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1.
Biota Neotrop. (Online, Ed. ingl.) ; 22(3): e20221353, 2022. graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1383935

ABSTRACT

Abstract: The sweat bees from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago are presented and illustrated herein. The species recorded are Augochlora (Augochlora) laevipyga (Kirby, 1890), Augochlora (Augochlora) sp., new record, and Lasioglossum (Dialictus) atripyga (Kirby, 1890). The Kirby species are redescribed based on recently collected specimens, including the first illustration of the male terminalia. The unidentified species is also shortly characterized.


Resumo: Os halictídeos do Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha são aqui apresentados e ilustrados. As espécies registradas são Augochlora (Augochlora) laevipyga (Kirby, 1890), Augochlora (Augochlora) sp., novo registro, e Lasioglossum (Dialictus) atripyga (Kirby, 1890). As espécies descritas por Kirby são redescritas com base em espécimes recentemente coletados, incluindo a primeira ilustração das terminálias dos machos. A espécie não identificada também é resumidamente caracterizada.

2.
Biota Neotrop. (Online, Ed. ingl.) ; 21(3): e20211211, 2021. graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1285470

ABSTRACT

Abstract: The seasonal population density is informed for two epidemiologically important species of bloodsucking Tabanidae, Tabanus occidentalis Linnaeus and T. pungens Wiedemann, recorded at the Fernando de Noronha archipelago that was never connected to the continent. The two species are widespread in the Neotropical Region, have not been recorded from any other oceanic island, and have most likely been introduced accidentally in the archipelago. Tabanus occidentalis dominated the samples, encompassing 99.6% of the specimens collected in the two local seasons, rainy and dry. Tabanus pungens was rarer, encompassing 0.4% of the specimens collected mainly in the dry season. The tabanids of Fernando de Noronha are able to transmit blood pathogens, bringing risks to the health of the livestock. They also pester the tourists, which brings losses to the local tourist industry. Larvae of both species were already collected in the water lettuce Pistia stratiotes Linnaeus and it is highly recommend that this introduced aquatic plant be removed from the ponds of Fernando de Noronha to control tabanid populations.


Resumo: A densidade populacional e a sazonalidade é informada para duas espécies epidemiologicamente importantes de Tabanidae, Tabanus occidentalis Linnaeus e T. pungens Wiedemann, registradas no arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha, o qual nunca foi conectado ao continente. As duas espécies estão amplamente distribuídas na Região Neotropical, não foram registradas em nenhuma outra ilha oceânica e provavelmente foram introduzidas acidentalmente no arquipélago. Tabanus occidentalis dominou as amostras, englobando 99,6% dos exemplares coletados nas duas estações locais, chuvosa e seca. Tabanus pungens foi mais rara, abrangendo 0,4% dos espécimes coletados principalmente na estação seca. Os tabanídeos de Fernando de Noronha são capazes de transmitir patógenos do sangue, trazendo riscos à saúde do gado. Eles também incomodam os turistas, o que traz prejuízos para a indústria turística local. Larvas de ambas as espécies já foram coletadas na alface d'água Pistia stratiotes Linnaeus e é altamente recomendável que esta planta aquática, introduzida no arquipélago, seja removida das lagoas de Fernando de Noronha para o controle de populações de tabanídeos.

