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Background: The cessation of ovarian functions at menopause and the accompanying decline in the production of ovarian steroid hormones creates a unique set of health concerns for women. Reductions in sex steroid levels, particularly oestrogen, have been associated with various diseases and conditions, including bleeding disorders, coronary heart disease (CHD), osteoporosis, cognitive dysfunction, urinary incontinence, hot flushes, and mood changes, among others. Objective: To determine changes in haemorheological and clotting profile in post-menopausal women. Methods: Two hundred participants comprising one hundred and fifty post-menopausal women and fifty healthy pre-menopausal control subjects were studied. The investigations carried out include whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, fibrinogen concentration, Prothrombin time (PT), Activated partial thromboplastin time with kaolin (APTTK) levels and complete blood count using standard methods. Results: The mean age (p=0.01), platelet count (p= 0.013), neutrophil (p= 0.03), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (p= 0.045) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (p=0.044) in postmenopausal women were significantly higher while lymphocyte count (p= 0.004) was significantly lower in postmenopausal compared to premenopausal women. Similarly, plasma oestradiol (p= 0.001), plasma viscosity (p= 0.03), relative blood viscosity (p= 0.03), whole blood viscosity (p= 0.03) and PTTK(p= 0.04) were significantly lower among postmenopausal women compared to premenopausal control subjects. Conclusion: Relative plasma viscosity correlated positively with age. There were significantly lower levels of haemorheological and clotting profile in post-menopausal women. These changes may be due to age or a decline in circulating oestrogen levels.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Blood Coagulation , Blood Viscosity , Menopause , PostmenopauseABSTRACT
Background: Hypothyroidism can cause menstrual disturbances mainly oligoanovualtory cycles and sometimes menorrhagia. It has also been seen to cause subfertility and pregnancy related complications. Various studies have been done to evaluate gonadal dysfunctions in overt hypothyroidism but very few studies are there which have done using a gonadotrophin response in that subset of patients. Present study evaluates the response of leuprolide on gonadal functions of women with overt hypothyroidism in a tertiary care centre at Meerut.Methods: In this study 50 females of age 20 to 40 years with newly diagnosed overt hypothyroidism were taken as cases and age and Body Mass Index (BMI) matched healthy females were taken as controls. Both in cases and controls, basal FSH, LH, estradiol was measured on 2nd day to 5th day of menstrual cycle. Thereafter Leuprolide 20 mcg/kg was given subcutaneously on the same day. Post leuprolide test, stimulated LH, FSH and estradiol were measured. Basal and stimulated values were compared between both groups.Results: Basal LH was significantly higher in controls (8.2±3.2 mIU/L) when compared to cases (6.45±2.75 mIU/L) with a p value 0.03(<0.05). Basal estradiol and FSH levels were found to be nearly similar and non-significant in cases and controls. No significant differences were found between stimulated mean LH and estradiol in both the groups. Leuprolide response after stimulation test was found to be sluggish in patients with overt hypothyroidism compared to normal euthyroid controls. This study is the rare one done on human subject in tertiary care centre of India, however large sample and multicentric trials are necessary before establishing the biochemical results.Conclusions: Pituitary and gonadal (ovarian) response to leuprolide was found to have impaired (decreased) in overt hypothyroidism cases. This is the first study to be done in overt hypothyroid subjects to asses both basal and stimulated gonadotropin levels.
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ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate different times for timed artificial insemination (TAI) in buffalo submitted to a P4/E2/eCG-based protocol. In this study, 204 buffaloes were distributed into one of two groups (TAI56, n=103 and TAI64, n=101). At a random stage of the oestrous cycle (Day 0 = D0), in the morning (TAI56, a.m.) or afternoon (TAI64, p.m.), buffaloes received an intravaginal progesterone device (P4; 1.0 g) plus EB (2.0 mg i.m.). On D9 a.m. (TAI56) or p.m. (TAI64), the P4 was removed and buffaloes received PGF2a (0.53 mg i.m. sodium cloprostenol) and eCG (400 IU i.m.). On D10 a.m. (TAI56) or p.m. (TAI64), 24 h after P4 removal, buffaloes were treated with EB (1.0 mg i.m.). Buffaloes from TAI56 and TAI64 were inseminated 56 and 64 h after P4 removal (D11, p.m. and D12, a.m., respectively). Ultrasound examinations were performed on D0 to ascertain ovarian follicular status, at TAI to measure the diameter of the dominant follicle (DF) and D42 for pregnancy diagnosis. The statistical analysis was performed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS®. There was no difference between TAI56 and TAI64 for the diameter of the DF at TAI and the pregnancy per TAI. It was concluded that TAI 56 or 64 h after P4 removal did not affect fertility in buffaloes submitted to the induction of ovulation with EB. The present research supports that is possible to perform TAI at any time throughout the day in buffalo synchronized during the non-breeding season.
RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferentes momentos para a realização da IATF em búfalas submetidas a um protocolo à base de P4/E2/eCG. Neste estudo, 204 búfalas foram distribuídas em um de dois grupos (IATF56, n=103 e IATF64, n=101). Em estágio aleatório do ciclo estral (Dia 0 = D0), pela manhã (IATF56, manhã) ou pela tarde (IATF64, tarde), as búfalas receberam um dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona (P4; 1,0 g) e BE (2,0 mg i.m.). No D9 pela manhã (IATF56) ou pela tarde (IATF64), a P4 foi removida e as búfalas receberam PGF2a (0,53 mg i.m. cloprostenol sódico) e eCG (400 UI i.m.). No D10 pela manhã (IATF56) ou pela tarde (IATF64), 24 h após a remoção da P4, as búfalas foram tratadas com BE (1,0 mg i.m.). As búfalas dos grupos IATF56 e IATF64 foram inseminadas 56 e 64 h após a remoção da P4 (D11, pela tarde e D12, pela manhã, respectivamente). Avaliações ultrassonográficas foram realizadas no D0 para verificar o status folicular ovariano, na IATF para medir o diâmetro do folículo dominante (FD) e no D42 para o diagnóstico de gestação. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando o procedimento GLIMMIX do SAS®. Não houve diferença entre os grupos IATF56 e IATF64 no diâmetro do FD na IATF e na prenhez por IATF. Conclui-se que a IATF 56 ou 64 h após a remoção da P4 não afeta a fertilidade de búfalas submetidas à indução da ovulação com BE. A presente pesquisa evidencia que é possível realizar a IATF durante todo o dia em búfalas sincronizadas durante a estação reprodutiva desfavorável.
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OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the impact of Qing'e Pill (, QEP) on the cancellous bone microstructure and its effect on the level of β-catenin in a mouse model of postmenopausal osteoporosis.@*METHODS@#Ninety-six 8-week-old specific pathogen free C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (24/group): sham, ovariectomised osteoporosis model, oestradiol-treated, and QEP-treated groups. Three months after surgery, the third lumbar vertebra and left femur of the animals were dissected and scanned using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to acquire three-dimensional (3D) parameters of their cancellous bone microstructure. The impact of ovariectomy, the effect of oestradiol and QEP intervention on cancellous bone microstructure, and the expression of β-catenin were evaluated.@*RESULTS@#The oestradioland the QEP-treated groups exhibited a significant increase in the bone volume fraction, trabecular number, trabecular thickneßs, bone surface to bone volume ratio (BS/BV), and β-catenin expression compared with those of the model group (P <0.05). In contrast, the structure model index, trabecular separation, and BS/BV were significantly decreased compared with those of the ovariectomised osteoporosis model group (P <0.05). No differences were observed in the above parameters between animals of the QEP- and oestradiol-treated groups.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The increased β-catenin expression may be the mechanism underlying QEP's improvement of the cancellous bone microstructure in ovariectomised mice. Our findings provide a scientific rationale for using QEP as a dietary supplement to prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the efficacy and metabolic safety of long-term treatment with ethinyl oestradiol/cyproteroneand desogestrel/ethinyl oestradiol tablets in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Women with PCOSfrom West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University enrolled between September, 2011 and August, 2013 were randomlyallocated to receive either ethinyl oestradiol/cyproterone tablets (Group A, =355) or desogestrel/ethinyl oestradiol tablets(Group B, =357) for a prospective observation period of 6 months. Women with insulin resistance also received metformin. Atbaseline, 3 months, and 6 months, the patients were evaluated for menstruation, acne score, body mass index (BMI), waist-tohip ratio (WHR), plasma levels of sex hormones, fasting blood glucose (FPG), HOMA-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), serum lipid, ovarian volume, and the number of ovarian follicles.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the patients had a regular menstrual cycle aftertreatments. Testosterone level, acne score, LH/FSH, ovarian volume, and the number of follicles decreased significantly afterthe treatments without significant differences between the two groups. Significant increases were noted in TG, TCh, LDL, HDL, and AIP, and HDL level in group A as compared with group B ( < 0.001). FPG decreased in both groups, and wassignificantly lower in group B at 6 months ( < 0.05). BMI and WHR decreased in all the patients with insulin resistance aftercombination treatment with metformin ( < 0.05), but increased significantly in patients without insulin resistance ( < 0.05). Ingroup A, HOMA- IR significantly increased in patientswithout insulin resistance at 3 months ( < 0.05), whereas asignificant increase was not observed until 6 months ingroup B ( < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Both ethinyl oestradiol/cyproterone tablets and desogestrel/ethinyl oestradioltablets can relieve the symptoms of PCOS, but it isadvisable to assess the risk of cardiovascular diseasebefore the treatments.</p>
