for Alternaira sp. 114-1G were investigated preliminarily, and four compounds 1-4 have been isolated from the fermentation products of the 114-1G strain. Among them, pachybasin(4)showed a relatively higher inhibitory effect on human cancer HeLa cells. Alternaira sp. 114-1G could produce new metabolites and the present study has provided a reliable groundwork for further research on new compounds from Alternaira sp. 114-1G.

A solitary rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis) in a superport area on northern Rio de Janeiro State, SE Brazil / Um golfinho de dentes-rugosos (Steno bredanensis) solitário em área de superporto no norte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, SE Brasil

Abstract: The solitary behavior is an unusual and peculiar behavior reported in a few sociable dolphin species. This study presents the solitary behavior of an adult rough-toothed dolphin, Steno bredanensis, in the Açu Superport (21º49'S; 041º00'W), northern Rio de Janeiro State, SE Brazil. Data about the dolphin were obtained from mobile phone videos and reports by local professionals. Probably, the same dolphin was there since 2017-2018 up to April 2020 (at least). In general, the solitary dolphin swims next to supply boats navigating along the port internal channel, and it rarely continues towards open sea. The dolphin plays with buoys and containment barriers, rubs itself against hulls, and bow-rides and jumps. There is no report of people swimming with this solitary dolphin, touching it, or offering it food in the Açu Superport. Thus, there seems to be no threats to the animal's integrity locally.

Resumo: O comportamento solitário é um comportamento incomum e peculiar relatado em poucas espécies sociáveis de golfinhos. Este estudo apresenta o comportamento solitário de um golfinho de dentes-rugosos adulto, Steno bredanensis, no Superporto do Açu (21º49'S; 041º00'W), norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro, SE Brasil. Os dados sobre o golfinho foram obtidos a partir de vídeos de telefones móveis e relatos de profissionais locais. Provavelmente, o mesmo golfinho estava lá desde 2017-2018 até abril de 2020 (pelo menos). Em geral, o golfinho solitário nada próximo aos barcos de apoio enquanto eles navegam pelo canal interno do porto, e raramente continua em direção ao mar aberto. O golfinho brinca com boias e barreiras de contenção, esfrega-se contra os cascos e executa comportamentos de saltos. Não há relato de pessoas nadando com esse golfinho solitário, tocando nele ou oferecendo comida a ele no Superporto do Açu. Dessa forma, parece que não há ameaças à integridade do animal localmente.

Polychaetes from Burdwood Bank: "Namuncurá I" Marine Protected Area and slope, SW Atlantic Ocean

Introduction: The first open-sea (non-coastal) Marine Protected Area in Argentina, named "Namuncurá I" (NMPA), was created in 2013 at Burdwood Bank (BB), an undersea plateau located about 200 km south from Malvinas Islands (Falkland Islands) and 150 km east from Staten Island, SW Atlantic Ocean. It comprises three different management areas: the central one ("core", strict protection, only control and monitoring activities), surrounded by a "buffer" area (authorized activities, e.g. scientific research) and an external "transition" area (productive and extractive activities contemplated in the Management Plan). Beyond the transition area, only the southern shelf-break is protected, after the creation of the "Namuncurá II" MPA in December 2018. Objective: Provide the inventory of polychaetes collected during 2016 and 2017 at the core (98 m depth), buffer (128 m depth), transition (133 m-189 m depth) areas of the Namuncurá I MPA, together with slope areas (220 m-798 m depth). Methods: Taken with a trawl net used to characterize the faunal assemblages and to compare results with other Magellan areas. Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) and Cluster Analysis (CA) were applied to a Bray-Curtis similarity index to assess polychaete assemblages in the NMPA - BB slope and Magellan region respectively; SIMPER (Similarity Percentage Analyses) and ANOSIM (Analysis of Similarities) were performed. Results: A total of 918 individuals, which correspond to 39 taxa distributed in 22 families, were recorded in samples from NMPA and BB slope, mainly epibenthic or associated with the large corals collected. Ampharete kerguelensis McIntosh, 1885; Hyalinoecia artifex Verrill, 1880; Idanthyrsus macropaleus (Schmarda, 1861); Laetmonice producta Grube, 1877; Onuphis pseudoiridescens Averincev, 1972; Pista mirabilis McIntosh 1885 and Terebellides malvinensis Bremec & Elias, 1999 constitute new records for Burdwood Bank. A similar polychaete assemblage characterized the three areas of NMPA and slope locations, while H. artifex characterized locations at the NW deepest slope of the bank. Conclusions: These results indicate strong connections between the fauna collected at NMPA and the polychaetes assemblage in other Magellan areas dominated by soft bottoms. The biogeographic importance of the BB as connection for benthic polychaete species between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula merits future investigation.