3.
Rev. biol. trop ; 68mar. 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1507620

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La flora de la Isla del Coco ha sido objeto de diversos esfuerzos de recolecta, estudios y publicaciones desde hace más de 300 años, hasta llegar a registrarse 263 especies; no obstante, una exploración reciente permitió determinar que se han presentado muchos cambios nomenclaturales, de clasificación y de incremento de especies desde la última publicación, lo cual hace necesario la publicación de una lista actualizada de especies. Objetivo: Elaborar un catálogo actualizado de las plantas vasculares de la Isla del Coco. Métodos: Mediante la búsqueda y revisión de ejemplares de herbario, publicaciones y recolecta de plantas entre 2016 y 2017, se elaboró una lista actualizada de plantas de la isla. Además, se determinó la riqueza estimada y la calidad del inventario utilizando estimadores de biodiversidad y la proporción de especies de acuerdo a su forma, hábitat epífito y procedencia. Resultados: Se registraron 296 especies de plantas vasculares, en 199 géneros y 82 familias, lo cual representa alrededor de un 80 % de la diversidad esperada según los estimadores utilizados (Chao-1 y ecuación de Clench). Del total, 219 (74%) especies son nativas y 77 (26%) son introducidas. Las especies nativas incluyen angiospermas (53%), helechos (44%) y licófitos (3%) y las introducidas solo angiospermas. Se indican las familias y géneros más diversos y las especies más comunes o abundantes. Se presenta un endemismo del 22% (48 spp.) de la flora nativa, compuesto principalmente por helechos (58%). La flora presenta una alta proporción de especies herbáceas (63%) y una baja representación de especies arborescentes (12%) y de bejucos y enredaderas (8%). También se presenta una alta proporción de epífitas, con un 20% del total de la flora, compuesto mayormente por helechos (69%). Este estudio adicionó 45 nuevas especies a la isla, de las cuales 16 son especies nuevas para la ciencia y endémicas para la isla y ocho son especies introducidas. También se actualizaron o corrigieron 36 nombres de especies en comparación con Trusty et al. (2006). Se proporciona un catálogo de especies con anotaciones. Conclusiones: La flora de la Isla del Coco presenta ciertas particularidades que la distinguen de otras islas oceánicas del Pacífico, en especial por la alta proporción de helechos endémicos y la alta diversidad de este grupo en general y el porcentaje relativamente bajo de endemismo. También es característico la baja diversidad de especies arbóreas, con una alta dominancia de Sacoglottis holdridgei en todos los bosques de la Isla y la alta proporción de especies epífitas, compuesto principalmente por helechos. La proporción de especies introducidas es relativamente baja en comparación con otras islas oceánicas del Pacífico.


Introduction: The flora of Isla del Coco has been the subject of various collection studies and publications efforts for more than 300 years. During these years 263 species were registered; however, there have been nomenclature and classification changes, and an increase of known species since the last publication. Objective: To prepare an updated catalog of the vascular plants of Isla del Coco. Methods: The catalog present here is based on the review of herbarium specimens, publications, and plants collected between 2016 and 2017 by the authors. An updated list of plants on the island was prepared. In addition, the estimated richness and the quality of the inventory were determined through biodiversity estimators and the proportion of species according to their form, epiphytic habitat, and origin. Results: 296 species of vascular plants were registered, corresponding to 199 genera and 82 families, which represents about 80% of the expected diversity according to the estimators used (Chao-1 and Clench equation). Of the total, 219 (74%) species are native and 77 (26%) are introduced. Native species include angiosperms (53%), ferns (44%) and lycophytes (3%), and those introduced are represented only by angiosperms. The most diverse families and genera and the most common or abundant species are indicated. From the native flora, 48 spp. (22%) are endemic, and is mainly composed of ferns (58%). The flora has a high proportion of herbaceous species (63%) and a low representation of arborescent species (12%) and vines (8%). There is also a high proportion of epiphytes (20% of the total flora), mostly composed of ferns (69%). This study added 45 new species records to the island, of which 16 are new species for science and endemic to the island, and eight are introduced species. Thirty-six species names were updated or corrected compared to Trusty et al. (2006). A catalog of species with annotations is provided. Conclusions: The flora of Isla del Coco presents certain peculiarities that distinguish it from other Pacific oceanic islands, especially due to the high proportion of endemic ferns, and the high diversity of this group in general, and the relatively low percentage of endemism. Also, characteristics as the low diversity of tree species, with high dominance of Sacoglottisholdridgei in all the forests of the island, and the high proportion of epiphytic species, mainly composed of ferns. The proportion of introduced species is relatively low, compared to other oceanic Pacific islands.

