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The objective of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity of Aloe arborescens dry extract against Trichosporon genus yeast species. Extraction was carried out by means of a longitudinal incision in fresh leaves, which were collected on a vat, and the total volume was frozen and subsequently lyophilized. Then, 40 mg of the dry extract was dissolved in DMSO by gentle inversion in order to obtain a solution whose concentration was 4000 µg mL-1. This solution became limpid and slightly yellowish because the pigment of the latex was attenuated. It was performed serial dilutions from 2,000 to 15.625 µg mL-1 with RPMI-1640 broth. There was already no pigment in the first dilution of 2000 µg mL-1. It was analyzed fifteen strains of Trichosporon spp., and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 was used as control strain. We carried out the reading of microplates in the ELISA reader device at a wavelength of 530 nm, after incubation for 24 and 48 hours, and it was determinated the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The MIC50 value obtained for all Trichosporon species and for C. albicans was 500 µg mL-1. As a result, we concluded that Aloe arborescens dry extract has antifungal activity against Trichosporon yeasts.
Este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar a atividade antifúngica do extrato seco de Aloe arborescens frente a espécies de leveduras do gênero Trichosporon. A extração foi realizada por meio de uma incisão longitudinal em folhas frescas, e o volume total coletado foi congelado e, posteriormente, liofilizado. A seguir, 40 mg do extrato seco foram dissolvidos em 10 mL de DMSO por inversão deliciada para obtenção da solução-mãe a uma concentração de 4000 µg mL-1. Tal solução tornou-se límpida e levemente amarelada, pois o pigmento do látex foi atenuado. A seguir, foram efetuadas diluições seriadas de 2.000 até 15,625 µg mL-1 em caldo RPMI-1640. Na primeira diluição de 2.000 µg mL-1 já não havia mais pigmento. Quinze cepas de Trichosporon spp. foram analisadas, e Candida albicans ATCC 10231 foi empregada como cepa controle. Após incubação por 24 e 48h, foi realizada a leitura das microplacas em um aparelho leitor de ELISA no comprimento de onda de 530 nm e determinada a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM). O valor de CIM50 encontrado para todas as espécies de Trichosporon analisadas e para C. albicans foi de 500 µg mL-1. Concluiu-se que o extrato seco de Aloe arborescens apresenta atividade antifúngica sobre leveduras do gênero Trichosporon.
Subject(s)
Disease Susceptibility , Noxae , Plants, Medicinal , TrichosporonABSTRACT
Background: Moraxella catarrhalis is gaining significance as a pathogen over few decades because of increased rate of isolation in respiratory specimens and due to emergence of multidrug resistant strains. Therefore, appropriate antimicrobial agents are required for eradication and prevention of spread of the organism. Material and Methods: -The study was conducted over 1-year period inpatients of lower respiratory tract infections (L.R.T.I.) in P.G.I.M.S. Rohtak (Haryana) . Assessment of clinical significance of M.catarrhalis was ascertained on the basis of preformed criteria. Results: A total of 63 clinically significant M. catarrhalis were isolated from a tertiary care hospital. The isolates showed maximum resistance to cotrimoxazole (82.5%), pencillin (77.7%), and ampicillin (71.4%) while susceptibility was maximum to cefotaxime (87.3%) followed by tetracycline (85.7%) ciprofloxacin (84.1%), erythromycin (80.9%) amikacin (79.3%), gentamycin (77.7%), and cefazolin (76.2%). Multidrug resistance to >3 antimicrobials was seen in 22 (34.9%) of cases. Conclusions: Predominant or pure growth of M.catarrhalis in throat swabs from cases of L.R.T.I. should be reported and treated by microbiologist and clinician respectively. Antibiotic therapy should be decided based on sensitivity report for rapid respose and recovery of patients.
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A wide variety of opportunistic pathogens has been detected in the tubing supplying water to odontological equipment, in special in the biofilm lining of these tubes. Among these pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections, is frequently found in water lines supplying dental units. In the present work, 160 samples of water, and 200 fomite samples from forty dental units were collected in the city of Barretos, State of São Paulo, Brazil and evaluated between January and July, 2005. Seventy-six P. aeruginosa strains, isolated from the dental environment (5 strains) and water system (71 strains), were tested for susceptibility to six antimicrobial drugs most frequently used against P. aeruginosa infections. Susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, followed by meropenem was the predominant profile. The need for effective means of reducing the microbial burden within dental unit water lines is emphasized, and the risk of exposure and cross-infection in dental practice, in special when caused by opportunistic pathogens like P. aeruginosa, are highlighted.
Uma ampla variedade de patógenos oportunistas tem sido detectadas nos tubos de alimentação de água dos equipos odontológicos, particularmente no biofilme formado na superfície do tubo. Entre os patógenos oportunistas encontrados nos tubos de água, Pseudomonas aeruginosa é reconhecida como uma das principais causadoras de infecções nosocomiais. Foram coletadas 160 amostras de água e 200 amostras de fomites em quarenta clinicas odontológicas na cidade de Barretos, São Paulo, Brasil, durante o período de Janeiro a Julho de 2005. Setenta e seis cepas de P. aeruginosa, isoladas a partir dos fomites (5 cepas) e das amostras de água (71 cepas), foram analisadas quanto à susceptibilidade à seis drogas antimicrobianas freqüentemente utilizadas para o tratamento de infecções provocadas por P. aeruginosa. As principais suscetibilidades observadas foram para a ciprofloxacina, seguida pelo meropenem. A necessidade de um mecanismo efetivo para reduzir a contaminação bacteriana dentro dos tubos de alimentação de água dos equipos odontológicos foi enfatizada, e o risco da exposição ocupacional e infecção cruzada na prática odontológica, em especial quando causada por patógenos oportunistas como a P. aeruginosa foi realçado.