Introducción: La primera Área Marina Protegida de mar abierto (no costera) en Argentina, llamada "Namuncurá I" (AMPN), fue creada en 2013 en el Banco Burdwood (BB), una plataforma sumergida ubicada unos 200 km al sur de las Islas Malvinas y 150 km al Este de la Isla de los Estados. En el Océano Atlántico SO. El área comprende tres diferentes áreas de manejo: la central ("el núcleo", con protección estricta, solo Control y actividades de monitoreo), rodeada por un área "de amortiguación" (solo actividades autorizadas, como investigación científica) y un área externa de "transición" (se contemplan actividades productivas y extractivas en el Plan de Manejo). Más allá del área de transición, el talud y las áreas adyacentes no presentan medidas de protección. Objetivos: Proporcionar un inventario de poliquetos colectados durante 2016 y 2017 en el Núcleo (98 m de profundidad), de Amortiguación (128 m), de Transición (133 m-189 m) y Talud (220 m-798 m). Métodos: Las muestras fueron obtenidas con una red de arrastre para caracterizar las asociaciones faunísticas y para compararlas con otras áreas Magallánicas. Análisis de Escalamiento Multidimensional y de agrupamiento aglomerativo jerárquico fueron aplicados a una matriz de similaridad de Bray-Curtis para determinar las asociaciones de poliquetos en el AMP - Talud del BB y región Magallánica, respectivamente. Resultados: Un total de 918 individuos, que corresponden a 39 taxones distribuidos en 22 familias, fueron registrados en las muestras del AMPN y talud del BB, mayormente epibentónicos o asociados a grandes corales. Ampharete kerguelensis McIntosh, 1885; Hyalinoecia artifex Verrill, 1880; Idanthyrsus macropaleus (Schmarda, 1861); Laetmonice producta Grube, 1877; Onuphis pseudoiridescens Averincev, 1972; Pista mirabilis McIntosh 1885 y Terebellides malvinensis Bremec & Elias, 1999 constituyen nuevos registros para el Banco Burdwood. Un ensamble de poliquetos similar caracteriza a las tres áreas del AMPN y talud, mientras que H. artifex caracteriza los sitios más profundos del talud del banco. Conclusiones: Estos resultados indican una fuerte conexión entre la fauna colectada en el NMPA y los ensambles de poliquetos de sustratos blandos de otras áreas Magallánicas. La importancia biogeográfica del BB como una conexión entre Sudamérica y la Península Antártica justifican futuras investigaciones.

Development and characterization of 20 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the deep sea squat lobster, Munida isos Ahyong and Poore, 2004 and cross-amplification in two congeneric species

Munida isos is a deep sea squat lobster species that is widely distributed across the New Zealand and east Australian region, and is often associated with deep sea vulnerable marine ecosystems. To investigate its population genetic structure and patterns of regional connectivity, microsatellite loci were developed for M. isos from two genomic libraries using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencing platform. Twenty-six loci amplified consistently in M. isos from the Tasman Sea, among which 20 were polymorphic and selectively neutral. Evidence of null alleles was observed at eight loci. Most loci exhibited moderate to high levels of polymorphism, with an average polymorphic information content value of 0.482. The mean number of alleles per locus was 7.45, with a mean expectedheterozygosity of 0.520. Thirteen loci exhibited significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, while only one locus pair was in linkage disequilibrium after false discovery rate correction for multiple testing (P < 0.05). Cross-species amplification tests revealed that the transferability of 14 loci (70%) was positive for the two congeners M. endeavourae and M. gracilis. The accessibility to new polymorphic microsatellite loci will facilitate population genetic studies and aid in developing conservation and management strategies for vulnerable marine ecosystems.

