Regional analgesia and surgical site infections after colorectal surgery: a retrospective cohort analysis

Abstract Background The effect of regional analgesia on perioperative infectious complications remains unknown. We therefore tested the hypothesis that a composite of serious infections after colorectal surgery is less common in patients with regional analgesia than in those given Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia (IV-PCA) with opiates. Methods Patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery lasting one hour or more under general anesthesia at the Cleveland Clinic Main Campus between 2009 and 2015 were included in this retrospective analysis. Exposures were defined as regional postoperative analgesia with epidurals or Transversus Abdominis Plane blocks (TAP); or IV-PCA with opiates only. The outcome was defined as a composite of in-hospital serious infections, including intraabdominal abscess, pelvic abscess, deep or organ-space Surgical Site Infection (SSI), clostridium difficile, pneumonia, or sepsis. Logistic regression model adjusted for the imbalanced potential confounding factors among the subset of matched surgeries was used to report the odds ratios along with 95% confidence limits. The significance criterion was p < 0.05. Results A total of 7811 patients met inclusion and exclusion criteria of which we successfully matched 681 regional anesthesia patients to 2862 IV-PCA only patients based on propensity scores derived from potential confounding factors. There were 82 (12%) in-hospital postoperative serious infections in the regional analgesia group vs. 285 (10%) in IV-PCA patients. Regional analgesia was not significantly associated with serious infection (odds ratio: 1.14; 95% Confidence Interval 0.87‒1.49; p-value = 0.339) after adjusting for surgical duration and volume of intraoperative crystalloids. Conclusion Regional analgesia should not be selected as postoperative analgesic technique to reduce infections.

Abuse of tropicamide eye drops: review of clinical data

Over the past 15 years, the increasing nonmedical use of tropicamide ophthalmic drops has been reported in Europe, coinciding with an increase in opioid addiction and drug-related mortality. Although tropicamide is generally known as a cheap alternative to heroin in Eastern Europe, it still appears to be a relatively new phenomenon that has arisen over the last decade. A narrative review was conducted of all the relevant sources published in more than five countries between January 1, 1975 and January 10, 2021. For bibliographic accuracy, the materials published in Russian and Italian were professionally translated to English. During the preparation of this report, we were able to interview five Russian-speaking patients who injected tropicamide in the past and we discuss another case of intravenous tropicamide use. This review was acknowledged by the institutional review board of the University of Missouri-Kansas City. All patients interviewed at the Unica Medical Center consented for their clinical information to be reported in a medical publication. We analyzed data from 50+ various sources and covered a variety of drug-related issues, including information on the extent, patterns, and trends in tropicamide use, its health consequences, and other clinical findings. The information provided in this article may help providers better detect tropicamide abuse and incorporate new rehabilitation strategies into the management of these patients.

Riesgo de la prescripción de opioides para el manejo del dolor / Risk of Opioid Prescriptions for Management of Pain / Risco de prescrição de opioides para o tratamento da dor

actualmente existe una intensa prescripción de opioides para el manejo de todo tipo de dolor a nivel clínico, razón por la cual es importante considerar los posibles daños derivados de esta actividad, tales como tolerancia, adicción, dependencia y sobredosis. La medicación de opiáceos o sus derivados de manera irracional para el manejo del dolor agudo o crónico puede ser la puerta de entrada a las drogodependencias. Muchos adictos a opiáceos informaron haber estado expuestos por primera vez a los opioides a través de una prescripción médica para el tratamiento del dolor. Por ello, es importante evaluar por parte de los profesionales de la salud el uso a largo plazo de estos medicamentos para el manejo del dolor, porque estudios han evidenciado una relación entre el uso clínico y la dependencia de estos, sobre todo en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes sin experiencia en opiáceos que fueron sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos y dentales.

Currently, opioids for managing all types of pain are increasingly prescribed at the clinical level, which is why it is important to consider the potential harms derived from this practice, such as tolerance, addiction, dependence, and overdose. Irrational medication of opioids or opioid derivatives for acute or chronic pain management can be the gateway to drug dependence. Many opioid addicts reported first being exposed to opioids after receiving a physician's prescription for pain management. Therefore, health professionals need to evaluate the long-term use of these medications to manage pain because studies have shown a relationship between clinical use and opioid dependence, especially in adolescents and young adults who had never received opioid therapy and who underwent surgical and dental procedures

