Insect (Hexapoda) Diversity in the Oceanic Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil: Scenopinidae (Diptera) / Diversidade de insetos (Hexapoda) no Arquipélago Oceânico de Fernando de Noronha, Brasil: Scenopinidae (Diptera)

Abstract: This paper covers the first record of window flies, Scenopinidae (Diptera), in the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil: Scenopinus schulzi Enderlein, which is briefly characterized. This species was recorded in low numbers: three males and 13 female specimens. The occurrence of scenopinids in Fernando de Noronha is regarded as an extension of the Brazilian mainland continental fauna. The colonization of the archipelago is discussed.

Resumo: Este trabalho faz o primeiro registro de uma espécie de Scenopinidae no Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha, Brasil: Scenopinus schulzi Enderlein, brevemente caracterizada. Esta espécie foi registrada em baixa densidade: três machos e 13 fêmeas. A ocorrência de scenopinideos em Fernando de Noronha é atribuída à extensão territorial da fauna continental e sua colonização no arquipélago é discutida.

First report of Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the parasitoid Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the oceanic archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil

ABSTRACT We recorded for the first time the presence of the two fruit flies pests, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the parasitoid Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the oceanic archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco, Brazil. The specimens were collected in traps installed during June/2019 to February/2020. The fruit flies and the parasitoid species are widespread in the Brazilian mainland and have most likely been introduced accidentally in the archipelago.

La diversidad del Orden Diptera de la Isla del Coco representada en la colección de artrópodos del Museo Nacional de Costa Rica y otras colecciones

Introducción: La Isla del Coco es una isla oceánica que, a pesar de su reconocida biodiversidad, ha sido poco estudiada en cuanto a su entomofauna, particularmente del Orden Diptera. Objetivo: Presentar la diversidad de "moscas" que alberga la Colección de Artrópodos del Museo Nacional de Costa Rica (MNCR), proveniente de recolectadas realizadas entre 1994-2013. Métodos: Se hizo un análisis de los 2129 registros físicos y digitales de Specify del MNCR y otras bases de datos, así como de la literatura. Resultados: Dentro del MNCR se encuentran 30 familias, 43géneros y28 especies; trabajo de determinación taxonómica realizado por un conjunto demás de 30 expertos en el grupo. Existe material tanto en la colección del MNCR y así como en Museo de Zoología de la Universidad de Costa Rica y otras instituciones fuera del país. Conclusiones: El esfuerzo de muestreo se ha concentrado solamente en un sector de la isla, por lo que se proyecta una diversidad mayor si se amplían los esfuerzos. Es fundamental mantener esfuerzos planificados en el ámbito de la investigación taxonómica de la fauna entomológica, que permitan ampliar el conocimiento de la diversidad presente.

Introduction: Isla del Coco National Park is an oceanic island of great interest and scientific value; however, little is known about its entomological fauna, particularly for the Order Diptera. Objective: To present the diversity of "flies" housed in the collection of arthropods of the National Museum of Costa Rica (MNCR), from expeditions made to the island between 1994 and 2013. Methods: Analyzed the 2 129 physical and digital records from Specify and other data bases, as well as the literature. Results: A total of 30 families, 43 genera and 28 species are represented in the MNCR, from a taxonomic determination work carried out by a group of more than 30 experts. There is material both in the Diptera collection of the MNCR and the MZUCR (Museum of Zoology, University of Costa Rica), as well as in institutions outside the country. Conclusion: The sampling effort has been concentrated in only one sector of the island; therefore, diversity is expected to be greater. It is essential to maintain research taxonomic efforts of the entomological fauna to expand the knowledge of the diversity present in such a valuable resource, Heritage of Humanity: Isla del Coco.

