Simultaneous posterior eyelid ptosis repair and strabismus surgery: a single-stage approach / Cirurgia reparadora simultânea de blefaroptose posterior e de estrabismo: abordagem de estágio único

ABSTRACT Purpose: Blepharoptosis with coexisting strabismus can be observed in adults, and both these conditions affect cosmetic appearance and have psychosocial effects. Both also commonly require surgery, which is typically performed using a sequential approach. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of simultaneous Müller's muscle-conjunctival resection with or without tarsectomy and strabismus surgery in adult patients with ptosis and coexisting strabismus. Methods: Patients with ptosis and coexisting strabismus who underwent simultaneous Müller's muscle-conjunctival resection with or without tarsectomy and horizontal strabismus surgery were retrospectively evaluated. Analysis included measurement of the angle of deviation in prism diopters, margin reflex distance, eyelid height asymmetry, and complications following surgery. Success of Müller's muscle-conjunctival resection with or without tarsectomy was defined as a margin reflex distance of ≥3.5 and ≤5 mm with a difference between the two upper eyelids of <1 mm. Strabismus success was defined as alignment with ±10 prism diopters of orthotropia. Results: The patients comprised three women and five men with a mean age of 37.12 years (range, 22-62 years). The strabismus stage of the surgery was performed first in all patients. Upper eyelid symmetry outcomes were assessed as perfect (<0.5 mm) in four patients and good (≥0.5 mm, <1 mm) in four patients. Success of Müller's muscle-conjunctival resection with or without tarsectomy was achieved in six of eight patients (75%), and strabismus success was achieved in all patients. No revision eyelid or strabismus surgery was required following simultaneous surgery in any of the patients. Conclusion: Müller's muscle-conjunctival resection with or without tarsectomy combined with strabismus surgery may be an alternative approach for use in patients with ptosis and coexisting strabismus.

RESUMO Objetivo: Blefaroptose e estrabismo podem ser coexistentes em adultos e ambos afetam a aparência estética e o domínio psicossocial. Ambos também geralmente requerem cirurgia, realizada tradicionalmente em uma abordagem sequencial. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da execução simultânea da ressecção musculoconjuntival de Müller, com ou sem cirurgia de tarsectomia, e da cirurgia de estrabismo em pacientes adultos com ptose e estrabismo coexistentes. Métodos: Foram retrospectivamente avaliados pacientes com ptose e estrabismo coexistentes submetidos simultaneamente à ressecção musculoconjuntival de Müller, com ou sem tarsectomia, e à cirurgia de estrabismo horizontal. A análise incluiu a mensuração do ângulo de desvio das dioptrias de prisma, a distância do reflexo à margem, a assimetria da altura palpebral e quaisquer complicações após a cirurgia. A ressecção musculoconjuntival de Müller, com ou sem sucesso na tarsectomia, foi considerada bem-sucedida com uma distância reflexo-margem medindo entre 3,5 e 5 mm, e uma diferença entre as duas pálpebras superiores menor que 1 mm. O sucesso da cirurgia de estrabismo foi definido como um alinhamento com ± 10 dioptrias prismáticas de ortotropia. Resultados: Os pacientes foram 3 mulheres e 5 homens, com média de idade de 37,12 anos (faixa de 22 a 62 anos). A parte de estrabismo da cirurgia foi realizada primeiro em todos os pacientes. Os resultados da simetria palpebral superior foram avaliados como perfeitos (<0,5 mm) em 4 pacientes, bons (≥0,5 mm, <1 mm) em 4 pacientes e regulares (≥1 mm) em nenhum. A ressecção musculoconjuntival de Müller, com ou sem sucesso na tarsectomia, teve sucesso em 6 dos 8 pacientes (75%) e a intervenção para o estrabismo foi bem-sucedida em todos os pacientes. Não foi necessária cirurgia de revisão da pálpebra ou do estrabismo após a cirurgia simultânea em nenhum paciente. Conclusão: A ressecção musculoconjuntival de Müller, com ou sem tarsectomia, pode ser combinada com a cirurgia de estrabismo em uma abordagem alternativa para pacientes com ptose e estrabismo coexistentes.

Correção de estrabismo incomitante por cirurgia de recuo-ressecção combinadas do mesmo músculo reto / Incomitant strabismus correction through combined resection and recession of the same rectus muscle

Resumo O presente trabalho relata o caso de um paciente, masculino, 38 anos, com estrabismo incomitante e consequente diplopia, submetido à cirurgia debilitadora com recuo e fortalecimento com ressecção do músculo reto inferior direito. O objetivo desta técnica cirúrgica é a correção do desvio em sua posição de maior incomitância, sem prejudicar o alinhamento ocular na posição primária do olhar (PPO). O resultado satisfatório, em concordância com os dados da literatura atual, contribui para fazer desta técnica uma opção no tratamento de estrabismos incomitantes de difícil manejo.