Atualmente existe uma intensa prescrição de opioides para o manejo de todos os tipos de dor em nível clínico, por isso é importante considerar os possíveis danos decorrentes dessa atividade, como tolerância, adição, dependência e overdose. A medicação de opiáceos ou seus derivados de forma irracional para o manejo da dor aguda ou crônica pode ser a porta de entrada para a adição a drogas. Muitos dependentes de opioides relataram ter sido expostos a opioides pela primeira vez por meio de uma receita médica para o tratamento da dor. Por esse motivo, é importante que os profissionais de saúde avaliem o uso prolongado desses medicamentos para o manejo da dor, pois estudos têm mostrado relação entre o uso clínico e a dependência dos mesmos, principalmente em adolescentes e adultos jovens sem experiência com opioides que foram submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos e odontológicos

Analgesia with blockage of the erector plane of the spine in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. Case report / Analgesia pós-operatória em cirurgia cardíaca pelo bloqueio do plano eretor da espinha. Relato de caso

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Persistence of pain in the postoperative thoracic region is very common with conventional analgesia performed only with opioids, which prolongs recovery, increasing costs and morbidity. Erector spinae plane blockage is a promising technique for the analgesic control in the postoperative period of cardiac surgeries. The purpose of this study was to describe a case in which erector spinae plane blockage provided adequate postoperative analgesic control. CASE REPORT: A 61-year-old male patient submitted to elective cardiac surgery for left ventricular aneurysmectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting. On the first postoperative day presented pain of intensity 8 on the visual analog scale in the left hemithorax. The patient underwent erector spinae plane blockage with a catheter located at T5 guided by ultrasound with a 17G Tuohy needle and injection of 20mL of 0.5% ropivacaine providing important decrease and improvement of pulmonary expansibility. CONCLUSION: Erector spinae plane blockage provided adequate analgesia and was considered a good therapeutic option.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A persistência da dor na região torácica no pós-operatório é muito comum com analgesia convencional realizada apenas com opioides, o que prolonga a recuperação, aumentando os gastos e a morbidade. O bloqueio do plano eretor da espinha é uma técnica promissora no controle analgésico no pós-operatório das cirurgias cardíacas. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever um caso em que o bloqueio do plano eretor da espinha propiciou adequado controle analgésico pós-operatório. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo masculino, 61 anos, submetido à cirurgia cardíaca eletiva de aneurismectomia do ventrículo esquerdo e revascularização do miocárdio. No primeiro dia de pós-operatório apresentou dor de intensidade 8 pela escala analógica visual em hemitórax esquerdo. Foi submetido ao bloqueio do plano eretor da espinha com cateter locado em T5 guiado por ultrassom com agulha Tuohy 17G e injeção de 20mL de ropivacaína a 0,5%, propiciando importante diminuição e melhora da expansibilidade pulmonar. CONCLUSÃO: O bloqueio do plano eretor da espinha promoveu analgesia adequada, sendo considerado como uma boa opção terapêutica.

Effects of naltrexone hydrochloride combined with trazodone on preventing relapse in heroin addicts after detoxification / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the effects of naltrexone hydrochloride combined with trazodone on preventing relapse in heroin addicts after detoxification.Methods:A total of 274 opioid heroin addicts who received treatment in Beijing Gaoxin Hospital between June 2016 and January 2019 were included in this study. After detoxification with methadone, all patients were randomly assigned to receive either naltrexone hydrochloride combined with trazodone (group 1, n = 60) or naltrexone hydrochloride alone (group 2, n = 60) for preventing relapse in heroin addicts. The effects on relapse prevention were determined in each group. Results:There were no significant differences in age distribution, sex composition, marital status, and drug use between groups 1 and 2 (all P > 0.05). After 6 months of treatment, the non-relapse rate was 86.7% (52/60) and 6.7% (4/60) in groups 1 and 2 respectively, in the case of unchanged personal life status. There was significant difference in non-relapse rate between groups 1 and 2 ( χ2 = 77.1, P < 0.001). Conclusion:Naltrexone hydrochloride combined with trazodone exhibits superior efficacy in preventing relapse in opioid heroin addicts after detoxification to naltrexone hydrochloride alone.