4.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 49(3): 559-563, July-Sept. 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-951811

ABSTRACT

Abstract The growth of the population of cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) in the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha constitutes a threat to public health and biological diversity because of their competition with and predation on native species and the possibility of transmission of pathogens to human beings, livestock and native wildlife. The aim here was to search for, isolate and identify serovars of Salmonella in clinically healthy local cattle egrets. Cloacal swabs were obtained from 456 clinically healthy cattle egrets of both sexes and a variety of ages. The swabs were divided into 51 pools. Six of these (11.7%) presented four serovars of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica: Salmonella serovar Typhimurium; Salmonella serovar Newport; Salmonella serovar Duisburg; and Salmonella serovar Zega. One sample was identified as S. enterica subspecies enterica O16:y:-. Results in this study suggest that cattle egrets may be reservoirs of this agent on Fernando de Noronha and represent a risk to public health and biological diversity.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Salmonella Infections, Animal/microbiology , Bird Diseases/microbiology , Salmonella enterica/isolation & purification , Phylogeny , Birds/microbiology , Brazil , Salmonella enterica/classification , Salmonella enterica/genetics
5.
Biota Neotrop. (Online, Ed. ingl.) ; 16(3): e20160164, 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-951089

ABSTRACT

Abstract In spite of the length of the Brazilian coastline, studies of marine phytoplankton species in offshore areas have been largely neglected. Regarding phytoplankton species composition, the aim was to assess biodiversity status, species frequency, and the similarities at different sites along the Vitoria-Trindade Seamount Chain. Phytoplankton net samples were analyzed. One hundred and seventy five infrageneric taxa were identified. They represented four phyla, viz., Cyanobacteria, Bacillariophyta, Dinophyta, and Ochrophyta. Dinophyta was the most diverse, and its genus Tripos the largest contributor. This genus also represented more than half of the most common taxa in the sampled area. Thirty-five new infrageneric taxa were recorded, 12 of which are new reports for Brazil. Neritic stations assemblages were markedly different from those of seamounts and deep offshore. The high species diversity, especially among dinoflagellates can be considered typical of tropical oligotrophic waters. The new records demonstrate the gap in knowledge of phytoplankton biodiversity in Brazil.


Resumo O fitoplâncton marinho é negligenciado nas áreas fora da plataforma continental brasileira. Este estudo objetiva avaliar o status da biodiversidade, a frequência de ocorrência das espécies e a relação de proximidade entre as estações amostradas ao longo da cadeia Vitória-Trindade de acordo com a composição de espécies do fitoplâncton. Analisamos amostras de rede e identificamos 175 táxons infra genéricos de quatro filos: Cyanobacteria, Bacillariophyta, Dinophyta e Ochrophyta. Dinophyta teve o maior número de táxons e seu gênero Tripos foi o mais diversificado. Esse também representou mais da metade dos táxons muito comuns. Foram identificados 35 novos registros de táxons infra genéricos na área estudada, dentre eles 12 são novos para o Brasil. A composição de espécies nas estações neríticas foi mais distinta das estações oceânicas e sobre os montes da cadeia submersa. A alta diversidade de espécies, especialmente dinoflagelados, é típica de ambiente de águas tropicais oligotróficas. Os novos registros demonstraram a lacuna de conhecimento a respeito da biodiversidade fitoplanctônica nas regiões oceânicas no Brasil.

6.
Rev. biol. trop ; 63(supl.2): 221-232, Apr.-Jun. 2015. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, SaludCR | ID: biblio-958170

ABSTRACT

Resumen Los estudios sobre los equinodermos de la costa del Pacifico de México se han enfocado en la taxonomía y biogeografía y hay escasos datos sobre ecología comunitaria o poblacional del grupo. En el presente trabajo analizamos los cambios estacionales de la densidad poblacional y la distribución espacial de cuatro especies de erizos regulares (Diadema mexicanum, Echinometra mathaei oblonga. Eucidaris thouarsii y Tripneustes depressus) en tres bahías de la Isla Socorro, Archipiélago de Revillagigedo, México. Las especie más abundante en la isla fue E. mathaei oblonga (3.96 + 0.83 ind m-2; promedio y error típico), seguida de D. mexicanum (2.13 + 0.59 ind m-2), T. depressus y E. thouarsii (entre 0.50 y 0.11 ind m-2, respectivamente). La Bahía Binners tuvo la mayor densidad con 15.98 + 0.43 ind m-2, en gran medida debido a la alta incidencia de E. mathaei oblonga en el sitio. Estacionalmente, T. depressus y E. thouarsii no variaron significativamente su abundancia durante el año, pero D. mexicanum fue más abundante en invierno-primavera, y E. mathaei oblonga en el otoño. En relación al patrón de distribución espacial, dos de las especies (D. mexicanum y E. mathaei oblonga) presentaron una distribución agregada a lo largo del año y en las tres localidades de estudio, pero los otros dos equinoideos se dispusieron de forma azarosa. Hay varias razones para explicar el comportamiento de agregación en erizos de mar, pero para el caso de Isla Socorro aquí se argumenta a favor de que es un modo de defensa contra los abundantes peces depredadores que habitan los arrecifes. En contraste, las especies que no muestran agrupaciones residen en refugios durante el día (E. thouarsii) o bien su morfología y tamaño dificultan su captura por los peces (T. depressus).


