Descentralización fiscal y apertura económica en Colombia 19902020 / Fiscal Decentralization and Economic Openness in Colombia 1990-2020

Resumen El proceso de descentralización fiscal en Colombia, determinada por la descentralización hacia el mercado, tiene una relación intrínseca con las políticas de apertura económica que pueden ser rastreadas desde finales de la década de los años 60 del siglo XX, en la que se evidencia como el aumento del gasto derivado de las políticas de descentralización fiscal conllevaron a la adopción de políticas enfocadas en la liberalización y desregulación de la economía. Todo esto en sincronía con la puesta en marcha de la Modernización del Estado en Colombia. Este proceso genera un aumento de la opresión fiscal de corte indirecto y regresivo en el país y una pérdida de derechos del pueblo colombiano a partir de los postulados de eficiencia y eficacia impartida por el mercado, los cuales han evidenciado todo lo contrario al no comprender la descentralización atada a las relaciones sociales, económicas, culturales y políticas en el país que han generado una captura del Estado con procesos de corrupción, detrimentos patrimoniales y baja responsabilidad en la prestación de los servicios públicos y los derechos sociales.

Abstract The process of fiscal decentralization in Colombia, which is determined by decentralization to the market, has an intrinsic relationship with the policies of economic openness, which can be traced back to the late 1960s, which shows how increased spending from fiscal decentralization policies led to the adoption of policies focused on the liberalization and deregulation of the economy. All this in synchrony with the implementation of the Modernization of the State in Colombia. This process generates an increase in indirect and regressive fiscal oppression in the country and a loss of rights of the Colombian people from the postulates of efficiency and effectiveness imparted by the market, which have proven quite the opposite by not understanding the decentralization tied to social, economic, cultural and political relations in the country, which have generated a capture of the State with processes of corruption, property detriments, and low responsibility for the provision of public services and social rights.

Improving service performance in organizations for individuals with intellectual disability: an intervention focused on participation of families / A melhoria do desempenho do serviço em organizações para indivíduos com deficiência intelectual: uma intervenção com foco na participação das famílias / La mejora del desempeño del servicio en organizaciones para personas con discapacidad intelectual: una intervención centrada en la participación de las familias

To improve service performance in organizations for individuals with intellectual disability, the authors tested an intervention based on collaborative teams. Specifically, professionals and families cooperated in the design and implementation of projects to improve the quality of life of individuals with intellectual disability. We considered two service performance indicators reported by family members (N = 342; 78% women; and a mean age of 57.17 years): service quality and self-determination communication openness. Our results revealed that family members assigned to the experimental condition improved their service quality evaluations from pre-intervention to post-intervention, whereas family members assigned to the control condition did not change their evaluations. The intervention was not effective for communication openness. Perceptions remained stable in family members who participated in the teams (experimental condition), whereas communication openness decreased in family members in the control condition. We discuss the implications of our findings for service research.

Para melhorar o desempenho do serviço em organizações para indivíduos com deficiência intelectual, os autores testaram uma intervenção baseada em equipes colaborativas. Especificamente, profissionais e famílias cooperaram na concepção e implementação de projetos para melhorar a qualidade de vida das pessoas com deficiência intelectual. Foram considerados dois indicadores de desempenho do serviço relatados pelos familiares (N = 342; 78% mulheres; idade média de 57,17 anos): qualidade do serviço e abertura de comunicação autodeterminada. Nossos resultados revelaram que os membros da família atribuídos à condição experimental melhoraram suas avaliações de qualidade de serviço de pré-intervenção para pós-intervenção, enquanto os membros da família atribuídos à condição de controle não mudaram suas avaliações. A intervenção não foi eficaz para a abertura de comunicação. As percepções permaneceram estáveis ​​nos familiares que participaram das equipes (condição experimental), enquanto a abertura comunicativa diminuiu nos familiares na condição controle. Discutimos as implicações de nossas descobertas para a pesquisa de serviços.

Para mejorar el desempeño del servicio en organizaciones para personas con discapacidad intelectual, los autores pusieron a prueba una intervención basada en equipos colaborativos. En concreto, profesionales y familias colaboraron en el diseño e implementación de proyectos para mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas con discapacidad intelectual. Se consideraron dos indicadores de desempeño del servicio reportados por los miembros de la familia (N = 342; 78% mujeres; y una edad promedio de 57,17 años): calidad del servicio y apertura en comunicación sobre autodeterminación. Nuestros resultados revelaron que los miembros de la familia asignados a la condición experimental mejoraron sus evaluaciones de calidad del servicio desde la preintervención hasta la postintervención, mientras que los miembros de la familia asignados a la condición de control no cambiaron sus evaluaciones. La intervención no fue eficaz para la apertura en comunicación. Las percepciones se mantuvieron estables en los familiares que participaron en los equipos (condición experimental), mientras que la apertura en comunicación disminuyó en los familiares en la condición de control. Se analizan las implicaciones de nuestros hallazgos para la investigación de servicios.