Abstract The present study reports a case of a patient, 38-year-old man, with incomitant strabismus and consequent diplopia, submitted to debilitating surgery with recession and strengthening resection of the right inferior rectus muscle. This surgical technique aims to correct the deviation in its greater incomitence position, without impairing the ocular alignment in the primary position of the eye (PPO). The satisfactory result, in agreement with data of current literature, contributes to make this technique an option in the treatment of challenging incomitant strabismus.

Relevant factors of successful surgery in the basic type of intermittent exotropia / 中华实验眼科杂志

Objective To explore the relevant factors of functionally healing the basic type of intermittent exotropia.Methods A prospective observation study was designed.One hundred and thirty-two cases with basic type of intermittent exotropia in Tianjin Eye Hospital from August 2015 to March 2016.Pre-and post-operation examinations to each patient,including the tests of ocular alignment,Worth four-dot test at 2 m and 33 cm,Titmus,functional visual analyzer (FVA),Frisby Davis distance (FD2) were used to explore the influencing factors of postoperative eye position and stereoscopic reconstruction,and to find the cutoff point of surgery.This study followed the Declaration of Helsinki.This study protocol was approved by Ethic Committee of Tianjin Eye Hospital (No.YKLL-2015-8-21).Written informed consent was obtained from each patient or guardian prior to entering study cohort.Results At 6 months postoperatively,there were 84 cases of orthopedic position,4 cases of overcorrection and 44 cases of undercorrection.The success rate was 63.6％.The deviation at day 1 and peripheral fusion function were statistically significant to postoperative eye position (b =-0.093,P =0.037;b =0.725,P =0.017).The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.645,which showed that the result of Worth four-dot test at 33 cm had lower diagnostic value.Seventy-two cases with eye position between 0 and +10 PD at 1 day postoperatively were all successful in eye position at 6 months postoperatively.The postoperative eye position was the influencing factor for postoperative distance stereo with FVA (x2 =4.036,P =0.045).The age of onset and the preoperative distance stereoacuity with FD2 were the influencing factors of postoperative distance stereo reconstruction (b =-0.213,P =0.023;b =0.021,P =0.036).The area under the ROC curve of the age of onset and the preoperative distance stereoacuity with FD2 was 0.257 and 0.752,respectively.The former had no diagnostic value,and the latter had a medium diagnostic value.The best cutoff point was 22.5" with FD2 at 6 m.Conclusions Success rate of postoperative eye position is affected by the postoperative deviation at day 1.The optimal deviation at post-operation day 1 is 0-10 PD.Postoperative distance stereopsis is improved well and the surgery should be done before the distance stereoacuity is decreased to 22.5" with FD2 at 6 m.

Intermittent exotropia surgery: results in different age groups / Cirurgia para correção de exotropia intermitente: resultados em diferentes grupos etários

ABSTRACT Purpose: To report the outcomes in patients undergoing surgical correction of intermittent exotropia and to compare the age at surgery to motor and sensory success. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study. The results of patients with intermittent exotropia treated with surgery over a 4-year period were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups based on age at first surgery (<4 years vs. ≥4 years), and motor and sensory outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results: One hundred thirty-six patients were evaluated, with 67 and 51 patients undergoing surgery before and after the age of 4 years, respectively. The mean age at surgery was 6.8 ± 2.6 years. The reoperation rate for the patients who underwent surgery before 4 years of age was 48% versus 42% for the ones who underwent surgery after this age (p=0.93). Postoperative stereopsis showed an inverse linear association with age at surgery (p<0.001). For each month younger at the time of surgery, there was 0.69 s of arc worsening in the Titmus test. Conversely, when we separately analyzed the patients in whom the first postoperative alignment was esotropic vs. orthophoric/exotropic, we found no correlation between the immediate postoperative alignment in the first week and sensory outcome at the last visit. Conclusions: When indicated, patients with intermittent exotropia can be operated upon safely under 4 years of age, and may even present better motor results than older patients. Postoperative stereoacuity in younger children revealed to be worse than in older children; however, this result is unlikely to be due to inadequate age for surgery, but rather, immaturity for performing the stereopsis test.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os resultados em pacientes submetidos à correção cirúrgica de exotropia intermitente e comparar o sucesso motor e sensorial em relação à idade na cirurgia. Métodos: Estudo tipo coorte retrospectivo. Os resultados cirúrgicos de pacientes com exotropia intermitente foram avaliados em um período de 4 anos. Os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos de acordo com a idade na primeira cirurgia (antes ou após os 4 anos de idade) e foram comparados quanto aos resultados motores e sensoriais. Results: 136 pacientes foram avaliados, 67 operados antes dos 4 anos e 51 operados após esta idade. A idade média na cirurgia foi de 6,8 ± 2,6 anos. A taxa de reoperação em pacientes operados antes dos 4 anos foi de 48% versus 42% naqueles operados mais tarde (p=0,93). A estereopsia pós-operatória mostrou uma associação linear inversa com a idade na cirurgia (p<0,001). Para cada mês mais jovem na idade da cirurgia, houve uma piora de 0,69 segundos de arco no teste de Titmus. Por outro lado, não foi encontrada correlação entre o alinhamento pós-operatório na primeira semana e o resultado sensorial na última visita, quando avaliamos separadamente os pacientes que se apresentaram com esotropia ou orto/exotropia na primeira semana pós-cirúrgica. Conclusão: Havendo critério para cirurgia, os pacientes com exotropia intermitente podem ser operados com segurança antes dos 4 anos de idade, e podem muitas vezes apresentar um melhor resultado motor do que os pacientes operados mais tarde. A estereopsia pós-operatória em crianças mais jovens foi pior, mais provavelmente por imaturidade ao realizar o teste do que por idade inadequada na cirurgia.