Abstract The studies on echinoderms of the Mexican Pacific have focused on taxonomy and biogeography, and there are limited data on their ecology. We used transect to study Diadema mexicanum, Echinometra mathaei oblonga, Eucidaris thouarsii and Tripneustes depressus at three bays in Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Archipelago, Mexico (1989 and 1990). The most abundant species in the island was E. mathaei oblonga (3.96 + 0.83 ind m-2; average and standard error), followed by D. mexicanum (2.13 + 0.59 ind m-2), T. depressus and E. thouarsii (between 0.50 and 0.11 ind m-2, respectively). Binners Bay had the highest density with 15.98 + 0.43 ind m-2, mostly due to the high incidence of E. mathaei oblonga at the site. Seasonally, T. depressus and E. thouarsii did not significantly varied its abundance during the year, while D. mexicanum was more abundant in winter-spring, and E. mathaei oblonga in the fall. Two species (D. mexicanum and E. mathaei oblonga) had an aggregated distribution along the year and in the three study locations, but the other two echinoids followed a random distribution. This may be a defense against the abundant predatory fishes. In contrast, the species that do not aggregate inhabit in refuges during the day (E. thouarsii), or their shape and size makes them difficult to capture by fishes (T. depressus). Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (Suppl. 2): 221-232. Epub 2015 June 01.


Subject(s)
Animals , Sea Urchins/growth & development , Population Density , Mexico
7.
Rev. biol. trop ; 60(supl.3): 293-301, nov. 2012. ilus, graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS, SaludCR | ID: lil-672097

ABSTRACT

The subtidal benthos of tropical islands has been poorly studied in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Several studies have been published on taxonomic collections from oceanic islands in the region, but ecological features and community structure are practically unknown. In the present study, composition of the polychaete community along a depth gradient from the sand bottom of Bahía Chatham, Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica is analyzed. Fifty species of polychaetes belonging to 28 families were found. There is a peak in diversity, abundance and richness at 28-30m. The lowest values occurred at 50m depth with values increasing below this depth. The composition of species changed with depth with some species being found only at depths either less than or greater than 50m. This pattern can be explained in part by the location of the thermocline that occurred at around 50m depth.


El bentos submareal de las islas tropicales ha sido poco estudiado en el Pacífico Oriental. Varios estudios se han publicado sobre colecciones taxonómicas de las islas oceánicas de la región, pero las características ecológicas y la estructura de la comunidad son prácticamente desconocidas. En el presente estudio se muestra la composición de la fauna de anélidos poliquetos según un gradiente de profundidad en los fondos arenosos de la Bahía de Chatham, Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. Cincuenta especies de poliquetos repartidas en 28 familias fueron encontradas. La comunidad muestra un pico en la diversidad, abundancia y riqueza a los 28-30m. Los valores fueron menores a 50m mientras que por debajo de esta profundidad se observó una tendencia hacia un aumento en la riqueza de la comunidad. La composición de las especies cambió de acuerdo a la profundidad y algunas especies sólo se encontraron por debajo o por arriba de los 50m. La ubicación de la termoclina en la profundidad de 50m podría explicar en parte el patrón encontrado.