Reserva Cognitiva e Abertura à Experiência em idosos sem demência: um estudo correlacional / Cognitive reserve and openness to experience in non-demented elderly people: a correlational study / Reserva cognitiva y apertura a la experiencia en ancianos sin demencia: un estudio correlacional

O objetivo deste artigo foi investigar acerca da Reserva Cognitiva (RC) e da Abertura à Experiência (AE) em idosos sem demência. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo, descritiva, correlacional e quantitativa, da qual participaram 31 idosos divididos em dois grupos: Saudável e Comprometimento Cognitivo Leve (CCL). Houve correlação moderada, positiva e significativa (r = 0,463; p < 0,01) entre RC e AE. Percebeu-se que os idosos saudáveis (M = 0,53; DP = 0,10) apresentaram significativamente [t = (29) 3,785; p < 0,01] maior índice de RC em comparação aos idosos com CCL (M = 0,39; DP = 0,11). Os dados confirmaram que existe associação entre RC e AE, e que idosos saudáveis apresentam maior RC, comparados a idosos com CCL. Este estudo possibilitou conhecer possíveis relações e diferenças subjacentes ao processo de aquisição das reservas cognitivas e de fatores relativos a AE, podendo contribuir para que mais pesquisas sejam feitas, buscando maiores evidências no campo da ciência.

El objetivo de este trabajo fui investigar la Reserva Cognitiva (RC) y la Apertura a la Experiencia (AE) en ancianos sin demencia. Es una investigación de campo, descriptiva, correlacional y cuantitativa. Los participantes fueron 31 ancianos divididos en dos grupos: ancianos cognitivamente saludables (GS) y ancianos con deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL). Existió una correlación moderada, positiva y significativa (r = 0.463; p < 0.01) entre RC y AE. El GS (M = 0.53; SD = 0.10) presentó significativamente [t = (29) 3,785; p <0.01] mayor índice RC comparado con el DCL (M = 0.39; SD = 0.11). Los datos confirmaron que existió una asociación entre RC y AE, y que los ancianos cognitivamente sanos tuvieron una RC más alta en comparación con los ancianos con DCL. Este estudio permitió conocer las posibles relaciones y diferencias subyacentes al proceso de adquisición de reservas cognitivas y factores relacionados con la AE y puede contribuir a una mayor investigación, buscando mayor evidencia en el campo de la ciencia.

This paper aimed to analyze the relationship between Cognitive Reserve (CR) and Openness to Experience (OE) in non-demented elderly people. Descriptive, correlational and quantitative research was undertaken. The sample consisted of thirty-one elderly people divided into two groups: healthy and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). There was a moderate, positive and significant correlation (r = 0.463; p < 0.01) between CR and OE. It was found that the healthy controls (M = 0.53; SD = 0.10) present significantly [t = (29) 3,785; p < 0.01] higher CR compared to the elderly with MCI (M = 0.39; SD = 0.11). The data confirm that there was an association between CR and OE and that healthy controls have higher CR compared to the MCI group. This study allowed to know possible relationships and differences underlying the acquisition process of cognitive reserves and factors related to OE and may contribute to further research, seeking more evidence in the field of science.

The relationship between openness and social adaptation among offenders in community: the mediating role of interpersonal sensitivity and the moderating role of peer trust / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective@#To explore the mediating effect of interpersonal sensitivity between social adaptation and openness, as well as the moderating role of peer attachment among offenders in community.@*Methods@#Totally 155 offenders from 5 communities in Yinchuan city were investigated by symptom self-rating scale, NEO five-factor inventory(NEO-FFI), social adaptability scale and the inventory of parent and peer attachment-revised. Using the macro program PROCESS of SSPS to test the mediating effect of interpersonal sensitivity and the moderating role of peer trust.@*Results@#The scores of interpersonal sensitive subscale of the symptom checklist 90, the openness subscale of NEO five-factor inventory, the inventory of parent and peer attachment-revised were (1.52±0.48), (3.05±0.30), (0.72±0.60) and (83.40±12.17), respectively. Openness, peer attachment were positively correlated with social adaptation (r=0.25, 0.44, P<0.01), and negatively correlated with interpersonal sensitivity (r=-0.18, -0.37, P<0.05). Interpersonal sensitivity was negatively correlated with social adaptation (P<0.01). Peer trust had a significant moderating effect on openness and interpersonal sensitivity (β=0.02, SE=0.01, P<0.05). Interpersonal sensitivity played a mediating role in the relationship between openness and social adaptation (β=-0.38, SE=0.10, P<0.01). In case of high peer trust(β=-0.59, SE=0.19, P<0.001) and mid-level of peer trust(β=-0.28, SE=0.11, P<0.05), there were both significant effect between openness and social adaptation.@*Conclusion@#Openness influences the social adaptation though interpersonal sensitivity, while peer trust moderates the effect of openness on social adaptation.

The analysis of pschological status of patients with oral lichen planus / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective: To investigate the pschological status of the patients with oral lichen planus disease (OLP) . Methods: 100 patients with OLP and 100 healthy controls were included. The self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), self-rating depression scale (SDS), neuroticism extraversion openness (NEO) and WHOQOL-BREF were used to analyze the life quality and pschology of the subjects.Andrenocor-cicotropin (ACTH) and cortisol (CORT) in serum were measured. The relationship between OLP and mental illness, stress, personality traits and life quality was analyzed. Results: There were no significant differences of gender and age between the case group and the control group (P＞ 0. 05) . There were significant differences of the SAS score, SDS score, NEO score, WHOQOLBREF score and the level of ACTH and CORT (P ＜ 0. 05) in serum between the 2 groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that anxiety, depression, personality and life quality were the influencing factors of OLP prevalence. Conclusion: The development of OLP may be related to psychological status, depression, stress, anxiety and so on.