Vocal assessment of addicts on methadone therapy via the RBH scale and objective acoustic parameters / Avaliação da voz de drogaditos em terapia com metadona através da escala de rugosidade, soprosidade e aspereza, e parâmetros acústicos objetivos

Abstract Introduction: A large number of people around the world struggle daily to become free of their addiction to illegal psychoactive substances. In order to create an atmosphere of improved supervision, established communication and improved quality of life for drug addicts, centers have been set up to provide methadone as a substitute. Objective: The aim of the research was to assess the vocal features of drug addicts on methadone therapy via subjective and objective parameters, to ascertain if vocal damage has occurred and to determine whether subjective and objective acoustic vocal parameters are related, and how. Methods: The research included 34 adults of both genders who were undergoing methadone treatment. A subjective vocal evaluation assessed voice pitch and clarity, while the subjective acoustic analysis utilized the Roughness-Breathiness-Hoarseness scale of roughness-breathiness-hoarseness. Objective acoustic analysis was conducted after recording and analyzing an uninterrupted vocal /a/ of at least three seconds duration, using the "GllotisController" software. Results: The subjective acoustic analysis using the Roughness-Breathiness-Hoarseness scale showed pathological values in 52.9% male and 47% female participants. The average values of the roughness-breathiness-hoarseness for the entire sample were 0.91, 0.38 and 0.50, respectively. Lower roughness was associated with a higher fundamental frequency (f0) and lower jitter and shimmer values (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant correlation between breathiness, jitter (p < 0.01) and shimmer (p < 0.05), and between hoarseness and jitter (p < 0.01). Conclusion: A statistically significant correlation was found between the two subjective vocal assessments, voice clarity and pitch, and Roughness-Breathiness-Hoarseness scale, and the parameters of the objective acoustic vocal assessment.

Resumo Introdução: Um grande número de pessoas em todo o mundo luta diariamente para livrar-se de seu vício em substâncias psicoativas ilegais. Com o objetivo de criar uma atmosfera de supervisão melhorada, comunicação estabelecida e melhora da qualidade de vida para drogaditos, foram criados centros que fornecem a substância substitutiva metadona. Objetivo: Avaliar a voz de drogaditos que recebem terapia com metadona através de parâmetros subjetivos e objetivos, para determinar o eventual dano à voz, bem como determinar se os parâmetros vocais acústicos subjetivos e objetivos estão interligados e como isso ocorre. Método: A pesquisa incluiu 34 participantes, usuários de terapia com metadona, de ambos os sexos. A avaliação vocal subjetiva consistiu na avaliação do tom (pitch) e clareza da voz, enquanto a análise acústica subjetiva consistiu no uso da escala RSA, de rugosidade, soprosidade e aspereza. A análise acústica objetiva foi realizada após a gravação e análise da vocalização ininterrupta de /a/ com duração de no mínimo três segundos, com o software GllotisController. Resultados: A análise acústica subjetiva utilizando a escala RSA mostrou valores patológicos em 52,9% de homens e 47% em mulheres. Os valores médios dos parâmetros rugosidade, soprosidade e aspereza para toda a amostra foram 0,91, 0,38 e 0,50, respectivamente. O parâmetro rugosidade mais baixo esteve associado a valores mais altos de frequência fundamental (f0) e menor jitter e o shimmer (p < 0,05). Entre o parâmetro soprosidade e o jitter (p < 0,01) e o shimmer (p < 0,05) houve uma correlação estatisticamente significante, bem como entre o parâmetro aspereza e o jitter (p < 0,01). Conclusão: Foi encontrada uma correlação estatisticamente significante entre a avaliação vocal subjetiva da clareza e do tom (pitch) da voz e os parâmetros da avaliação vocal acústica objetiva, bem como os parâmetros da análise vocal acústica subjetiva utilizando a escala de rugosidade, soprosidade e aspereza e os parâmetros acústicos objetivos.

Caecal Volvulus after a dental procedure – not just constipation!

@#Caecal volvulus has been reported to be associated with various abdominal and pelvic pathologies. Its signs and symptoms are usually non-specific and maybe overlooked in favour of benign causes, such as constipation. A high degree of suspicion is required for prompt diagnosis. Herein, we report on an unusual case of caecal volvulus after a dental procedure that was managed initially as constipation.

Consumo de opioides en pacientes hospitalizados en un centro oncológico / Use of opioids in patients admitted to a cancer centre