Community structure of coral reef zooplankton in Isla del Coco National Park, a natural World Heritage site in the Eastern Tropical Pacific

Introduction: Zooplankton is a major link between primary producers and the following trophic levels, and in coral reefs they represent an energy source for corals and involve complex assemblies integrating a wide variety of species form different functional groups. Objective: To define interannual changes in zooplankton assemblies in coral reefs of Isla del Coco. Methods: Three coral reefs system were sampled. Two or three samples were taken by surface horizontal trawls in each coral reef from 2009 to 2012, using conical zooplankton nets of 200 and 500 µm mesh sizes at different times of the day. Physical and chemical variables were measured before zooplankton sampling. Results: We identified 24 taxonomic groups of macrozooplankton and 22 of mesozooplankton. Copepods were the most abundant taxa (87.1%) of the total abundance of mesozooplankton and macrozooplakton (58.9%); however, chaetognaths (35.6%) exceeded copepods (35.4%) in abundance in macrozooplankton samples during 2011. Mesozooplankton samples showed higher abundance (68753.2±9123.2 ind m-3) and biomass (85.14±11.3 mg DW m-3) than macrozooplankton samples (4454.9±751.0 ind m-3, 22.8±3.8 mg DW m-3). The interannual macrozooplankton community structure did not change significantly (ANOVA, p=0.368), but did change for mesozooplankton (ANOVA, p=0.001). Variations in physical and chemical variables influenced the community structure for both meso and macrozooplankton, increasing or decreasing organism abundance. Conclusions: Coral reef zooplankton of Isla del Coco resembles that of other coral reefs under the influence of oceanic conditions, with a fauna formed mainly by calanoid copepods, chaetognaths and appendicularians, and depending on oceanographic conditions, the abundance of these groups can change.

Introducción: El zooplancton es el principal enlace entre los productores primarios y los siguientes niveles de la cadena trófica, en los arrecifes de coral representa una importante fuente de alimento, en estos ambientes comprende una amplia variedad de especies de diferentes grupos funcionales. Métodos: En el presente trabajo se analiza la estructura de la comunidad del zooplancton asociado a los sistemas arrecifales de la Isla del Coco, sus variaciones interanuales y como las variables físicas y químicas en diferentes épocas influencian la composición de especies. Las muestras se colectaron sobre los parches de arrecife de Bahía Weston, Bahía Wafer y Bahía Chatham en el sector norte de la Isla, en cuatro periodos, en 2009 a 2012, se realizaron arrastres horizontales con redes cilindro cónicas de 200 y 500 µm tamaño de poro, durante tres e cinco minutos respectivamente a diferentes horas del día. Resultados: Se identificaron 24 grupos taxonómicos dentro del Macrozooplancton y 22 dentro del Mesozooplancton. Mayores abundancias y biomasas se registraron en el Mesozooplancton. Copépodos, apendicularias e quetognatos fueron los grupos más abundantes, siendo afectadas sus abundancias por las variaciones en las variables físicas y químicas. Conclusiones: La comunidad zooplanctónica de los arrecifes coralinos en la Isla del Coco es semejante a aquellos sistemas arrecifales de zonas oceánicas bajo la influencia de aguas oceánicas, con una fauna conformada principalmente por copépodos, quetognatos y apendicularias y que dependiendo de las características oceanográficas imperantes las abundancias de estos grupos pueden cambiar.

Mesophotic ecosystems at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil (South-western Atlantic), reveal unique ichthyofauna and need for conservation

Abstract Although several studies on the ichthyofauna of the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago have been carried out, its mesophotic fish diversity has never been surveyed before. Here we used SCUBA and technical rebreather diving, baited remote underwater videos and remotely operated vehicle to record shallow (≤ 30 m depth) and mesophotic (31 to 150 m depth) fishes. Nineteen fish species belonging to 14 families are reported here as new records, representing an increase of 8.2% in marine fish richness for the region, which now has a total of 250 species and 77 families. These new records include four potential new species and highlight the importance of surveying mesophotic ecosystems, even in well studied sites. Our results also emphasize the need for protection and attention to the unique ichthyofauna found at mesophotic depths.(AU)