Correlation Studies Between Big Five Personality Traits, Age and Loneliness

Background: This study investigates variables of age; openness to experiences, agreeableness,conscientiousness, extraversion and neuroticism explained by McCrae and Costa in Big Five theory; andits correlation with loneliness.Methods: Through method of convenience sampling, 15 participants were chosen between age group of 19to 25 years and 15 participants in the age group 40 to 50 years. Big Five Inventory (John, O.P., Srivastava,S.; 1999) and Revised UCLA Loneliness scale, 3rdversion (Russell, D., Peplau, L.A., Cutrona, C.E.; 1980)were used to collect personality dimension scores and loneliness score. Statistical procedure of multipleregression and correlation was used.Results: Results displayed a positive correlation between neuroticism and loneliness for both age groups19 to 25 years and 40 to 50 years. However, there was a negative correlation between conscientiousnessand loneliness for age group 19 to 25 years; and negative correlation between extraversion and lonelinessfor age group 40 to 50 years.Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between certain personality traitsand loneliness for specific age groups

Is experience in the public sector associated with Big Five personality aspects? / ¿Se asocia la experiencia en el sector público con aspectos de los Cinco Grandes de la personalidad?

The hypothesis that employees with experience in the public sector differ in personality aspects from those with less or no experience, suggested by the concept of person- organization fit, was tested among 711 participants in executive extension courses of a Peruvian university who filled-in the Big Five Aspect Scales. Whereas significant differences in various personality aspects were observed along age and between males and females, public sector experience only predicted greater Openness. Women outperformed men in Openness and a significant gender x time in public sector interaction revealed that prediction of Openness from the public-sector experience was more pronounced among men. The findings suggest that, in the population studied, little personality differences are attributable to experience in the public sector. Studies are needed to evaluate the external validity of the findings.

El concepto de ajuste persona-organización sugiere que empleados con experiencia en el sector público difieren en aspectos de la personalidad de aquellos con escasa o ninguna experiencia. Cuando se puso a prueba esta hipótesis entre 711 participantes en cursos de extensión para ejecutivos de una universidad peruana, se observó diferencias significativas en las Escalas de Aspectos de los Cinco Grandes entre hombres y mujeres y según la edad, pero la experiencia en el sector público solo predijo mayor Apertura. Las mujeres presentaron mayor Apertura que los hombres y una interacción significativa de género x tiempo en el sector público reveló que la predicción de Apertura desde la experiencia en el sector público era más pronunciada entre los hombres. Los hallazgos sugieren que, en la población estudiada, pocas diferencias de personalidad son atribuibles a la experiencia en el sector público. Se necesita estudios que evalúen la validez externa de los hallazgos.

O corpo como meio de aceitação e inserção social: contribuições a partir de Jeffrey Young / The body as a means of acceptance and social insertion: contributions from Jeffrey Young

Este trabalho discute como a abertura a novas experiências se relaciona à forma como o sujeito percebe, significa e cuida do corpo e de sua saúde estética. Participaram do estudo 159 estudantes universitários, que responderam a Escala de Abertura a Experiências (EFA) e a Escala de Atitudes em Saúde e Estética (EASE). Os dados foram correlacionados e compreendidos a partir da teoria de formação da personalidade de Jeffrey Young. A correlação sugeriu que pessoas menos imaginativas e mais convencionais, pouco abertas a experiências novas, se preocupam mais com o corpo, indicando submissão a padrões sociais de beleza. Cognições, emoções e comportamentos perpetuados nas relações desenvolvidas na família e no círculo de relações afetivas infantis ampliadas e a própria cultura colocam o corpo e a beleza como meio de aceitação e inserção social. Esquemas vinculados ao primeiro domínio esquemático de desconexão e rejeição podem ser o centro da personalidade desses sujeitos

The study discusses how openness to new experiences relates to how the subject perceives, means and cares for the body and its aesthetic health. Participating in the study were 159 university students who responded to the Openness to Experience Scale (EFA) and Health and Aesthetic Attitudes Scale (EASE). The data were correlated and understood from the personality formation theory of Jeffrey Young. The correlation suggested that people less imaginative and more conventional, little open to new experiences, are more concerned with the body, indicating submission to social standards of beauty. Cognitions, emotions and behaviors perpetuated in the relationships developed in the family and in the circle of extended child affective relations and the culture itself place the body and the beauty as a means of acceptance and social insertion. Schemes linked to the first schematic domain of disconnection and rejection may be the center of personality of these subjects

Forensic Psychiatric Assessment for Organic Personality Disorders after Craniocerebral Trauma / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To explore the occurrence and the differences of clinical manifestations of organic personality disorder with varying degrees of craniocerebral trauma.@*METHODS@#According to the International Classification of Diseases-10, 396 subjects with craniocerebral trauma caused by traffic accidents were diagnosed, and the degrees of craniocerebral trauma were graded. The personality characteristics of all patients were evaluated using the simplified Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Five-Factor Inventory （NEO-FFI）.@*RESULTS@#The occurrence rate of organic personality disorder was 34.6% while it was 34.9% and 49.5% in the patients with moderate and severe craniocerebral trauma, respectively, which significantly higher than that in the patients （18.7%） of mild craniocerebral trauma （P<0.05）. Compared with the patients without personality disorder, the neuroticism, extraversion and agreeableness scores all showed significantly differences （P<0.05） in the patients of mild craniocerebral trauma with personality disorder; the neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness scores showed significantly differences （ P>0.05） in the patients of moderate and severe craniocerebral trauma with personality disorder. The agreeableness and conscientiousness scores in the patients of moderate and severe craniocerebral trauma with personality disorder were significantly lower than that of mild craniocerebral trauma, and the patients of severe craniocerebral trauma had a lower score in extraversion than in the patients of mild craniocerebral trauma.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The severity of craniocerebral trauma is closely related to the incidence of organic personality disorder, and it also affects the clinical features of the latter, which provides a certain significance and help for forensic psychiatric assessment.