Resumen Los opioides son medicamentos fundamentales para mitigar el sufrimiento y mejorarla calidad de vida a través del control del dolor en pacientes con patología oncológica. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de periodo de consumo de medicamentos tipo opioides y describir las características de su prescripción en pacientes hospitalizados en un centro oncológico durante el 2013. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal para determinar la prevalencia y las características de consumo de medicamentos opioides en 1.231 pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de cáncer sólido o hematológico, de ambos sexos y cualquier edad, que recibieron por lo menos una dosis de cualquier tipo de opiode. Resultados: La prevalencia del consumo de opioides fue de 61,4%, siendo más frecuente en mujeres (56,6%) que en hombres (43,3%), la mediana de dosis suministrada en estadios tempra nos fue de 15 mg de morfina oral/día con un rango de 5 a 600 mg; y en estadios tardíos de 20 mg de morfina oral/día (rango 1,25 a 1.050 mg). La indicación más común para la prescripción de opioides fue el dolor agudo con un 51,1%, entendiéndose por dolor agudo aquel producido por una lesión aguda (fractura, cefalea o postoperatorio), seguida de dolor crónico con un 43,7% y en menor proporción disnea de origen tumoral (3,5%). El principal opioide utilizado para dolor agudo fue tramadol (82,9%), seguido de morfina (16,4%). Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren una asociación al mayor consumo de medicamentos opioides en estadios tardíos de enfermedad oncológica, sin embargo, se requieren más estudios para establecer este hallazgo, por otra parte, se detectaron algunos problemas de prescripción en pacientes con enfermedad renal y una baja prescripción en población pediátrica en especial en menores de siete años donde es claro que la evaluación y diagnóstico de dolor es más difícil. © 2018 Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. Todos los derechos reservados.

Abstract Opioids are critical for pain management in oncology patients. This group of patients requires management with these drugs to mitigate suffering and to improve quality of life. Objective: To determine the prevalence of the use of opioid-type drugs and to describe the characteristics of their prescription in hospitalised patients in a cancer centre during the year 2013. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to determine the prevalence and characteristics of opioid drug use. The study included 1231 patients with con firmed diagnosis of cancer, a solid haematological tumour, of both genders, and of any age, who received at least one dose of any type of opiate. Results: The prevalence of opioid consumption was 61.4%, with it being more frequent in women (56.6%) than in men (43.3%). The median dose given in early stages was 15 mg oral morphine / day with a range of 5 to 600 mg. In the late stages oral morphine 20 mg / day (range of 1.25 to 1050 mg) was used. The most common indication for opioid prescription was acute pain in 51.1%, with acute pain being understood as pain produced by an acute fracture, headache, or post-operative). This was followed by chronic pain, with 43.7%, and to a lesser extent for dyspnoea of tumour origin (3.5%). The main opioid used for acute pain was tramadol (82.9%), followed by morphine (16.4%). Conclusion: The results suggest a greater association with the consumption of opioids in the late stages of oncological disease, although more studies are needed to establish this finding. On the other hand, some prescription problems are detected in patients with renal disease and low prescription in the paediatric population. This is mainly noted in children less than 7 years-old, where it is obvious that the evaluation and diagnosis of pain is more difficult.

Efectividad del cambio de tratamiento desde Metadona a Buprenorfina/Naloxona en dependientes a opiáceos, Bilbao - España / Effectiveness of treatment change from methadone to Buprenorphine / Naloxone in opiate dependents, Bilbao - Spain

A nivel mundial la dependencia a opiáceos es un problema vigente, y los pacientes afectados por esta condición requieren programas de tratamiento sustitutivo farmacológico, que utilizan tradicionalmente Metadona. Actualmente, existe debate sobre el hecho de que la Buprenorfina/Naloxona podria ser utilizada como un reemplazo adecuado del fármaco tradicional. Las investigaciones aún no son totalmente concluyentes, faltando estudios que prueben los resultados en la práctica clínica. Objetivos: Determinar la efectividad del tratamiento con Buprenorfina/Naloxona como reemplazo de la metadona en pacientes dependientes de opiáceos tratados en un Módulo de Asistencia Psicosocial en la ciudad de Bilbao, España. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental, cuantitativo, longitudinal, prospectivo, con 21 pacientes dependientes de opiáceos que formaban parte del Programa de mantenimiento con Metadona con dosis inferiores o iguales a 40 mg/día, en quienes se sustituyó ese tratamiento por el de Buprenorfina/Naloxona (8mg/2mg) siguiendo para esto los criterios de la Guía para el tratamiento de la adicción a opiáceos con Buprenorfina/Naloxona de la Sociedad Científica Española de estudios sobre alcohol, el alcoholismo y otras toxicomanías del 2010. Resultados: Después de tres meses de cambio de terapéutica a Buprenorfina/Naloxona se evidencio una reducción estadísticamente significativa en el consumo de opiáceos ilegales, medido a través de los controles de substancias en orina desde un promedio de 2,67 controles positivos con metadona, a 2,24 controles con Buprenorfina/Naloxona. La adherencia, se mantuvo similar a la previa, presentando además una retención del 100% de los pacientes. La calidad de vida, medida con el Test TECVASP, presento una mejora estadísticamente significativa, desde una puntuación de 76,76 cuando recibían Metadona (DE 6,41) hasta 90,33 (DE 5,77 ) con la nueva terapéutica. Conclusiones: Cambiar la terapia de mantenimiento con Metadona, en pacientes dependientes de opioides, por buprenorfina/naloxona es una buena opción, ya que tiene una efectividad similar en términos de adherencia y retención, y produce una mayor reducción en el uso de opiáceos ilegales, al tiempo que mejora la calidad de vida del paciente.