Subject(s)
Polychaeta/classification , Benthic Fauna/classification , Biodiversity , Pacific Islands , Costa Rica
8.
Neotrop. ichthyol ; 10(2): 383-388, 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-640803

ABSTRACT

In this study we analyze the population structure and diet of the coney Cephalopholis fulva at Trindade Island, Brazil, through direct observation with SCUBA diving in 11 reef sites around the Island, up to 50 m deep. Diet was based on 77 individuals collected with speargun. Mean population density and biomass were estimated at 29 individuals/100 m² and 13 kg/100 m², respectively. This species is regularly distributed along the costal environments of the Trindade Island, with no significant differences in densities and biomass detected among the different collection habitats (reef crest, reef slope, and reef plateau). However, significantly higher densities were observed micro-habitats with greater structural complexity, which may offer more shelter and food to C. fulva. Four food item groups were identified from the gut contents of C. fulva: Annelida, Crustacea, Teleostei, and Testudinata. It is the first record of predation of the green turtle Chelonia mydas hatchlings by the coney. Trindade Island seems to present the densest concentration of C. fulva in all Brazilian and Caribbean ecosystems inhabited by this species. Scarcity of competitors, predators, and fishing pressure may explain the high densities observed in the Island.


Foram analisadas a estrutura populacional e a dieta do catuá Cephalopholis fulva na Ilha da Trindade, Brasil. Os dados foram obtidos através de censos visuais com mergulho autônomo em 11 locais no entorno da ilha, em profundidades de até 50 m. A dieta e a proporção sexual foram baseadas na análise de 77 indivíduos coletados com arpão. A densidade populacional e biomassa foram estimados em 29 indivíduos/m² e 13 kg/100 m², respectivamente. A espécie apresentou distribuição uniforme nos ambientes costeiros da ilha, não tendo sido registradas diferenças significativa em sua densidade e biomassa entre os diferentes habitats estudados (crista, talude e platô recifal). Entretanto, foi observado preferência por micro-habitats de alta complexidade estrutural. Foram registrados quatro grupos de itens alimentares no conteúdo estomacal de C. fulva: Annelida, Crustacea, Teleostei e Testudinata. É feito aqui o primeiro registro de predação de juvenis da tartaruga-verde (Chelonia mydas) por C. fulva. Trindade parece apresentar os maiores valores de densidade para o catuá, quando comparada a outras localidades do Brasil e Caribe. A escassez de competidores, predadores e a pressão pesqueira são possíveis fatores que podem explicar as altas densidades observadas para C. fulva na Ilha da Trindade.


Subject(s)
Animals , Biomass , Bass/growth & development , Diet/veterinary , Animal Distribution/classification , Population Density
9.
Biota neotrop. (Online, Ed. port.) ; 11(2): 203-215, Apr.-June 2011. graf, mapas, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-596876

ABSTRACT

The present study was developed in the São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago, with the objective to describe the structure of the microphytoplankton community, and establish its diurnal and spatial variation. The samplings were carried out in two stations (Enseada and Cabeço da Tartaruga) during five consecutive days (May 12 to 16, 2008) of the rainy season, during early morning and late afternoon, by subsurface horizontal hauls of 10 minutes duration with plankton net of 45 μm of mesh size. A total of 131 taxa were recorded, out of which 117 in Cabeço station and 89 in Enseada. The group of dinoflagellates was the most diverse, represented by 90 taxa belonging to 17 genera, highlighting the Ceratium genus with 33 species. The cyanophyceae Trichodesmium thiebautti Gomon ex Gomont was the only dominant species in the area, influencing the community structure, and serving as indicator species for the area. There was a greater number of species at the Cabeço than in Enseada. The marine planktonic oceanic species predominated, with 61.26 percent of the overall species richness. The diversity and evenness were in general higher in both sampling stations. At Cabeço station, the values of species diversity were between a minimum of 0.76 bits.cell-1 and a maximum of 4.27 bits.cell-1 and evenness varied between 0.16 and 0.84. At the Enseada station, it was registered a minimum of 2.91 bits.cell-1 and a maximum of 3.87 bits.cell-1, and evenness with minimum and maximum values of 0.64 and 0.84, respectively. The cluster analysis showed the formation of three distinct associations of species, with Cabeço and Enseada species in separate groups, highlighting the differences between the communities of the two studied sites. In each station, there was no significant difference between samples of different hours. The study area is characterized by a floristic composition typical of stable, transparent and oligotrophic waters.