Adaptación de tres variables contextuales en estudiantes universitarios argentinos / Adaptação de três variáveis contextuais em estudantes universitários argentinos / Adaptation of three contextual variables in Argentine university students

Una de las dificultades que han presentado los estudios destinados a identificar las causas de deserción universitaria, es la falta de consideración de variables sociales/contextuales que, según se ha demostrado en la literatura, se relacionan con el proceso de progresión de la carrera. Para la evaluación de dichas variables, el primer paso consiste en la adaptación de pruebas que permitan su medición. Por lo cual, el objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en la adaptación de las escalas de Apertura a la Diversidad, Percepción de Prejuicios y Discriminación y Experiencias Académicas. En este estudio participaron 1295 estudiantes que se encontraban cursando diferentes carreras en la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (Argentina). Los resultados indicaron valores satisfactorios de consistencia interna (ρ>.80) y se logró replicar la estructura interna de cada instrumento mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio. El estudio de validez indicó que las correlaciones observadas entre las diferentes escalas fueron las esperadas a nivel teórico. Se destacan limitaciones y se sugieren nuevas líneas de estudio. (AU)

Uma das dificuldades que têm apresentado os estudos destinados a identificar as causas de desistência universitária é a falta de consideração de variáveis sociais/contextuais que, segundo se demonstrou na literatura, relacionam-se com o processo de progressão da carreira. Para a avaliação dessas variáveis, o primeiro passo consiste na adaptação de provas que permitam sua medida. Pelo qual, o objetivo do presente trabalho consistiu na adaptação das escalas de Abertura à Diversidade, Percepção de Preconceitos e Discriminação e Experiências Acadêmicas. Neste estudo, participaram 1295 estudantes que se encontravam cursando diferentes carreiras na Universidade Nacional de Córdoba (Argentina). Os resultados indicaram valores satisfatórios de consistência interna (ρ>.80) e conseguiu-se replicar a estrutura interna da cada instrumento mediante análise fatorial confirmatório. O estudo de validade indicou que as correlações observadas entre as diferentes escalas foram as esperadas a nível teórico. Destacam-se, ainda, as limitações e sugerem-se novas linhas de estudo. (AU)

One of the difficulties presented by studies aimed at identifying the causes of university failure is the lack of consideration of social/contextual variables that, as literature has shown, are related to the process of career progression. To evaluate these variables, the first step is the adaptation of tests that allow their measurement. The purpose of this study was to adapt the Openness to Diversity, Perception of Prejudice and Discrimination, and Academic Experiences scales. This study involved 1,295 students attending different colleges at the National University of Cordoba (Argentina). The results indicated satisfactory values of internal consistency (ρ>.80) and it was possible to replicate the internal structure of each instrument through a confirmatory factor analysis. The validity study indicated that the correlations observed between the different scales were as expected at the theoretical level. The limitations are highlighted and new lines of study are suggested. (AU)

The Openness/Intellect Model on the M5-50: Supporting the Flexibility of IPIP-Based Instruments / El Modelo Apertura/Intelecto en M5-50: apoyando la flexibilidad de instrumentos basados en IPIP

This study examined ways to improve fit and interpretive capacity of the M5-50, an IPIP-based personality instrument, using the Openness/Intellect model (O/I) given a history of poor performance of the M5-50 Openness scale (Socha, Cooper, & McCord, 2010). With participants from Amazon's MTurk (n = 305), theoretical models for the five-factor model, Openness as a 10-item single factor, and the O/I model were tested and fitted poorly. After removing one problematic item, the O/I model showed acceptable fit. Findings indicate that the O/I model improved psychometric validity and interpretive capacity for the M5-50. The flexibility and open access of IPIP-based instruments such as the M5-50 makes the IPIP an optimal choice for instrument adaptation and construction in Latin America.

Este estudio examinó maneras de mejorar el ajuste y la capacidad interpretativa del M5-50, un instrumento de medición de la personalidad basado en el IPIP, utilizando el modelo Apertura/Intelecto (O/I por sus siglas en inglés) dado el historial de desempeño pobre de la escala de Apertura del M5-50 (Socha, Cooper, y McCord, 2010). Con participantes de Amazon MTurk (n = 305), se analizaron modelos teóricos para los cinco factores de la personalidad, Apertura como un factor individual de 10 ítems, y el modelo O/I; todos los análisis tuvieron ajustes deficientes. Luego de remover un ítem con problemas, el modelo O/I demostró ajuste aceptable. Los resultados indican que el modelo O/I mejoró la validez psicométrica y la capacidad de interpretación del M5-50. La flexibilidad y el acceso libre a los instrumentos basados en el IPIP, como ser el M5-50, hacen del IPIP una elección óptima para la adaptación y construcción de instrumentos en Latinoamérica.