At the global level, opioid dependence is an ongoing problem, and patients with this condition require pharmacological substitution treatment programs, which traditionally use methadone. Currently there is debate over whether Buprenorphine / Naloxone could be used as a suitable replacement for the traditional drug. The investigations are not yet totally conclusive, lacking studies that prove the results in the clinical practice. Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of treatment with Buprenorphine / Naloxone as a replacement for Methadone in opioid dependent patients treated in a Psychosocial Assistance Module in the city of Bilbao, Spain. Methods: A quasi-experimental, quantitative, longitudinal, prospective study was conducted with 21 opioid-dependent patients that were part of the maintenance program with Methadone at doses lower than or equal to 40 mg / day, in which treatment was replaced by that of Buprenorphine / Naloxone (8 mg/2 mg) following for this the criteria of the Guide for the treatment of the addiction to opiates with Buprenorphine / Naloxone of the Spanish Scientific Society of studies on alcohol, alcoholism and other drug addictions of 2010. Results: After a three-month change in therapy to Buprenorphine / Naloxone, a statistically significant reduction in illegal opioid use was observed, measured through urine substance controls from an average of 2.67 methadone-positive controls 2.24 controls with Buprenorphine / Naloxone. The Adherence remained similar to the previous one, presenting a retention of 100% of the patients. Quality of life, measured with the TECVASP test, showed a statistically significant improvement, from a score of 76.76 when receiving Methadone (DE 6.41) to 90.33 (DE 5.77) with the new therapy. Conclusions: Changing maintenance therapy with methadone, in opioid-dependent patients, by buprenorphine/naloxone is a good option, because it has a similar effectiveness in terms of adherence and retention, and produces a greater reduction in the use of illegal opiates, and the same time improves the quality of life of the patient.

Role of oxidative stress in opiate withdrawal and dependence: Exploring the potential use of honey.

Opiate dependence and withdrawal is a worldwide public health problem and give a significant burden to society. In exploring the problems of opiate dependence and withdrawal, oxidative stress in thought to be involved in the mechanism of the development of dependence and tolerance to morphine. Therefore, there is possibility that antioxidant has the role to reduce the oxidative stress leading to opiate dependence and withdrawal. In this mini review we describe the evidence of relationship between oxidative stress and opiate dependence. We also describe the evidence of honey which has been claimed to have high antioxidant properties and its promising potential to reduce oxidative stress in opiates dependence and tolerance individuals.

Usos terapeuticos potenciales de los antagonistas opioides: Fisiopatologia y evidencia preclinica / Potential therapeutic uses of opioid antagonists: Pathophysiology and preclinical evidence

El sistema opioide, del cual forman parte los peptidos opioides endogenos y sus receptores (Miu, Kappa, delta y ORL), tiene un papel importante en la fisiologia de diferentes sistemas. Existe una creciente evidencia de su participacion en la fisiopatologia de multiples trastornos del sistema nervioso central, endocrino e inmunologico. La modulacion del sistema opioide mediante el uso de antagonistas especificos o inespecificos de sus receptores puede tener un papel terapeutico en el manejo sintomatico de diferentes contextos, incluyendo la intoxicacion aguda por opiaceos, la dependencia a opioides, y la reduccion de reacciones adversas de agonistas opioides utilizados en el manejo del dolor cronico. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo revisar la farmacologia de los antagonistas opioides especificos e inespecificos, y realizar una actualizacion de sus posibles nuevas indicaciones y usos terapeuticos.

Opioid system, which involved endogenous opioid peptides and their receptors (Miu, Kappa, delta and ORL), has a main role in the physiology of several systems. At the same time, there is cumulating evidence in the role of the opioid system in the physiopathology of several disorders in the central nervous, endocrine and immunological system. The modulation of the opioid system using nonspecific antagonists may have a therapeutic role in the symptomatic management of several diseases, as well as, in the emergency management of opioid analgesic overdose, opioid dependence and to reduce the drug side effects of the opioid agonists used in chronic pain. This paper aims to review the pharmacology of specific and nonspecific opioid antagonists, and update on possible new indications and therapeutic uses of such antagonists.