Subject(s)
Biofilms , Disease Susceptibility , Drug Resistance, Microbial , In Vitro Techniques , Pseudomonas Infections , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolation & purification , Environment , Methods , Virulence , Water SamplesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE To investigate the pathogens distribution and their antibiotic resistance in critically ill patients with pulmonary infection.METHODS Totally 171 isolates from sputa were studied and the drug sensitive test was analyzed in 103 critically ill patients.RESULTS These results showed that 29 G+ bacteria strains occupied 17.0%,there were 15 Staphylococcus aureus strains,11 S.epidermidis strains and 3 Enterococcus strains,respectively.In 107 G-bacteria strains occupied 62.6% were composed Stenotrophomonas maltophilia,Acinetobacter baumannii,Burkholderia cepacia and Klebsiella pneumoniae,and 35 strains were fungi,accounted for 20.5%,the main fungi were Candida albicans and C.tropicalis.The result of drug sensitive test showed that there were high rates of multiple drug resistance in most bacteria strains,but there were different drug resistance rates to different antibiotics.CONCLUSIONS G-bacilli play an important role in the pulmonary infections of these critically ill patients,the opportunistic pathogens,such as S.maltophilia are the main G-pathogens,and there are high percentages of drug resistance.The other bacteria such as S.aureus,K.pneumoniae,etc,have a multidrug resistance.Inspecting pathogens and studying the trend of their drug resistance are very important in reducing drug abuse and decreasing the rate of infection in hospital.
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OBJECTIVE To analyze the high incision infection rate in abdominal operation in order to take effective preventive measures.METHODS Totally 2302 cases of abdominal operation in general surgery were investigated retrospectively from Jan 2005 to May 2007.The diagnosis standard was based on the Diagnosis Standard of Hospital Infection(Draft) published by Ministry of Health of the People′s Republic of China in Jan 2001.RESULTS From them 113 cases suffered incision infection.The infection rate was 4.85%,accounted for 81.54% of all surgical operation incision infections.The pathogenic bacteria in the samples taken during the operation were the same as those in the secretion of postoperative incision in terms of species and source.CONCLUSIONS The key points of prevention of incision infection are sterile operation,flushing of abdominal cavity and enhanced detection of environment hygiene in operating room.The infection rate could be lowered through observation and nursing care of postoperative incision and proper use of antibiotics.
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2 g/L can′t excluded SCID.
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OBJECTIVE To investigate the nasopharynx carriage status of opportunistic pathogens in non-infectious old people.METHODS The totally of 592 pharyngeal samples from old persons were collected.RESULTS The isolated rates of main opportunistic pathogens were Haemophilus parainfluenzae,Stomatococcus mucilaginosus,Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniaa.The isolated rate of single opportunistic pathogen was 45.8% and that of multiple opportunistic pathogens was 3.9%.The total carriage rate of opportunistic pathogen was 49.7%.The carriage rate of G+ or G-bacteria was 13.2% or 86.8%,respectively.The isolated rates of 2 multiple pathogens,S.pneumoniae and K.pneumoniae were increased with aging.The isolated rate of K.pneumoniae was higher in persons with more than 3 kinds of underlying diseases.CONCLUSIONS Aging,pharyngeal carriaging of S.pneumoniae,H.parainfluenzae,K.pneumoniae,et al and with multiple underlying diseases might be the risk factors for elder people to suffer from infectious respiratory disease.Isolating pharyngeal opportunistic pathogen among non-infection people is necessary and significant for prevention and treatment of infectious respiratory disease.
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OBJECTIVE To investigate the pharyngeal opportunistic pathogens and their drug resistance related to different duty of the hospital staff,in order to improve the control and prevention of hospital infection.METHODS Totally 302 pharyngeal samples were cultured and isolated,and the tests of antibiotic susceptibility were(performed) for isolated strains to 15 kinds of antibiotics by using of the paper diffusion method.RESULTS The(isolated) rate of the opportunistic pathogens among hospital staff was 30.13%,higher in nurses(41.32%) than in technicians(20%,P
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OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of nasal colonization among health care workers(HCWs).METHODS Nasal swabs from 93 ICU workers and 98 other clinical workers were cultured and isolated and the tests of antibiotic susceptibility were performed by using paper diffusion method.RESULTS In total,214 isolates of 8 species from 191 health care workers were recovered,of which 187 isolates were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus(CNS)(the carriage rate of 93.71%) and 8 isolates were Staphylococcus aureus(the carriage rate of 4.19%).While the total Gram-negative bacteria carriage rate was 14.14%(27 isolates).The most frequent CNS species were S.epidermidis and S.haemolyticus.The antibiotic susceptibility profiles of S.aureus and CNS differed sharply: all 8 S.aureus strains were resistant to penicillin but were fully susceptible to oxacillin,in contrast,most of CNS were resistant to both penicillin and oxacillin.The carriage rate of CNS(60.2%)and Gram-negative bacteria(26.9%)in HCWs of ICU were higher than other HCWs(P