Process of adoption communication openness in adoptive families: adopters' perspective

Abstract Communication about adoption is a family interaction process which is more than the simple exchange of information. Adoption communication can be characterized in terms of the level of openness of family conversations regarding the child's past and the degree of the family's adoption social disclosure. The objective of this study is to explore the process of adoption communication openness in Portuguese adoptive families by identifying the impact of variables related to the adoption process, the adoptive parenting and the adoptee. One hundred twenty five parents of children aged 3 to 15, who were adopted on average 4 years ago, participated in this study. Data was collected during home visits using the Parents Adoption Process Interview. A cluster analysis identified three different groups of families according to the level of adoption communication openness within the family and outside. The findings also showed that the process of the adoption communication openness started when parents decided to adopt, developed in parent-child interaction and was susceptible to change under professional intervention. The relevance of training given to prospective adopters and of professional practice based on scientific evidence is highlighted.(AU)

Family Avoidance of Communication about Cancer: A Dyadic Examination / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the following questions: to what extent do patients and caregivers perceive their family members to be avoidant of communication regarding patient's cancer, and to what extent do these perceptions interrelate; and how do such perceptions influence their own and each other's communication behaviors, communication outcome, mental health, and quality of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A national survey was performed with 990 patient-caregiver dyads (participation rate, 76.2%). To examine the dyadic interaction, we developed linked patient and family member questionnaires, including the Family Avoidance of Communication about Cancer (FACC) scale. RESULTS: The mean scores (standard deviations) of patient- and caregiver-perceived FACC were low at 10.9 (15.5) and 15.5 (17.5), respectively (p < 0.001), and concordance was low, a well (Spearman's rho, 0.23). Patient-perceived FACC was associated with lower levels of disclosure and behaviors of holding back communication, as well as lower levels of mental health outcome and quality of life. The same was true for caregivers (all p < 0.05). Patient-perceived FACC was associated with caregiver holding back, caregiver's depression level, and caregiver quality of life (all p < 0.05). Both patient- and caregiver-perceived FACC were independently associated with communication difficulty within the family. CONCLUSION: Future research would benefit from the measurement of FACC from both patients and caregivers, and promote family intervention to enhance openness to communication, which would be helpful for improving mental health and quality of life for both patients and caregivers.

Factores psicosociales relacionados con la intención migratoria externa de colombianos residentes en varios municipios vallecaucanos / Psychosocial Factors Related with External Migratory Intention of Colombian People in Municipalities of the Valle del Cauca / Fatores psicossociais relacionados com a intenção migratória externa de colombianos residentes em vários municípios do Valle del Cauca (Colômbia)

Objetivo. Estudiar la relación entre las variables psicosociales satisfacción con la vida, importancia del vínculo familiar, identidad nacional, importancia del dinero y apertura al cambio y la intención migratoria externa de colombianos residentes en varios municipios del Valle del Cauca para identificar cuáles son las mayores predictoras de la intención migratoria. Método. Estudio empírico con metodología cuantitativa-correlacional e intención predictiva, con 969 participantes seleccionados de manera no probabilística mediante la técnica bola de nieve, en la que contactos personales e institucionales iniciales condujeron al resto. Resultados. Los resultados indicaron que un porcentaje significativo de los participantes manifestaron intención de emigrar y mostraron una relación negativa y significativa de las variables satisfacción con la vida, importancia del vínculo familiar e identidad nacional con la intención migratoria, así como una relación positiva y significativa de las variables apertura al cambio e importancia del dinero con la misma intención migratoria. La identidad nacional emergió como el mayor predictor negativo y la apertura al cambio como el mayor predictor positivo de la intención migratoria. Conclusión. La intención migratoria es un fenómeno multivariado en el que los factores psicológicos juegan un importante papel.

Objective. To study the relationship between psychosocial variables: life satisfaction, importance of family ties, national identity, importance of money and openness to change, and external migratory intention of Colombian residents in several municipalities of the Valley of Cauca, identifying which, among the first, are the major predictors of migratory intention. Method. Empirical study with quantitative-correlational methodology and predictive intention, with 969 participants selected in non-probabilistic manner using the technique known as snowball, in which personal and institutional initial contacts led the rest. Results. The results indicated that a significant percentage of the participants showed intention to emigrate and also showed a negative and significant relationship between the variables life satisfaction, importance of family ties and national identity, with migratory intention and a positive and significant relationship of variables openness to change and importance of money with the same migratory intention. National identity emerged as the most negative predictor and openness to change as the most positive predictor of migratory intention. Conclusion. The main conclusion is that migratory intention is a multivariate phenomenon in which psychological factors play an important role.