Resumo Apesar de muitos estudos sobre a ictiofauna do Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha terem sido realizados, sua diversidade de peixes mesofóticos nunca foi estudada antes. Neste estudo utilizamos mergulho autônomo e mergulho técnico, vídeos subaquáticos remotos com isca e veículo operado remotamente para registrar peixes de ecossistemas rasos (≤ 30 m de profundidade) e mesofóticos (31 a 150 m de profundidade). Dezenove espécies de peixes pertencentes a 14 famílias são apresentadas aqui como novos registros, representando um aumento de 8,2% na riqueza de peixes marinhos da região, que agora possui um total de 250 espécies e 77 famílias. Esses novos registros incluem quatro prováveis novas espécies e reforçam a importância de estudos em ecossistemas mesofóticos. Nossos resultados também enfatizam a necessidade de proteção e atenção à essa ictiofauna única encontrada nesses ecossistemas profundos.(AU)

Macroinvertebrados dulceacuícolas de la Isla del Coco, Costa Rica: especies y comparación con otras islas del Pacífico Tropical Oriental / Freshwater macroinvertebrates from Cocos Island, Costa Rica: species and comparison with other islands of the Eastern Tropical Pacific

Cocos Island is an oceanic island in the Eastern Pacific, at 496km from Cabo Blanco, Costa Rica. This 24km² island is surrounded by a protected marine area of 9 640km². It was declared National Park in 1978 and a World Heritage by UNESCO in 1997. Freshwater macroinvertebrate fauna was collected in 20 sites covering three rivers (Genio, Chatam and Sucio) and two creeks (Minuto and an unnamed creek behind the park rangers’ house). Tank bromeliads or phytotelmata were also examined for aquatic macroinvertebrates. Physicochemical parameters were determined in 13 study sites. Additionally, a comparison with other islands in the Eastern Tropical Pacific was conducted to determine the most important factors controlling the diversity in Tropical Pacific islands. A total of 455 individuals were collected belonging to 20 taxa (mostly identified to genus level) from 15 families of aquatic insects. Other macroinvertebrates such as Palaemonid shrimps, Hidrachnida and Oligochaeta were also collected. The family Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) was the most abundant, followed by Chironomidae (Diptera). Diptera was the order of insects with the highest taxonomic richness. A relationship between distance and the number of families was observed supporting the premises of the Theory of island Biogeography. This relationship was improved by correcting area by island elevation, indicating that mountainous islands had the richest faunas, potentially due to high cloud interception that feeds freshwater environments favoring the establishment of aquatic fauna. Physicochemical variables were similar in all sites, possibly due to the geology and the absence of significant sources of pollution on the island.

La Isla del Coco es una isla oceánica localizada en el Pacífico Tropical Oriental a unos 492km de Cabo Blanco. La isla cuenta con un área terrestre de 24km² y un área marina protegida de 9 640km². Fue declarada Parque Nacional en 1978 y Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO en 1997. Se realizó una gira de recolecta del 22 de mayo al 12 junio 2008. Se recolectaron macroinvertebrados acuáticos en 20 tramos de tres ríos (Genio, Chatham y Sucio) y dos quebradas (Minuto y quebrada sin nombre atrás de estación de guarda parques). En 13 sitios se toma- ron parámetros fisicoquímicos. En total se recolectaron 455 individuos de 20 táxones de 15 familias de insectos acuáticos y otros macroinvertebrados. La familia Staphylinidae presentó la mayor abundancia seguida por Chironomidae, los dípteros fueron el orden con mayor riqueza taxonómica. Una relación entre distancia y número de familias se observó apoyando en parte la Teoría de Biogeografía de Islas. La relación mejoró al corregir área con elevación, indicando que islas montañosas tenían alta riqueza, posiblemente debido a la mayor intercepción de nubes que alimentan los ambientes dulceacuícolas que favorecen el establecimiento de la fauna acuática. Las variables ambientales fueron similares en todos los sitios.