Effect of El Niño Southern Oscillations on the incidence of enteric fever in Ahmedabad, India from 1985 to 2017

To explore the relationship between climate variables and enteric fever in the city of Ahmedabad and report preliminary findings regarding the influence of El Niño Southern Oscillations and Indian Ocean Dipole over enteric fever incidence. Method: A total of 29 808 Widal positive enteric fever cases reported by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation and local climate data in 1985-2017 from Ahmedabad Meteorology Department were analysed. El Niño, La Niña, neutral and Indian Ocean Dipole years as reported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for the same period were compared for the incidence of enteric fever. Results: Population-normalized average monthly enteric fever case rates were the highest for El Niño years (25.5), lower for La Niña years (20.5) and lowest for neutral years (17.6). A repeated measures ANOVA analysis showed no significant difference in case rates during the three yearly El Niño Southern Oscillations categories. However, visual profile plot of estimated marginal monthly means showed two distinct characteristics: an early rise and peaking of cases in the El Niño and La Niña years, and a much more restrained rise without conspicuous peaks in neutral years. Further analysis based on monthly El Niño Southern Oscillations categories was conducted to detect differences in median monthly case rates. Median case rates in strong and moderate El Niño months and strong La Niña months were significantly dissimilar from that during neutral months (P<0.001). Conclusions: El Niño Southern Oscillations events influence the incidence of enteric fever cases in Ahmedabad, and further investigation from more cities and towns is required.

Effect of El Niño Southern Oscillations on the incidence of enteric fever in Ahmedabad, India from 1985 to 2017

To explore the relationship between climate variables and enteric fever in the city of Ahmedabad and report preliminary findings regarding the influence of El Niño Southern Oscillations and Indian Ocean Dipole over enteric fever incidence. Method: A total of 29 808 Widal positive enteric fever cases reported by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation and local climate data in 1985-2017 from Ahmedabad Meteorology Department were analysed. El Niño, La Niña, neutral and Indian Ocean Dipole years as reported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for the same period were compared for the incidence of enteric fever. Results: Population-normalized average monthly enteric fever case rates were the highest for El Niño years (25.5), lower for La Niña years (20.5) and lowest for neutral years (17.6). A repeated measures ANOVA analysis showed no significant difference in case rates during the three yearly El Niño Southern Oscillations categories. However, visual profile plot of estimated marginal monthly means showed two distinct characteristics: an early rise and peaking of cases in the El Niño and La Niña years, and a much more restrained rise without conspicuous peaks in neutral years. Further analysis based on monthly El Niño Southern Oscillations categories was conducted to detect differences in median monthly case rates. Median case rates in strong and moderate El Niño months and strong La Niña months were significantly dissimilar from that during neutral months (P<0.001). Conclusions: El Niño Southern Oscillations events influence the incidence of enteric fever cases in Ahmedabad, and further investigation from more cities and towns is required.

Avaliação da eficiência de molhes guia-corrente curvos na Baía de Santos, São Paulo: modelagem física / The efficiency of curved jetties in Bay of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil: physical modeling

RESUMO Atualmente, o Porto de Santos é o maior da América Latina, e encontra-se em processo de aprofundamento de seu canal de acesso, prevendo alcançar os 17 m DHN como meta final. Especificamente para o trecho da barra marítima que hoje é mantida somente por dragagem, espera-se um incremento significativo no volume de dragagem de manutenção. Nesse sentido, este trabalho empregou a modelagem física para avaliar a eficácia de molhes guia-corrente curvos na manutenção de profundidades ao longo do trecho da barra marítima do canal do Porto de Santos, seu impacto na dispersão da pluma de efluentes do emissário submarino existente na baía e sua influência na praia adjacente ao molhe. Como resultado, verificou-se que a introdução dos molhes tornaria possível manter as profundidades do canal de acesso na transposição da barra com um volume de dragagem de manutenção muito inferior ao atual, que o aumento da extensão original do emissário submarino em 1,2 km não só reduziria a influência da presença dos molhes, como melhoraria a dispersão dos efluentes para o largo em relação à situação original. Além disso, a presença dos molhes induz uma acreção marinha que tende a proteger a região adjacente à embocadura que hoje sofre um severo processo erosivo. Por fim, o estudo realizado indica ser plenamente viável a adoção de obras fixas para a transposição da barra marítima do Porto de Santos, podendo configurar-se como uma opção economicamente mais atraente do que a atual, para manter profundidades de 17 m DHN.