Accidental lacrimal gland removal during resection of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle / Remoção acidental da glândula lacrimal em cirurgia de ressecção do músculo levantador da pálpebra superior

ABSTRACT Accidental removal of the lacrimal gland is a rare complication of ptosis surgery. We report two children who underwent large unilateral levator palpebrae superioris resections (LPSr). After surgery, both patients developed dry eye. Post-operatively, the parents of both patients noticed no tears in the affected eye when their child cried. Computed tomography proved the absence of the lacrimal gland in the operated eye in both patients. Oculoplastic surgeons should pay close attention to the anatomy of the levator muscle and its proximity to surrounding tissues in order to avoid lesions on important orbital structures, including the lacrimal gland, and to avoid the development of long-term dry eye.

RESUMO A remoção acidental da glândula lacrimal é uma complicação rara da cirurgia de ptose. Relatamos duas crianças que foram submetidas à grandes ressecções unilaterais do músculo levantador da pálpebra superior que desenvolveram olho seco após a cirurgia. No pós-operatório, os pais notaram ausência de secreção lacrimal durante o choro no olho operado. Tomografia computadorizada de órbitas comprovou ausência da glândula lacrimal no olho submetido à cirurgia, em ambos os casos. Cirurgiões oculoplásticos devem estar atentos à anatomia do músculo levantador e estruturas relacionadas para evitar lesões em importantes estruturas orbitais como as da glândula lacrimal que podem induzir permanente olho seco.

Therapeutic evaluation of lateral rectus super-recession surgery for large angle divergence excess exotropia / 中华实验眼科杂志

Background In clinic practice,three or four rectus muscles often are needed to perform operation for the correction of large angle (＞50Δ) exotropia to avoid eye limited abduction due to lateral rectus superrecession.However,recent study reported that lateral rectus super-recession surgery can effectively correct large angle exotropia without remarkable abduction limitation.This outcome still need to be verified in clinical practice.Objective This study was to observe the outcome of bilateral rectus super-recession or medial rectus resection of the combined non-dominant eye for large angle exotropia.Methods A series case study was carried out.Fifty-one patients with intermittent or constant exotropia were enrolled in Tianjin Eye Hospital from May 2013 to October 2014.There were 29 intermittent exotropia and 22 constant exotropia among the 51 patients.Combined with adjustable sutures,bilateral lateral rectus super-recession or medial rectus resection of combined non-dominant eye was performed in all the eyes,and the examination of the anterior segment,fundus,ocular movement and binocular vision were performed before and after surgery.The deviation angle was measured by prism and alternate cover test.The individualized surgery procedure was designed according to medical history,ocular movement,sensory status and deviation angle.The patients were followed-up for at least 6 months.The eye position,ocular movement and binocular sensory function were compared between peoperation and postoperation.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Eye Hospital.Written informed consents before the operation were obtained from all patient or their parents.Results Thirty-three patients underwent bilateral lateral super-recession and 18 patients underwent bilateral lateral super-recession of the medial rectus resection of the combined non-dominant eye.The mean angle of exotropia for seeing distance of 5 meters was (-70.57 ± 16.46) Δ (from-52 Δ to-120 Δ) and was (-75.65 ±16.14) Δ for seeing near (33 cm) (from-55Δ to-130Δ).The mean amount of left eye recession was 8-15 mm ([11.17±1.67] mm) and the right eye recession was 9-15 mm ([11.28±1.62] mm).The medial rectus of the dominant eye was resected by 3-6 mm.At the end of following-up,the mean angle of exotropia for seeing distance was (-3.45±4.20) Δ (from +4Δ to-14Δ) and was (-5.49±3.96) Δ for seeing near (from +4Δ to-14Δ).Surgical outcome was effective in 41 patients (80.4％),and 10 patients were undercorrected.The stereopsis of 32 patients improved after surgery,and 18 of 27 patients without preoperative stereopsis function obtained stereopsis after surgery.No ocular motility disorder was found in this group of patients after surgery.Conclusions Bilateral lateral rectus super-recesssion or medial rectus resection of combined non-dominant eye can effectively correct large angle exotropia and reduce the number and amount of surgical muscles without ocular motility disorder.