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Objective To evaluate the effects of Eurycoma longifolia (E. longifolia) standardized extract on the oestrous cycle, levels of reproductive hormones and histology of the ovaries of Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods Female rats were orally treated with E. longifolia standardized extract at the dose levels of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 25.0, 50.0 and 100.0 mg/kg of body weight over 5 days. Vaginal smears were monitored daily within the duration and after withdrawal of the treatment before being sacrificed. The body weights of the females were recorded before and after the 5 days treatment. At the end of the experiments, blood samples were collected for determination of testosterone, oestradiol and progesterone levels. Ovaries were removed, weighed and examined for histomorphological changes. Results The administration of E. longifolia standardized extract did not significantly alter the oestrous cycle of the rats during the 5 days treatment and after withdrawal of the treatments. This was supported by normal testosterone, oestradiol and progesterone levels as well as normal morphology of the ovaries. Conclusions The data obtained showed that E. longifolia standardized extract did not exhibit any toxic effect on reproductive activities of female rats suggesting potential use in the management of infertility.
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INTRODUCTION: Physical capabilities are an important parameter of the functional development of adolescents, not only by chronological age but also by their maturational state, as individuals with the same chronological age can have different performance to their less mature counterparts. OBJECTIVE: To compare and relate the physical capabilities and hormonal markers according to sex and maturity of adolescents. METHODS: The sample consisted of adolescents of both sexes, aged 10 to 14 years. We evaluated the maturity achieved by a predictive equation of skeletal age, physical capabilities (explosive power of upper and lower limbs, velocity of upper limbs and agility) and hormonal markers (testosterone and oestradiol) via chemiluminescence. RESULTS: Females showed more advanced maturational status, higher weight, body height and oestradiol levels; males performed better in the explosive force of upper and lower limbs, upper limb speed, agility and testosterone levels. In the normal maturational state males showed greater skeletal age, body weight, body height, explosive strength of upper and lower limbs, and testosterone levels; the females in the normal maturational state had higher skeletal age, body weight, body height, explosive upper limb strength and oestradiol levels. In the male correlation analysis, skeletal age was related to the explosive strength of upper and lower limbs and testosterone; while skeletal age in females was related to explosive upper limb strength and oestradiol. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that maturation, testosterone and oestradiol levels play an important role in the physical aspects and performance of motor skills of adolescents, especially in upper limb force which was more related to the maturation obtained by skeletal age of males and females.
INTRODUÇÃO: A capacidade física é um importante parâmetro do desenvolvimento funcional a ser investigado em crianças e adolescentes, não apenas pela idade cronológica e sim pelo seu estado maturacional, já que sujeitos com mesma idade cronológica podem apresentar desempenho diferente ao seu par menos maturado. OBJETIVO: Comparar e relacionar as capacidades físicas e marcadores hormonais de acordo com o sexo e maturação de crianças e adolescentes. MÉTODO: A amostra foi composta por 89 crianças e adolescentes de ambos os sexos de 10 a 13 anos. Foram avaliados a maturação obtida através de uma equação preditora da idade óssea, capacidades físicas (força explosiva de membros superiores e inferiores, velocidade de membros superiores e agilidade) e marcadores hormonais (testosterona e estradiol) através do método de quimioluminescência RESULTADOS: Na comparação entre os sexos as meninas obtiveram estado maturacional mais avançado, maior peso, estatura corporal e níveis de estradiol; já os meninos apresentaram melhor desempenho na força explosiva de membros superior e inferior, velocidade de membro superior, agilidade e níveis de testosterona. Relativo à maturação, os meninos em estado maturacional normal apresentaram maior idade óssea, peso e estatura corporal, força explosiva de membros superior e inferior, e níveis de testosterona; já as meninas no estado maturacional normal obtiveram maior idade óssea, peso, estatura corporal, força explosiva de membro superior e níveis de estradiol. Na análise de correlação dos meninos a idade óssea se relacionou com a força explosiva de membros superior e inferior e testosterona; já a idade óssea das