Escopo. Estudar a relação entre variáveis psicossociais satisfação com a vida, importância do vínculo familiar, identidade nacional, importância do dinheiro e apertura para as mudanças com a intenção migratória externa de colombianos residentes em vários municípios do Valle del Cauca para identificar quais são as maiores preditoras da intenção migratória. Metodologia. Estudo empírico com metodologia quantitativa-correlacional e intenção preditiva, com 969 participantes selecionados de forma não probabilística mediante a técnica de "bola de neve", na que contatos pessoais e institucionais iniciais dirigiram ao resto. Resultados. Os resultados indicaram que uma porcentagem significativa dos participantes manifestaram uma intenção de emigrar e mostraram uma relação negativa e significativa das variáveis satisfação com a vida, importância do vínculo familiar e identidade nacional com a intenção, e uma relação positiva e significativa das variáveis apertura para a mudança e importância do dinheiro com a mesma intenção migratória. A identidade nacional emergiu como o maior preditor negativo e a apertura para a mudança como o maior preditor positivo da intenção migratória. Conclusão. A intenção migratória é um fenómeno multivariado no que os fatores psicológicos têm um papel importante.

Similar understorey structure in spite of edaphic and floristic dissimilarity in Amazonian forests / Similaridade na estrutura do subosque a despeito de dissimilaridades edáficas e florísticas em florestas da Amazônia

Forest structure determines light availability for understorey plants. The structure of lowland Amazonian forests is known to vary over long edaphic gradients, but whether more subtle edaphic variation also affects forest structure has not beenresolved. In western Amazonia, the majority of non-flooded forests grow on soils derived either from relatively fertile sediments of the Pebas Formation or from poorer sediments of the Nauta Formation. The objective of this study was to compare structure and light availability in the understorey of forests growing on these two geological formations. We measured canopy openness and tree stem densities in three size classes in northeastern Peru in a total of 275 study points in old-growth terra firme forests representing the two geological formations. We also documented variation in floristic composition (ferns, lycophytes and the palm Iriartea deltoidea) and used Landsat TM satellite image information to model the forest structural and floristic features over a larger area. The floristic compositions of forests on the two formations were clearly different, and this could also be modelled with the satellite imagery. In contrast, the field observations of forest structure gave only a weak indication that forests on the Nauta Formation might be denser than those on the Pebas Formation. The modelling of forest structural features with satellite imagery did not support this result. Our results indicate that the structure of forest understorey varies much less than floristic composition does over the studied edaphic difference.

A estrutura florestal determina a disponibilidade de luz para plantas do subosque. Nas planícies Amazônicas, a estrutura florestal varia com fortes gradientes edáficos. O possível efeito de variações edáficas mais sutis sob a estrutura das florestas não está resolvido. Na Amazônia ocidental, a maioria das florestas não-inundadas crescem em solos derivados de sedimentos relativamente férteis da Formação Pebas ou de sedimentos mais pobres da Formação Nauta. Nosso objetivo é comparar a disponilidade de luz e a estrutura do subosque de florestas crescendo sobre duas formações geológicas. Nós medimos a abertura do dossel e a densidade de troncos de árvores em três classes de diâmetro no nordeste Peruano, totalizando 275 pontos de estudo em florestas de terra-firme representando as duas formações geológicas. Além disso, documentamos as variações na composição florística (samambaias, licófitas e a palmeira Iriartea deltoidea) e utilizamos informações de imagens de satélite Landsat TM para modelar as características estruturais e florísticas das florestas em uma área mais ampla. A composição florística sobre as duas formações foram claramente distintas e isso também pôde ser modelado com as imagens de satélite. Já as observações de campo sobre a estrutura da floresta deram uma fraca indicação de que as florestas sobre a Formação Nauta poderiam ser mais densas do que as florestas sobre a Formação Pebas. A modelagem das caraterísticas da estrutura florestal com imagens de satélite não deram o mesmo resultado. Nossos resultados indicam que a estrutura do subosque varia muito menos do que composição florística no gradiente edáfico estudado.

Ordem do nascimento e abertura à experiência: comunicação breve / Birth order and openness to experience: brief communication

Ordem do nascimento é definida como a posição ocupada por uma pessoa conforme a sua idade entre seus irmãos e irmãs. Abertura à experiência é uma das cinco dimensões básicas da personalidade. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a relação entre ordem do nascimento e abertura à experiência em uma amostra de 472 estudantes universitários (média de idades = 24,6 anos; DP= 8,8). Os resultados indicaram efeitos distintos para homens e mulheres quanto à influência da ordem do nascimento. Os resultados são discutidos em termos de possíveis particularidades culturais e do delineamento metodológico empregado para a avaliação da personalidade

Birth order is defined as a person's rank by age among his or her siblings. Openness to experience is one of five major domains of personality. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between birth order and openness to experience in a sample of 472 university students (mean age = 24.6 years; SD = 8.8). Results showed distinct effects for men and women regarding the influence of birth order. Authors discuss the results in light of possible cultural features and of the personality assessment method employed

Estudio de la efectividad de la iridoplastia periférica con Nd YAG láser doblado mediante imágenes de Scheimpflug y gonioscopia / Study of the effectiveness of double-frequency Nd YAG laser peripheral iridoplasty using Scheimpflug images and gonioscopy

Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad de la iridoplastia periférica con Nd YAG láser doblado mediante imágenes de Scheimpflug y gonioscopia.Métodos: estudio longitudinal descriptivo prospectivo en 40 ojos (23 pacientes) con cierre angular residual (grado 0-2 según Shaffer) por bloqueo pupilar (n=30) o por síndrome de iris plateau (n=10). La presión intraocular, gonioscopia e imágenes de Scheimpflug (Oculus Pentacam) fueron obtenidas antes de la cirugía y 1 semana después, y luego comparadas.Resultados: 70 porciento de los ojos con bloqueo pupilar (p=0,00) y 100 porciento con iris plateau mostraron gonioscópicamente ángulos grado 2-3 (según Shaffer) en el posoperatorio. Las imágenes de Scheimpflug no evidenciaron modificación de la abertura angular posquirúrgica (p=0,696, p=0,572, bloqueo pupilar; p=0,053, p=0,113, iris plateau). El volumen medio de la cámara anterior (p=0,001 y p=0,008) y el diámetro pupilar (p=0,002, bloqueo pupilar) se incrementaron significativamente. Se obtuvo una reducción posoperatoria de la presión intraocular de 2,4 mmHg (p=0,004, bloqueo pupilar) y 3,6 mmHg (p=0,011, iris plateau). Las complicaciones fueron mínimas y fueron resueltas con tratamiento tópico.Conclusiones: la iridoplastia con Nd YAG láser es efectiva y segura. Las imágenes de Scheimpflug no son útiles para adquirir mensuraciones precisas de la amplitud del ángulo camerular

Objective: to assess the effectiveness of double-frequency Nd YAG laser peripheral iridoplasty using Scheimpflug images and gonioscopy.Methods: longitudinal prospective and descriptive study of 40 eyes (23 patients) with residual angle-closure (Shaffer´s grade 0-2) due to pupillary block (n=30) or plateau iris syndrome (n=10). The gonioscopy, Scheimpflug images (Oculus Pentacam) and intraocular pressure were obtained preoperatively and one week postoperatively and then compared.Results: of the surgical eyes, 70 per cent with pupillary block (p=0,000) and the 100 per cent with plateau iris were Shaffer´s grade 2-3 postoperatively. The Scheimpflug images did not show changes on angle openness after surgery (p=0,696, p=0,572, pupillary block; p=0,053, p=0,113, plateau iris). The mean volume of anterior chamber (p=0,001 and p=0,008) and the pupil diameter (p=0,002 in pupillary block) significantly increased The intraocular pressure reduction of 2,4 mmHg (p=0,004, pupillary block) and 3,6 mmHg (p=0,011, plateau iris) was obtained. Complications were minimal and responded well to topical treatment.Conclusion: the Nd YAG laser peripheral iridoplasty is effective and safe. Scheimpflug images are not useful for precise measurements of angle openness

Environmental variables and Piper assemblage composition: a mesoscale study in the Madeira-Purus interfluve, Central Amazonia / Efeitos de variáveis ambientais na composição da assembléia de Piper em mesoescala, no interflúvio Madeira-Purus, Amazônia Central

This study aimed to determine the effects of canopy openness, litter depth, soil cation content and texture on Piper assemblage composition at a mesoscale. Piper assemblage composition and environmental variables were inventoried in 41 0.125 ha (250 × 5 m) plots placed in a terra firme forest located in the Madeira-Purus interfluve, Central Amazonia. Ordination of the 41 plots by Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) in one dimension captured 58 percent of the floristic variation and was used as the response variable in multiple regression models. Environmental variables explained 39 percent of the variation in Piper assemblage composition, which was significantly related to litter depth, soil texture and canopy openness, but not to the cation content. Effects of edaphic components on plant assemblage structure have been reported for different plant groups, however the strong effect of litter depth at a mesoscale had not yet been demonstrated. We suggest that litter depth variation not only influences the structure of Piper assemblages, but also of other plant groups at a mesoscale, as this environmental variable has a direct or indirect effect on species germination and establishment.

Este estudo visou determinar o efeito da abertura de dossel, profundidade da serapilheira, cátions e textura do solo sobre a composição da assembléia de Piper em mesoescala. A composição da assembléia de Piper e as variáveis ambientais foram amostradas em 41 parcelas de 0,125 ha ( 250 × 5 m) localizadas em áreas de floresta de terra firme no interflúvio Madeira-Purus, Amazônia Central. A ordenação das 41 parcelas por NMDS em uma dimensão capturou 58 por cento da variação florística e foi usada com a variável resposta nos modelos de regressão múltipla. As variáveis ambientais explicaram 39 por cento da variação na composição da assembléia de Piper, que esteve significativamente relacionada com profundidade da serapilheira, textura do solo e abertura de dossel. O efeito de fatores edáficos sobre a estrutura de comunidades vegetais foi reportado para diferentes grupos de plantas, entretanto o forte efeito da profundidade da serapilheira em mesoescala ainda não tinha sido demonstrado. Sugerimos que a variação da profundidade da serapilheira, por ter um efeito direto ou indireto na germinação e consequente estabelecimento dos indivíduos, influencia a distribuição das espécies de Piper e provavelmente de outros grupos de plantas em mesoescala espacial.