O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo, com o objetivo de descrever a estrutura da comunidade microfitoplanctônica, assim como estabelecer sua variação diurna e espacial. As amostras foram coletadas em duas estações (Cabeço da Tartaruga e Enseada) durante cinco dias consecutivos (12 a 16/05/08) do período chuvoso, nos horários da manhã e da tarde, por meio de arrastos horizontais subsuperficiais de 10 minutos de duração, com uma rede de plâncton com abertura de malha de 45 µm. Um total de 131 táxons foram registrados, dos quais 117 foram na estação Cabeço da Tartaruga e 89 na Enseada. O grupo dos dinoflagelados foi o mais diverso, representado por 90 táxons pertencentes a 17 gêneros, destacando-se o gênero Ceratium com 33 espécies. A cianofícea Trichodesmium thiebautti Gomont ex Gomon foi a única espécie dominante na área, influenciando a estrutura da comunidade, servindo como a espécie indicadora da área. Houve um número maior de espécies na estação Cabeço do que na Enseada. As espécies marinhas planctônicas oceânicas predominaram, com 61,26 por cento da riqueza total de espécies. A diversidade e a equitabilidade foram, no geral, altas em ambos locais de coleta. Na estação Cabeço, os valores de diversidade específica situaram-se entre o mínimo de 0,76 bits.cél-1 e máximo de 4,27 bits.cél-1 e a equitabilidade oscilou entre 0,16 e 0,84. Na Enseada, registraram-se mínimo de diversidade específica de 2,91 bits.cél-1 e máximo de 3,87 bits.cél-1, e equitabilidade com valores mínimo e máximo de 0,64 e 0,84, respectivamente. A análise de agrupamento mostrou a formação de três associações distintas de espécies, com espécies do Cabeço e da Enseada em grupos separados, evidenciando a diferença entre as comunidades dos dois locais estudados. Em cada estação, não houve diferença significativa entre as amostras dos diferentes horários. A área estudada está caracterizada por uma composição florística típica de ambiente estável, águas transparentes e oligotróficas.

10.
Biota neotrop. (Online, Ed. port.) ; 5(1): 185-192, 2005. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-459524

ABSTRACT

Lizards rarely visit and pollinate flowers, the few recent records being mostly restricted to island habitats. We report here on the Noronha skink (Euprepis atlanticus) seeking nectar in the flowers of the leguminous mulungu tree (Erythrina velutina) at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, off northeast Brazil. The mulungu tree blooms during the dry season, and each flower secretes copious and diluted nectar throughout the day. The Noronha skink climbs up to the inflorescences and laps the nectar accumulated in the flowers' base. While exploiting the flowers and crawling over the inflorescences, the body parts of the skink contact the anthers and stigmas and pollen adheres to the lizard's scales. The lizard visits inflorescences from the same and different trees, which renders it a potential pollinator. As the mulungu tree blooms during the dry season and the island has little or no natural freshwater supply during drought periods, we suggest that the Noronha skink seeks flower nectar both for its energetic, diluted sugars and the water content.


Lagartos raramente visitam e polinizam flores, os poucos registros estando restritos a ambientes insulares. Registramos aqui a mabuia de Noronha (Euprepis atlanticus) buscando néctar nas flores da árvore leguminosa mulungu (Erythrina velutina), no Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha ao largo da costa Nordeste do Brasil. O mulungu floresce na época seca, ao longo de quatro meses. As flores produzem néctar muito diluído e abundante, ao longo do dia todo. A mabuia percorre as inflorescências, lambendo o néctar acumulado na base da flor. Enquanto rasteja sobre as inflorescências da mesma ou outra árvore, contata as anteras e os estigmas e o pólen fica aderido ao seu corpo, o que torna a mabuia um polinizador potencial. Como o mulungu floresce durante a época seca, período em que a água é muito escassa na ilha, sugerimos que a mabuia visita as flores tanto pelos açúcares diluídos e energéticos, como pela água contida no néctar.

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