meninas se relacionou com a força explosiva de membro superior e estradiol. CONCLUSÃO: Desta forma, se conclui que maturação e os níveis de testosterona e estradiol exercem um importante papel nos aspectos físicos e no desempenho das habilidades motoras das crianças e dos adolescentes, principalmente na força de membro superior a qual se mostrou mais relacionada com a maturação obtida pela idade óssea de meninos e meninas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Testosterone , Body Constitution , Child , Physical Fitness , Adolescent , EstradiolABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the effects of Eurycoma longifolia (E. longifolia) standardized extract on the oestrous cycle, levels of reproductive hormones and histology of the ovaries of Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Female rats were orally treated with E. longifolia standardized extract at the dose levels of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 25.0, 50.0 and 100.0 mg/kg of body weight over 5 days. Vaginal smears were monitored daily within the duration and after withdrawal of the treatment before being sacrificed. The body weights of the females were recorded before and after the 5 days treatment. At the end of the experiments, blood samples were collected for determination of testosterone, oestradiol and progesterone levels. Ovaries were removed, weighed and examined for histomorphological changes. Results: The administration of E. longifolia standardized extract did not significantly alter the oestrous cycle of the rats during the 5 days treatment and after withdrawal of the treatments. This was supported by normal testosterone, oestradiol and progesterone levels as well as normal morphology of the ovaries. Conclusions: The data obtained showed that E. longifolia standardized extract did not exhibit any toxic effect on reproductive activities of female rats suggesting potential use in the management of infertility.
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In the present study, the female Clarias batrachus, held under long photoperiod (13L:11D), were exposed to high water temperature either constantly (24 h) and/or in form of thermopulse of 6 h and 12 h durations, separately, at different times of the day/night cycle for six weeks during the early post-spawning and late post-spawning phases of its reproductive cycle. The effects of high water temperature (30±1°C) on gonadosomatic index (GSI), plasma levels of testosterone (T) and oestradiol-17β (E2) were observed. During the late post-spawning phase, thermopulse of 12 h duration given in the morning hour increased all the studied parameters most effectively as compared to that given at evening hour of the day/night cycle or even in comparison to the fish exposed to constant high temperature. Thermopulse of 6 h duration given in the morning or noon also raised these parameters compared to the controls, but the magnitudes of stimulation were moderate. However, exposures of the catfish to such photothermal regimes during the early post-spawning phase completely failed to bring any change in the studied parameters. These findings, thus, clearly indicate that treatment with high temperature under long photoperiod may stimulate gonadal activity in C. batrachus, provided given at appropriate season of the year. A diurnal basis of response to high temperature and the existence of a rigid gonado-refractory phase (perhaps just after the spawning) are also evident in the reproductive cycle of C. batrachus.
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The relationship between muscle strength and oestrogen is ambiguous and is still largely unresolved. The evidence for and against an effect of oestradiol on determinants of muscle function is equivocal and often contradictory. The bulk of the research in this area was performed during the eighties and nineties, using models of reproductive functioning such as; the menstrual cycle, the menopause and hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptives and in vitro fertilisation treatment, to alter the female hormonal milieu. In the last decade, approximately 15 papers have demonstrated a relationship, both positive and negative, between the concentration of oestrogen and skeletal muscle strength. Conversely, around 20 articles have not shown any influence of oestrogen on a number of strength measures. The majority of these studies were performed using post-menopausal and eumenorrheic females. Most current studies use hormonal assays to confirm oestrogen status, however no recent studies have reported the bioavailable concentration of oestradiol. Similarly, no research in the last 10 years has used in vitro fertilisation treatment or pregnancy as acute and chronic models of supra-physiological changes in sex hormone concentration. Future work should focus on performing meta-analyses on each of the key components of muscle strength in an attempt to elucidate a causal relationship. In addition, models of reproductive functioning that cause the greatest magnitude of change to oestrogen concentration should be used, while controlling as many confounding factors as possible.