Outcomes from the Malaysian Arm of The International Survey Informing Greater Insights in Opioid Dependence Treatment (INSIGHT) Project

Background: Opioid dependence (OD) is a chronic, relapsing condition representing a significant societal burden in Asia. Opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) in combination with psychosocial treatment is considered to be the most effective strategy to treat opioid dependence. In Malaysia, about 52,000 patients reported receiving OMT in December 2012. Objective: The International Survey Informing Greater Insights in Opioid Dependence Treatment (INSIGHT) project aimed to assess aspects of OMT access and quality of care by surveying patients and users with opioid dependence, and healthcare professionals treating opioid-dependent patients. Materials and Methods: Using a structured questionnaire, 50 patients who were currently receiving OMT (or had received OMT in the past 3 months) and 77 physicians were surveyed in Malaysia regarding the provision and quality of OMT. Results: Patients were predominately male and in their thirties. Nearly all patients (98%) reported currently receiving methadone liquid; almost half (48%) reported ever having received psychosocial counselling and only 14% had ever received buprenorphine−naloxone in the past. Most physicians reported they were treating their patients with OMT (77% on methadone and 15% on buprenorphine−naloxone), and 3% used psychosocial counselling alone. Although methadone maintenance doses were close to levels recommended by WHO guidelines, induction doses of methadone, and both induction and maintenance doses of buprenorphine were well below these levels in Malaysia. Conclusions: The findings suggest that OMT implementation in Malaysia can be improved by providing patients with more education on treatment options, better access to available treatments, including abuse-deterrent formulations, and psychosocial support.

Assessment Effects Of Maintenance Therapy On Quality Of Life Of Opiate Abusers

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the effects of Methadone Maintenance Therapy (MMT) and buprenorphine-naloxone Maintenance Therapy (BNX) on the Quality of life (QoL) of opiate abusers. Methods: The QoL status of opioid-dependent patients was assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. It is a cross-sectional study involving a total of 108 patients who received MMT or BNX therapy in Malaysia from May 2011 to September 2011. Results: A statistically significant difference in the overall QoL and psychological aspect among patients on MMT was observed. On the contrary, the scores of overall QoL and quality of social relationship for BNX group were higher in patients with lower dosage. Conclusion: The comparison between patients on high dose MMT and high dose BNX exhibited significant difference in the overall QoL especially in psychological, social relationship and environment domains, with the high dose MMT group having better mean score.

Cancer Patient with Major Depressive Disorder Initially Suspected of Opioid Dependence or Abuse / 대한내과학회지

The importance of opiate dependence or abuse is increasing in the context of the increasing number of cancer survivors and patients with chronic cancer pain. Cancer patients are likely to have psychological disorders such as depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. It is important to distinguish these psychological disorders from opiate dependence or abuse. We report a case of a cancer patient with major depressive disorder who was initially suspected of opiate dependence or abuse.

The Effectiveness of Methadone Maintenance Therapy Among Opiate - Dependants Registered with Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II Kota Bharu, Kelantan

Background: The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of MMT program among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Kota Bharu , Kelantan. Methods: The study was a retrospective study based on the records of injecting drug users (IDUs) involved in the MMT program from November 2005 to 31st January 2008, registered at the Psychiatric Clinic of Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II. Opiate Treatment Index (OTI) was used as the research instrument. Repeated measures ANCOVA was used to compare the mean scores during the entry period and after completing twelve months of MMT program after adjusted for age, marital status and level of education. Results: A total of 117 file records were reviewed. There was significant reduction in the mean scores after 12 months of heroin Q score , HIV Risk-taking Behavior Scale and health scale after adjusted for age, marital status and level of education. For Heroin Q score, mean difference was 2.01 (95% CI: 1.45, 2.56), for HIV Risk-taking Behavior Scale, mean difference was 7.64 (95% CI: 6.03, 9.26); and for health scale, mean difference was 5.35(95% CI: 3.90, 6.79). Conclusion: This study supports the evidence that MMT program is effective in treating heroin and opiate dependence.

Morphine infusions into the rostrolateral periaqueductal gray affect maternal behaviors

It is well established that morphine inhibits maternal behaviors. Previous studies by our group have shown activation of the rostrolateral periaqueductal gray (rlPAG) upon inhibition-intended subcutaneous injections of morphine. In this context, we demonstrated that a single naloxone infusion into the rlPAG, following this opioid-induced inhibition, reactivated maternal behaviors. Since these data were obtained by using peripheral morphine injections, the present study was designed to test whether morphine injected directly into the rlPAG would affect maternal behaviors. Our hypothesis that morphine acting through the rlPAG would disrupt maternal behaviors was confirmed with a local infusion of morphine. The mothers showed shorter latency for locomotor behavior to explore the home cage (P = 0.049). Inhibition was especially evident regarding retrieving (P = 0.002), nest building (P = 0.05) and full maternal behavior (P = 0.023). These results support the view that opioidergic transmission plays a behaviorally meaningful inhibitory role in the rostrolateral PAG.