Adjustable versus non-adjustable suture techniques for concomitant horizontal strabismus: a comparative study / Estudo comparativo das técnicas de sutura ajustável e não ajustável para o estrabismo comitante horizontal

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the surgical results of adjustable and non-adjustable horizontal strabismus surgery for concomitant horizontal strabismus. Methods: The charts of 231 patients, who underwent horizontal strabismus surgery, selected using probabilistic sampling, were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups according to the surgical technique used and strabismus type. The adjustable suture technique was used for 107 patients (Group 1), and non-adjustable or conventional surgery was performed in the remaining 124 patients (Group 2). Patients with esotropia (ET) or exotropia (XT) of <55 prism diopters (PD) at distance were included. The following exclusion criteria were applied: all intermittent or vertical deviations, anisotropias >5 PD, syndromes, restrictive or paretic strabismus, reoperations, botulinum toxin injection, and patients postoperatively followed up for <3 months. Surgical success was set to a range between orthotropia and an esodeviation of up to 10 PD for both ET and XT. Results: An amblyopia rate >50% was present in all subgroups. Significant differences between strabismus groups submitted to adjustable technique and non-adjustable on postoperative day 1 were observed (p=0.00 for ET and p=0.01 for XT) and at the last visit for the XT group with a follow-up of at least 1 year (p=0.05). Conclusion: The adjustable suture technique produced a higher success rate than non-adjustable strabismus surgery for both ET and XT groups on postoperative day 1. For XT patients, the adjustable suture technique appears to produce better surgical results than non-adjustable surgery, when the surgical goal is long-lasting maintenance of a small hypercorrection.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar os resultados cirúrgicos das técnicas com sutura ajustável e não-justável na cirurgia do estrabismo comitante horizontal. Métodos: Os prontuários de 231 pacientes, submetidos à cirurgia do estrabismo horizontal ao longo de 25 anos e selecionados por amostragem aleatorizada foram revisados retrospectivamente. Os pacientes do estudo foram divididos em dois subgrupos de acordo com a técnica cirúrgica empregada e o tipo de estrabismo. Foram selecionados 107 pacientes submetidos à técnica ajustável (Grupo 1) e 124 patientes submetidos a técnica não ajustável ou convencional (Grupo 2). Foram incluídos esotropias (ET) ou exotropias (XT) com menos de 55 dioptrias prismáticas (DP), medidos para longe. Críterios de exclusão rigorosos foram adotados: todos os desvios intermitentes, desvios verticais, anisotropias maiores que 5 DP, síndromes, estrabismos paréticos ou restritivos, reoperações, injeção de toxina botulínica e pacientes seguidos no pós-operatório inferior a 3 meses. O sucesso cirúrgico foi definido como faixa situada entre ortotropia e esodesvio de até 10 DP, tanto para as esotropias quanto para as exotropias. Resultados: Um índice de ambliopia maior que 50% foi encontrado em todos os subgrupos. O teste do chi- quadrado revelou diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos de estrabismo submetidos às técnicas com sutura ajustável e não ajustável, no primeiro dia pós-operatório (p=0,00 for ET and p=0,01 for XT) e à última visita para o grupo dos XT, seguidos por pelo menos um ano (p=0,05). Conclusão: A técnica com sutura ajustável produziu maiores índices de sucesso do que a cirurgia de estrabismo não ajustável, para ambos os grupos ET e XT no primeiro dia pós-operatório. Para pacientes com XT, a técnica com sutura ajustável parece produzir melhores resultados cirúrgicos, quando objetiva a manutenção de uma pequena hipercorreção no pós-operatório tardio.