Subject(s)
Humans , Women , Estrogens , Muscle Strength , HormonesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: It has been established that thyroid dysfunction causes impairment of reproductive function. However, laboratory and human studies that associated this with female reproductive hormones are conflicting and data reporting the effects of thyroid dysfunction on reproductive organs are insufficient. AIM: This study investigated the effect of experimental hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism on hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and reproductive organs morphometry and histology in female rats. METHODS: Laboratory animals were randomized into one of the three groups: control, carbimazole-induced hypothyroidism and levothyroxine-induced hyperthyroidism. RESULTS: Organ morphometry and serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were statistically comparable across all groups. Serum progesterone increased in hypothyroid rats but was reduced in hyperthyroid rats when compared with the control (p < 0.05). Body weight gain, serum luteinizing hormone and oestradiol were significantly reduced in both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid states when compared to the control. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism also led to alterations in organ cytoarchitecture. CONCLUSION: Findings from this study suggest that impairment ofreproductive function associated with thyroid dysfunction is attendant with derangement of hormonal milieu and alteration in reproductive organs cytoarchitecture. Luteinizing hormone and oestradiol are implicated.
ANTECEDENTES: Se ha establecido que la disfunción de la tiroides causa deterioro de la función reproductiva. Sin embargo, los estudios humanos y de laboratorio que asociaban tal disfunción a las hormonas reproductoras femeninas son contradictorios, y los datos que reportan los efectos de la disfunción tiroidea sobre los órganos reproductores son insuficientes. OBJETIVO: Este estudio investigó el efecto del hipotiroidismo y el hipertiroidismo experimentales sobre el eje hipotalámico-pituitario-ovárico, y la morfometría e histología de los órganos reproductores en ratas hembras. MÉTODOS: Los animales de laboratorio fueron asignados al azar a uno de estos tres grupos: control, hipotiroidismo inducido por carbimazol, e hipertiroidismo inducido por levotiroxina. RESULTADOS: La morfometría de los órganos y hormona folículo-estimulante (FSH) en suero, fueron estadísticamente comparables en todos los grupos. La progesterona sérica aumentó en las ratas hipotiroideas, pero se redujo en las ratas hipertiroideas en comparación con el grupo de control (p < 0.05). El aumento de peso corporal, la hormona luteinizante en suero, y el estradiol se redujeron significativamente tanto en condiciones de hipotiroidismo como en estado de hipertiroidismo, en comparación con el grupo control. El hipotiroidismo y el hipertiroidismo condujeron también a alteraciones en la citoarquitectura de los órganos. CONCLUSIÓN: Resultados de este estudio sugieren que la debilitación de la función reproductora asociada con la disfunción de la tiroides, va acompañada de trastornos del medio hormonal, e implica alteraciones de la citoarquitectura de los órganos reproductores, la hormona luteinizante, y el estradiol.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Progesterone/physiology , Reproduction/physiology , Luteinizing Hormone/physiology , Estradiol/physiology , Hyperthyroidism/physiopathology , Hypothyroidism/physiopathology , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Disease Models, AnimalABSTRACT
Objetivo. Evaluar la relación entre la condición corporal (CC), la manifestación de estro, las concentraciones plasmáticas de estradiol, el diámetro del folículo mayor y la preñez, en vacas Bos indicus amamantando, sometidas a un protocolo de inseminación artificial a tiempo fijo (IATF). Materiales y métodos. Treinta y ocho vacas Brahman recibieron un dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona + benzoato de estradiol en el día 0; retiro del dispositivo + dinoprost + gonadotropina coriónica equina en el día 9 y la IATF en el día 12. La preñez fue diagnosticada 90 días después de la IATF. Resultados. No hubo efecto de la CC sobre la manifestación de estro, las concentraciones plasmáticas de estradiol o el diámetro del folículo mayor (p>0.05). El diámetro del folículo mayor no influenció las concentraciones plasmáticas de estradiol (p>0.05). El diámetro del folículo mayor y las concentraciones plasmáticas de estradiol no influenciaron la manifestación de estro (p>0.05). La tasa de preñez por IATF no fue afectada (p>0.05) por la CC, la manifestación de estro o las concentraciones plasmáticas de estradiol. Hubo una tendencia (p=0.10) de una relación directa entre el diámetro del folículo mayor y la tasa de preñez por IATF. Conclusiones. La CC, las concentraciones plasmáticas de estradiol y la manifestación de estro no influenciaron la tasa de preñez por IATF en vacas Brahman sometidas a un protocolo de sincronización basado en progesterona. Sin embargo, el diámetro del folículo mayor presentó tendencia al impacto positivo sobre la tasa de preñez por IATF.