Alternativas farmacológicas para el tratamiento de la dependencia a la heroína: un nuevo reto en Colombia / Pharmacological alternatives for the treatment of heroin dependence: a new challenge in Colombia

Introducción: En Colombia, la prevalencia de los problemas relacionados con la dependencia a la heroína ha ido en aumento desde los años noventa. Método: Luego de contextualizar este problema, el artículo se centra en los hallazgos científicos, las indicaciones y limitaciones farmacoterapéuticas de la gama de medicamentos existentes para el manejo agudo del síndrome de abstinencia, conocido comúnmente como la desintoxicación. Resultados: Las opciones farmacológicas disponibles incluyen agonistas opioides, agonistas opiáceos parciales, los antagonistas opioides y agonistas alfa-2 adrenérgicos. Conclusión: Aunque el tratamiento integral de la dependencia de heroína incluye intervenciones psicoterapéuticas, esta revisión señala que el enfoque, tal vez, más exitoso para controlar el síndrome agudo de abstinencia de la suspensión abrupta de la heroína es la sustitución con metadona o buprenorfina seguido por una reducción gradual de las dosis, al tiempo que se promueven cambios de estilos de vida duraderos y la prevención de recaídas...

Introduction: In Colombia, the prevalence of problems associated with heroin dependence has increased since the nineties. Method: After contextualize this issue, the article focuses on the scientific findings, indications, and pharmacotherapeutic limitations of the range of existing medications to treat acute withdrawal syndrome, commonly known as detoxification. Results: The pharmacological options available include opioid agonists, opioid partial agonists, antagonists and alpha-2 adrenergic agonists. Conclusion: Although the comprehensive treatment of heroin dependence include psychotherapeutic interventions, this review indicates that the approach, perhaps more successful in controlling acute withdrawal syndrome after abrupt discontinuation of heroin is methadone or buprenorphine followed by a gradual reduction in dose, while promoting lifestyle changes sustainable and relapse prevention...

Implicaciones metabólicas del consumo de opiáceos durante el embarazo: revisión cualitativa de la literatura / Metabolic implications of opiate use during pregnancy: a literature review

Objetivos: analizar el uso de opiáceos durante el embarazo, las implicaciones metabólicas y las posibles consecuencias que esta conducta adictiva puede ocasionar sobre la madre y el feto, así como estudiar los efectos del tratamiento para la adicción a los opiáceos en mujeres embarazadas. Metodología: se analizó toda la literatura disponible de los últimos 40 años en la base de datos PubMed, al igual que artículos históricos, textos y referencias citadas en trabajos públicos. Resultados: se obtuvo información pertinente relacionada con los objetivos propuestos en la presente revisión, por lo cual ésta se puede clasificar en 5 secciones: uso de opiáceos durante el embarazo, mecanismos de acción, consecuencias del uso de opiáceos en el embarazo, tratamiento de la adicción a los opiáceos en mujeres embarazadas y efectos sobre el recién nacido. Conclusión: el consumo de opiáceos durante el embarazo constituye un factor de riesgo para la madre y el niño relacionado con las posibles complicaciones durante la gestación y con la presencia de síndromes de abstinencia y muerte súbita neonatal. Ante esto, los tratamientos con metadona y buprenorfina disminuyen el riesgo; no obstante, deben controlarse rigurosamente con el fin de evitar posibles problemas relacionados con su uso.

Introduction: pregnant females consuming drugs of abuse is becoming a serious problem for pregnant women and for their babies as this habit increases the risk of complications during pregnancy and may permanently harm the infant (directly or indirectly). The present review was aimed at analysing opiate use during pregnancy, its mechanism of action, the metabolic implications and the possible consequences to this addictive behaviour for the mother and baby. It also analysed the effects of the opiate addiction treatment on pregnant women. Methodology: information from the last 40 years included in the PubMed database as well as historicalarticles, texts and references cited in work published to date were analysed. Results: important information related to the objectives proposed in the present review was found and analysed. It was then divided into four sections as follows: opiate use during pregnancy, mechanisms of action, consequences of using opiates during pregnancy and the effects on the newborn. Conclusions: opiates consumed during pregnancy represent a risk factor for both the mother and baby and are related to possible complications during pregnancy and the presentation of neonatal abstinence syndrome and sudden infant death. Treatment using methadone and/or buprenorphine reduces such risk but rigorous control must be imposed to avoid possible problems related to their use.