Interdisciplinary communication in the Intensive Care Unit at the University Hospital of the West Indies / Comunicación interdisciplinaria en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Universitario de West Indies

OBJECTIVE: To assess the perceptions of physicians and nurses working full-time in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) regarding interdisciplinary communication. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey of all medical personnel working full-time in the ICU was conducted in January 2008 using a self-administered, validated questionnaire. Data on perceived communication, teamwork and leadership, comprehension of patient care goals, perceived effectiveness and satisfaction were collected and analysed using the SPSS Version 14. Internal reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha score and differences and correlations were assessed using Pearson's Chi-square and correlation analysis. RESULTS: Ninety-five per cent (105/111) of questionnaires were completed. More doctors than nurses experienced open communication with other staff members (73% vs 32%; p < 0.01), with less openness occurring with increasing seniority. More doctors (53%) than nurses (32%) reported receiving in­accurate information from doctors (p < 0.05), with 67% and 51% respectively receiving incorrect information from nurses (p < 0.05). Communication across shifts was felt to be better amongst doctors than nurses (73% vs 63%). Only 50% of doctors compared to 88% of nurses felt they received relevant information quickly (p < 0.05). More nurses than doctors (86% vs 63%; p < 0.01) felt that they had a good understanding ofpatient care goals. Negative perceptions ofthe leadership characteristics of consultants (62% amongst doctors and 74% of nurses) and sisters (79% and 73%, respectively) were high. CONCLUSIONS: Communication within the ICU, UHWI, is unsatisfactory with an overall poor perception ofsenior leadership. Improvement in staffmorale and leadership training may create a working en­vironment where team members can communicate openly without fear ofchastisement.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar las percepciones de médicos y enfermeras que trabajan a tiempo completo en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) del Hospital Universitario de West Indies (HUWI), con respecto a la comunicación inter disciplinaria. MÉTODO: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal de todo el personal médico que trabaja a tiempo completo en la UCI en enero de 2008, usando una encuesta auto-administrada, validada. Se recopilaron datos en relación con la percepción de la comunicación, el trabajo en equipo y la dirigencia, la comprensión de las metas del cuidado del paciente, así como la satisfacción y la efectividad percibida, usando la versión 14 del SPSS. La fiabilidad interna se comprobó usando la puntuación y las diferencias del Alfa de Cronbach, y las correlaciones fueron evaluadas usando Chi-cuadrado de Pearson y análisis de correlación. RESULTADOS: Se completó el noventa y cinco por ciento (105/111) de las encuestas. Más doctores que enfermeras experimentaron comunicación abierta con otros miembros del personal (73% vs 32%; p < 0.01), con menor apertura a mayor rango y antigüedad. Más doctores (53%) que enfermeras (32%) reportaron haber recibido información inexacta de parte de los doctores (p < 0.05), recibiendo el 67% y el 51% respectivamente información incorrecta de las enfermeras (p < 0.05). La comunicación a través de los cambios de turnos era considerada mejor entre los doctores que entre las enfermeras (73% vs 63%). Sólo el 50% de los doctores comparados con un 88% de enfermeras consideraron haber recibido información pertinente rápidamente (p < 0.05). Más enfermeras que doctores (86% vs 63%; p < 0.01) consideraban que tenían un buen entendimiento de los objetivos de los cuidados del paciente. Las percepciones negativas de las características dirigentes de los consultantes (62% entre los doctores y el 74% de las enfermeras) y las enfermeras jefes (79% y 73%, respectivamente) fueron altas. CONCLUSIONES: La comunicación en la UCI, HUWI, es insatisfactoria, y se caracteriza por una percepción general pobre de la dirigencia de alto rango. El mejoramiento de la moral del personal y el entrenamiento de la dirigencia puede crear un ambiente de trabajo en el que los miembros del equipo puedan comunicarse abiertamente sin miedo a un castigo.

Environmental variables and tree population structures in deciduous forests of central Brazil with different levels of logging

Population structures of six tree species in three fragments of intact seasonal deciduous forest and three fragments disturbed by logging were studied in the northeastern Goiás. Forty random 400 m² plots were allocated in each fragment to survey plant population structures, number of stumps, cattle feces, burnt logs, and canopy openness. Soil cover by life forms was estimated in 1m² sub-plots. Lianas were abundant in intermediately logged fragments and invasive herbs in the most disturbed fragment. Cattle avoided dense herbaceous strata, such as liana tangles. Cavanillesia arborea, Eugenia dysenterica and Swartzia multijuga trees occurred at very low densities in all the fragments and their seedlings were practically absent, which might endanger their future populations in these fragments. Myracrodruon urundeuva, Tabebuia impetiginosa and Astronium fraxinifolium, the most logged species, had high density of seedlings in all the fragments. However, the highest density of saplings and juvenile individuals occurred in the most disturbed fragment.

As estruturas populacionais de seis espécies de árvores foram estudadas em três fragmentos de floresta estacional decidual intactos e três fragmentos impactados pela exploração seletiva de madeira no nordeste goiano. Quarenta parcelas de 400m² foram estabelecidas em cada fragmento para a amostragem de populações, número de tocos, fezes de gado, troncos queimados e abertura de dossel. A cobertura do solo por formas de vida foi estimada em sub-parcelas de 1m². Lianas foram mais abundantes em fragmentos com perturbação intermediária, enquanto herbáceas invasoras no fragmento mais perturbado. Cavanillesia arborea, Eugenia dysenterica e Swartzia multijuga ocorreram em densidades muito baixas em todos os fragmentos e plântulas foram praticamente ausentes, o que pode ameaçar o futuro de suas populações. Myracrodruon urundeuva, Tabebuia impetiginosa e Astronium fraxinifolium, as espécies mais exploradas da região, tiveram alta densidade de plântulas em todos os fragmentos. Entretanto, a maior densidade de plântulas estabelecidas (>1 ano) e juvenis ocorreu no fragmento mais perturbado.