Objective. To examine the relationship between body condition score (BCS), the occurrence of estrous, estradiol plasma concentrations, diameter of largest ovarian follicle (LF) and pregnancy rate in suckled Bos indicus cows submitted to a fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocol. Material and methods. Thirty eight Brahman cows received an intravaginal device of progesterone + estradiol benzoate on Day 0, device withdrawal + dinoprost + equine chorionic gonadotropin on Day 9, and FTAI on Day 12. Pregnancy was diagnosed 90 days after FTAI. Results. There was no effect of BCS on the occurrence of estrous, estradiol plasma concentrations or diameter of the LF (p>0.05). The diameter of LF did not influence (p>0.05) estradiol plasma concentrations. The diameter of the LF and estradiol plasma concentrations did not influence the occurrence of estrous (p>0.05). Pregnancy rate per FTAI was not affected (p>0.05) by BCS, the occurrence of estrous or plasma concentrations of estradiol. There was a tendency (p=0.10) of a direct relationship between diameter of the LF and pregnancy rate FTAI. Conclusions. BCS, plasma concentrations of estradiol and occurrence of estrous did not influence pregnancy rate per FTAI in Brahman cows submitted to progesterone-based protocol. However, the diameter of LF had a tendency to positive impact on pregnancy rate per FTAI.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Estradiol , OvaryABSTRACT
Objetivo. Evaluar las concentraciones de progesterona, la manifestación de estro y las tasas de preñez en vacas Bos indicus sometidas a varios protocolos de sincronización del estro con un implante de norgestomet usado previamente. Materiales y métodos. Sesenta vacas recibieron un implante auricular de norgestomet reutilizado y fueron distribuidas en uno de cuatro protocolos: (1) benzoato de estradiol (BE) + progesterona (P4) + prostaglandina F2α (PG) (BE+P4+PG); (2) valerato de estradiol (VE) + norgestomet (NG) (VE+NG); (3) el mismo protocolo BE+P4+PG, asociado con 400 UI de gonadotropina coriónica equina (eCG) (BE+P4+PG+eCG); (4) el mismo protocolo VE+NG, asociado con 400 UI de eCG (VE+NG+eCG). El implante fue removido el día 9, con inseminación artificial (IA) 12 horas después de la detección del estro. La preñez fue diagnosticada 45 días después de la IA. Las muestras de sangre fueron tomadas los días 0, 4 y 9 (después de colocar el implante) para el análisis de progesterona por RIA. Resultados. En el día 4, las concentraciones de progesterona fueron menores en vacas tratadas con BE+P4+PG (0.90 ± 0.73 ng/ml; p<0.01). Las vacas que recibieron VE+NG+eCG tuvieron mayor concentración de progesterona en plasma (p<0.05) en el día 9 (4.72 ± 0.79 ng/mL) que otros protocolos. Hubo mayor porcentaje de detección de estro (p<0.05) en vacas tratadas con VE+NG+eCG (66.7%). Las tasas de preñez no fueron afectadas por los protocolos (p>0.05). Conclusiones. Los implantes de norgestomet reutilizados fueron eficaces para sincronizar el estro y alcanzar tasas de preñez adecuadas en vacas Brahman.
Objective. To evaluate progesterone concentrations, occurrence of estrus and pregnancy rates in Bos indicus cows submitted to several estrous synchronization protocols with previously used Norgestomet implants. Materials and methods. Sixty cows were given a reused Norgestomet ear implant on Day 0 and were assigned to receive one of four protocols: (PROT 1) estradiol benzoate (EB) + progesterone (P4) + prostaglandin F2α (PG) (EB+P4+PG); (PROT 2) estradiol valerate (EV) + norgestomet (NG) (EV+NG); (PROT 3) same as EB+P4+PG protocol, plus a 400 UI equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) (EB+P4+PG+eCG); (PROT 4) same as EV+NG protocol, plus a 400 UI eCG (EV+NG+eCG). The implant was removed on Day 9, with artificial insemination (AI) 12 h after detection of estrus. Pregnancy was diagnosed 45 d after AI. Blood samples were collected on Day 0, 4 and 9 (after ear implant was placed), for progesterone analysis by RIA. Results. On day 4, progesterone concentrations were lower in cows treated with EB+P4+PG (0.90 ± 0.73 ng/ml; p<0.01). Cows receiving EV+NG+eCG had greater plasma progesterone concentration (p<0.05) on Day 9 (4.72 ± 0.79 ng/ml) than other treatments. There were greater (p<0.05) percentages of estrous detection in cows treated with EV+NG+eCG (66.7%). Pregnancy rates were not affected by the treatment protocols (p>0.05). Conclusions. Reusing Norgestomet implants was effective for synchronizing estrus and promote satisfactory pregnancy rates in Brahman cows.