Previous spatial learning is required for the development of place preference in rats following chronic administration of and withdrawal from morphine

The positive reinforcing properties of addictive drugs have a primary role in the development of drug dependence. In the field of opiates, great attention has been given to this phenomenon, as well as to the negative properties eliciting craving and inducing relapse during withdrawal. This study was designed to evaluate whether elevated plus-maze (EPM) experienced rats withdrawn from low doses of subcutaneous (s.c.) morphine (10 mg/kg), in which a high anxiety level is the most prominent withdrawal symptom, acquire place preference when submitted to a conflict paradigm in which drug effects are paired with an aversive context: the distal part of the open arms of an EPM. Both the anxiety test and place preference conditioning were measured in the same apparatus, a biased version of the plus-maze. In order to verify the influence of previous EPM spatial learning on the performance of morphine-withdrawn rats, half the animals in this study experienced the EPM prior to treatment. Additional groups were also tested under the influence of morphine effects. The effects of the treatments were quantified through the analysis of three types of measures: anxiety was inferred from the use of the conventional measures (percentage of entries and time spent in the open-arms) and risk-assessment behaviours (frequency of stretched-attending postures - SAP, and time spent at the centre of the maze). Place preference conditioning was evaluated through analysis of the number of entries, total time spent and distance run in the open-arm extremities, which is where the animals were conditioned. The number of closed-arm entries was taken as an index of locomotor activity. Our results showed that (i) EPM naïve rats pre-treated with morphine did not develop place preference, behaving like control rats; (ii) rats that had previous experience in the EPM showed no changes in open-arm avoidance on the second exposure, when compared with rats naïve for this condition; (iii) previous spatial learning of the EPM contextual cues was, in fact, a requirement for anxiety-inducing place preference for the open-arms in morphine-withdrawn rats and, (iiii) conditioned place preference was achieved both in rats under the effects of morphine and in withdrawal, probably through the influence of the positive or negative reinforcing effects promoted by the presence or absence of the drug in the central nervous system.

Perfil de consumo de cocaína, cannabis y opiáceos en el laboratorio toxicológico CENATOXA / Profile of consumption of cocaine, cannabis and opiates in the toxicology laboratory CENATOXA

Con el propósito de conocer, en la población que concurre al laboratorio del CENATOXA, qué droga de abuso se consume más, cuál es la modalidad de consumo y el perfil de la consulta, se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de 2.635 casos a los que durante el período 1995-2006 se les solicitó investigación en orina de cannabis, cocaína y opiáceos. Los análisis se realizaron utilizando pruebas inmunológicas, cromatografía en capa delgada normalizada y cromatografía gaseosa-espectrometría de masas. El 20% de las muestras (n=529) resultaron positivas, correspondiendo el 50,66% a cannabis, el 37,43% a cocaína, el 2,08% a opiáceos y el 9,83% a la combinación cannabis-cocaína. Los varones constituyeron el 62% de los casos positivos. El mayor consumo de cannabis se observó entre los 11 y 30 años, el de cocaína entre los 21 y 40 años y la combinación de ambas drogas entre los 11 y 30 años. Los motivos de la solicitud de análisis correspondieron mayoritariamente y en proporciones similares al control de la adicción (31,1%) y a la sospecha de consumo (29,67%). El cannabis fue la droga ilegal más usada, predominó el monoconsumo, los principales usuarios fueron varones y los más comprometidos fueron los menores de 30 años.

A study was conducted in order to know what drugs of abuse are most commonly consumed by the population that comes to CENATOXA, as well as which the consumption patterns and consultation profiles are. A retrospective study was conducted in 2,635 cases for which, during 1995 to 2006, a toxicologycal urine analysis of cocaine, cannabis and opiates was requested. The analytical methodologies applied were immunoassay tests, standardized thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In the studied sample (n=529), 20% were positive: 50.66% was due to cannabis, 37.43% to cocaine, 2.08% to opiates and 9.83% to combination of cannabis-cocaine. Sixty-two per cent of positive cases were male subjects, and the highest consumption of cannabis was seen in the 11 to 30 year-old age group; that of cocaine was seen in the 21 to 40 year-old age group and the combination of cannabis-cocaine in the 11 to 30 year-old group. In assessing the reason for test request a similar predominance of addiction control (31.1%) and drug abuse suspicion (29.67%) was found. Cannabis is the drug of abuse most commonly consumed; mono consumption is usual in this population and drug consumption is higher in males and people under 30 years old.