ABSTRACT Currently, the Port of Santos is the largest in Latin America, and its access channel is in the process of deepening, intending to reach 17 m DHN as an ultimate goal. Specifically for the maritime bar section, which is now maintained only by dredging, a significant increase in the volume of maintenance dredging is expected. The current study applied the physical modelling to evaluate the effectiveness of two curved jetties in the maintenance of depth along the inlet entrance of Santos channel, its impact on the dispersion of the plume of effluents from the existing outfall and its influence on the beach adjacent to the proposed right jetty. As a result, the jetties' layout could maintain the access channel's depth with a much lower volume of dredging than the current maintenance requires. It was found that the increase of 1.2 km on the outfall's original length would not only reduce the influence of the jetties' presence, but also improve significantly the dispersion of effluents in comparison to the original situation. Moreover, the presence of the jetties induces a marine accretion that tends to protect the region adjacent to the inlet, which is currently suffering a severe erosion process. Finally, the study shows that it is completely feasible to adopt the curved jetties to transpose the Port of Santos' maritime bar, which may be configured as an economic and attractive option to maintain depths of 17 m DHN.

Variación espacial de la diversidad del macrobentos en la Reserva Marina El Pelado / Spatial variation of the macrobenthos diversity in the El Pelado Marine Reserve / Variação espacial da diversidade macrobêntica na Reserva Marinha de El Pelado

Resumen Introducción: La Reserva Marina El Pelado es una importante área protegida de la costa ecuatoriana debido a la conectividad que tiene con otras áreas marinas protegidas. Objetivo: Identificar patrones de variación espacial en la estructura comunitaria del macrobentos de fondos someros. Materiales y Métodos: Se muestrearon diez sitios en la zona cercana a la costa y al Islote El Pelado. La abundancia de macroinvertebrados y organismos sésiles se estimó visualmente mediante buceo a lo largo de dos transectos en banda paralelos a la costa. Cada transecto fue de 50 m de longitud y 5 m de ancho, con una superficie total de 500 m2 por localidad. Se registró salinidad, pH, cloro residual, oxígeno, material flotante, coliformes fecales, mercurio, aceites y grasas en la superficie del mar. Resultados: Se identificaron 92 especies (86 especies de invertebrados y 6 especies de macroalgas); el grupo mejor representado fue el de los cnidarios con 31 especies de 13 familias, seguido de los moluscos con 15 especies de 11 familias. Las especies con mayores abundancias media fueron de macroinvertebrados Echinometra vanbrunti (21.54%), de organismos sésiles Bugula californica (34.2%). Conclusiones: No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la diversidad, riqueza y equidad de especies del macrobentos entre las zonas de estudio.

Abstract Introduction: The El Pelado Marine Reserve is an important protected area of the Ecuadorian coast due to the connectivity it has with other marine protected areas. Objective: Identify patterns of spatial variation in the community structure of shallow fund macrobenthos. Materials and Methods: Ten sites were sampled in the area near the coast and the El Pelado Islet. The abundance of macroinvertebrates and sessile organisms was estimated visually by diving along two parallel transects parallel to the coast. Each transect was 50 m long and 5 m wide, with a total area of 500 m2 per location. Salinity, pH, residual chlorine, oxygen, floating material, fecal coliforms, mercury, oils and fats were recorded on the sea surface. Results: 92 species were identified (86 species of invertebrates and 6 species of macroalgae); the best represented group was the cnidarians with 31 species from 13 families, followed by the molluscs with 15 species from 11 families. The species with higher average abundances were of macroinvertebrates Echinometra vanbrunti (21.54%), sessile organisms Bugula californica (34.2%). Conclusions: No significant differences were found in the diversity, richness and equity of macrobenthic species between study areas.

Resumo Introdução: A Reserva Marinha El Pelado é uma importante área protegida da costa equatoriana, devido à conectividade que tem com outras áreas marinhas protegidas. Objetivo: Identificar padrões de variação espacial na estrutura da comunidade de macrobentos fundos rasos. Materiais e Métodos: Dez locais foram amostrados na área próxima à costa e na Ilhota de El Pelado. A abundância de macroinvertebrados e organismos sésseis foi estimada visualmente mergulhando-se ao longo de dois transectos paralelos paralelos à costa. Cada transecto tinha 50 m de comprimento e 5 m de largura, com uma área total de 500 m2 por localização. Salinidade, pH, cloro residual, oxigênio, material flutuante, coliformes fecais, mercúrio, óleos e gorduras foram registrados na superfície do mar. Resultados: foram identificadas 92 espécies (86 espécies de invertebrados e 6 espécies de macroalgas); O grupo mais bem representado foi o de cnidários com 31 espécies de 13 famílias, seguido dos moluscos com 15 espécies de 11 famílias. As espécies com maior abundância média foram de macroinvertebrados Echinometra vanbrunti (21,54%), organismos sésseis Bugula californica (34,2%). Conclusões: Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na diversidade, riqueza e equidade das espécies macrobênticas entre as áreas de estudo.