Subject(s)
Cattle , Cattle , Electrocardiography , Estradiol , Meat , Progesterone , ProstaglandinsABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of oestradiol valerate (E2V) combined with dienogest (DNG) for menorrhagia without organic pathology.Methods Sixty-two menorrhagia without organic pathology patients were randomized divided into observation group (31 cases ) and control group (31cases).E2V combined with DNG were given in observation group while control group with E2V only.Both of the treatment lasted for 3 cycles.The changes in menstrual blood loss was assessed by the pictorial blood loss assessment chart (PBAC).The time of control bleeding,stop bleeding,the level of hemoglobin and adverse reaction were compared.Results The time of control bleeding,stop bleeding in observation group were significantly lower than those in control group[ ( 16.5 ± 2.2) h vs.(23.4 ± 2.9) h,(23.3 ± 8.4) h vs.(40.9 ±4.6) h] (P＜0.01).The level of hemoglobin and PBAC scores between two groups had no significant difference before treatment (P＞0.05).After treatment for 3 cycles,the level of hemoglobin in observation group was higher than that in control group,but had no significant difference (P＞0.05 ),the PBAC scores in observation group was lower than that in control group after treatment for 1,2,3 cycles(P＜0.01 ).Both of the rate of adverse reaction in two groups was 12.9％ (4/31 ).No severe adverse reaction happened in two groups.Conclusions E2V combined with DNG is more rapid and effective in reducing menstrual blood loss.It does not increase the rate of adverse reaction and worthy of clinical application.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to evaluate the acquisition of bone mineral in healthy children throughout puberty and in children with constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP), and to relate changes in bone mass to age, weight, height, sitting height, body mass index and sex hormones in healthy boys. A total of 90 boys: 15 boys with CDGP and 75 healthy boys in different pubertal stages were examined. The number of children assigned to each Tanner stages was 15. Although bone age, weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) were significantly higher in stages II, III, IV, V compared to stage I and CDGP, mean height and sitting height values were higher in stages III, IV, V compared to stage I and CDGP. Also, serum FSH, LH, oestradiol, total and free testosterone levels progressively increased, although serum sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels decreased, in healthy children with progression of sexual development. Significant increase was observed for serum oestradiol levels at stage II and above (p < 0.001), for serum total and free testosterone levels at stage III and above (p < 0.001), for serum FSH and LH levels at stage IV and above (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) respectively. Also, it was shown that bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) measurements were significantly higher for pubertal stage lll and above groups according to both the CDGP group and stage I group. When BMD and BMC measurements of children with CDGP (0.62 ± 0.05 gr/cm² and 23.4 ± 2.8 gr) were compared with bone age, age, BMI and height-matched controls, there was no significant difference between children with CDGP and controls, except for age. Bone mineral density and BMC measurements in children with CDGP were significantly lower than those of age-matched controls (for pubertal stage lll: p < 0.05, for pubertal stage IV: p < 0.01). The strongest correlation coefficients were found between BMD and height among auxological parameters (r = 0.63, p < 0.001) and serum oestradiol levels among hormones (r = 0.55, p < 0.001). The most important findings of this investigation was the determination of body composition and hormonal measurement changes during puberty in boys; oestradiol was the most potent determinant of BMD among pubertal boys. We suggested that there is a critical age period for accumulation of bone mass according to the results. Longitudinal studies will elucidate why sufficient mineralization does take place after puberty starts in CDGP.
El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la adquisición de mineral óseo del hueso en niños saludables a través de la pubertad y en niños varones con retraso constitucional del crecimiento y la pubertad (RCCP), y relacionar los cambios de masa ósea a la edad, el peso, la altura, la altura sentado, el índice de masa corporal, y las hormonas del sexo en niños varones saludables. Examinamos un total de 90 niños, 15 niños con RCCP y 75 niños saludables en diferentes etapas de la pubertad. El número de niños asignados a cada etapa de Tanner fue 15. Aunque la edad ósea, el peso y el IMC fueron significativamente más altos en las etapas II, III, IV, V, comparados con la etapa I y el RCCP; la altura promedio y los valores de la altura sentado fueron más altos en las etapas III, IV, V, comparados con la etapa I y el RCCP. Por otra parte, los niveles séricos de HEF, HL, estradiol y testosterona total y libre, aumentaron progresivamente, aunque los niveles séricos de SHBG disminuyeron en los niños saludables con el avance del desarrollo sexual. Se observó un aumento significativo en los niveles de estradiol sérico en la etapa II y por encima (p <0.001), en los niveles séricos de testosterona libre y total en la etapa II y por encima (p < 0.001), y en los niveles séricos de HEF, HL en la etapa IV y por encima (p < 0.01 y p < 0.001). Además se observó que las mediciones del contenido mineral óseo (CMO) y la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) fueron significativamente mayores en la etapa III de la pubertad y grupos por encima, de acuerdo tanto con el grupo de RCCP cómo el grupo de la etapa I. Cuando las mediciones de DMO y CMO de niños con RCCP (0.62 ± 0.05 gr/cm² y 23.4 ± 2.8 gr) fueron comparadas con la edad ósea, la edad, IMC y los controles pareados por altura, no se halló ninguna diferencia significativa entre los niños con RCCP y los controles, excepto la edad. Las mediciones de DMO y CMO en niños con RCCP fueron significativamente más bajas que las de los controles pareados por edad (para la etapa III de la pubertad: p < 0.05; para la etapa IV de la pubertad: p < 0.01). Los coeficientes de correlación más fuertes se encontraron entre la DMO y la altura entre los parámetros auxológicos (r = 0.63, p < 0.001), los niveles séricos de estradiol entre las hormonas (r = 0.55, p < 0.001). Los hallazgos más importantes de esta investigación fueron la determinación de la composición corporal y los cambios en la medición hormonal durante la pubertad en los muchachos; el estradiol fue el determinante más potente de la DMO entre los niños en la pubertad. Sugerimos que hay un periodo de edad crítico para la acumulación de masa ósea de acuerdo con nuestros resultados. Los estudios longitudinales esclarecerán por qué se produce suficiente mineralización después de que la pubertad empieza en RCCP.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Male , Bone Density/physiology , Estradiol/blood , Growth Disorders/blood , Puberty, Delayed/blood , Puberty/physiology , Anthropometry , Body Composition , Follicle Stimulating Hormone/blood , Luteinizing Hormone/blood , Testosterone/bloodABSTRACT
As alterações produzidas na atividade hormonal pulsátil e a sensibilidade aos seus efeitos de feed-back negativos, são os principais determinantes das modificações ocorridas durante o anestro em ovelhas. Seis ovelhas da raça Ideal foram estudadas para determinar a concentração de estradiol, progesterona e hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH), durante o anestro estacional. O sangue foi colhido por venopunção jugular a cada duas horas, durante 24 horas (12h PM até 10h AM do dia seguinte), no mês de agosto, na estação anestral. O plasma foi separado e estocado a -20°C até a determinação de estradiol, progesterona e FSH por radioimunoensaio. A concentração de progesterona foi basal, independentemente do momento de colheita ou do animal. O estradiol e o FSH mostraram correlação inversa, com curvas de comportamento linear crescente (estradiol) e decrescente (FSH). O período de 24 horas de colheita coincidiu com o momento fisiológico de aumento do estradiol e queda do FSH visto que, durante o anestro, a secreção de FSH é principalmente controlada pelo estradiol. A variação nos níveis plasmáticos de FSH durante o anestro foi semelhante às variações verificadas durante o ciclo estral, porém com valores mais baixos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Progesterone , Anestrus , Sheep , Estradiol , Follicle Stimulating HormoneABSTRACT
Oestradiol acts both as a mitogen and as an inducer of differentiation of target cells. The cellular responses to oestradiol are generally mediated through the regulation of gene expression, although nongenomic modes of action are also documented. The present observations show that the regulation of keratin gene expression in rat vaginal epithelial cells is under the influence of oestradiol. It is observed that oestradiol regulates both the qualitative and quantitative expressions of keratin polypeptides in a time dependent and sequence specific manner. These regulatory effects are the result of modulations in transcriptional, post-transcriptional and translational processes of these genes, brought about by the hormone in vaginal epithelial cells.
ABSTRACT
Calcium-dependent transglutaminase activity was found to be present in vaginal homogenates from adult cycling rats. Treatment of immature or adult ovariectomized rats with oestradiol (0·1 μg/g body weight) resulted in 1·5–2-fold enhancement in the enzyme activity. Progesterone treatment (0·1 μg/g body weight) decreased the enzyme activity. Analysis of amino acids produced by proteolytic enzyme digestion of insoluble keratins from rat vaginal tissue indicated the presence of γ-glutamyl-ε-\lysine dipeptide (4 μmol/g protein) in this protein. These results suggest that oestradiol acts on vaginal tissue and induces the activity of transglutaminase. This enzyme catalyses the formation of γ-glutamyl-ε-lysine crosslinks between keratin polypeptides and thus leads to kerartization of the tissue.