La oposición a la Homeopatía desde una perspectiva histórica. Análisis de sus causas / The opposition to Homeopathy from a historical perspective. Analysis of its causes

La contextualización del momento histórico en el que surgió la Homeopatía, la postura que tomó Samuel Hahnemann ante aquellos que la criticaban y algunos de los conceptos que se utilizaron para descalificar el ejercicio de este método médico clínico terapéutico son los fundamentos de este texto. Se destaca, de manera primordial y a la luz de la Historia, el rechazo que sufrió la Homeopatía al interior de algunos grupos de médicos convencionales del siglo XVIII, postura que fue secundada por asociaciones de farmacéuticos que se sintieron amenazados por la posibilidad de que los homeópatas fueran, al mismo tiempo, agentes boticarios responsables de la preparación de sus propios medicamentos.

The following elements are the basis of this text: The contextualization of the historical moment in which Homeopathy arose, the posture taken by Samuel Hahnemann to those who criticized him, and some of the concepts that were used to discredit the practice of this therapeutic clinical method (Homeopathy). In a primordial manner, as shown by history, Homeopathy's rejection inside of some groups of conventional physicians in the 18th century is highlighted. This position was seconded by pharmaceutical associations, which felt threatened by the possibility that homeopaths could also be apothecary agents responsible for the elaboration of their own medications.

Análisis Psicométrico de la Escala Orientación hacia la Dominancia Social (SDO) Mediante un Modelo de Ecuaciones Estructurales Exploratorias (ESEM) / Psychometric Analysis of the Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) Scale Through a Model of Exploratory Structural Equations (ESEM)

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala Orientación hacia la Dominancia Social (SDO), en una muestra no universitaria de la ciudad de Arica, Chile, implementando técnicas psicométricas de acuerdo con el estado del arte disciplinar. El muestreo fue no probabilístico, por conveniencia y disponibilidad de 812 participantes, entre edades de 18 a 89 años. Se realizaron estimaciones de fiabilidad, análisis factoriales confirmatorios y modelos de ecuaciones estructurales exploratorios, contrastando diferentes modelos. Los resultados proporcionaron evidencia de validez basada en la estructura interna de la prueba, presentando buen ajuste de la estructura de la SDO (RMSEA=.076; CFI=.963; TLI=.956), y adecuados niveles estimados de fiabilidad (Oposición a la Igualdad: α=.85, ω=.84; Dominancia Grupal: α =.67, ω =.66). Finalmente, se concluye que las puntuaciones de la escala SDO poseen evidencia suficiente para sustentar su uso e interpretación, en población no universitaria equivalente a la del presente estudio.

Abstract The objective of this research is to analyze the psychometric properties of the Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) Scale in a non-university sample of the city of Arica, Chile, implementing psychometric techniques according to the state of disciplinary art. The sampling was non-probabilistic due to the convenience and availability of 812 participants in a range of ages from 18 to 89 years. To contrast different models were performed reliability estimates, confirmatory factorial analyses, and exploratory structural equation models. The results provided evidence of validity based on the internal structure of the test, presenting good adjustment of the SDO structure (RMSEA=.076; CFI=.963; TLI=.956), and estimated adequate levels of reliability (Opposition to the Equality: α=.85, ω=.84, Group dominance: α =.67, ω =.66). Finally, the research concluded that the scores of the SDO scale have sufficient evidence to support its use and interpretation, in a non-university population equivalent to that of the present study.

La oponencia como crítica científica y acto pedagógico / Opposition as a scientific criticism and pedagogical act

La oponencia es reconocida como forma de crítica científica, madura y ética que se produce desde el pregrado hasta el postgrado, como parte importante para los decisores del ejercicio final de evaluación, en los informes finales de investigaciones, tesis para optar por diferentes títulos o grados y publicaciones. Como proceso, debe llevar una etapa de intercambios necesarios entre el investigador optante y el oponente, para discutir y analizar la investigación sometida a la crítica y cumplir la finalidad constructiva del mejoramiento del informe final de investigación y también de quien lo produce. Por ello es reconocida como un acto de aprendizaje, pero realmente lo que se produce es un verdadero acto pedagógico. La autora fundamenta la necesidad de preservar la crítica científica del oponente y fortalecerla como acto pedagógico, para bien de las ciencias y de la comunidad científica(AU)

Opposition is recognized as a form of scientific criticism, mature and ethical, that occurs from undergraduate to graduate as an important part for the decision makers in the final evaluation of the final reports of research, thesis to opt for different titles degrees and publications. As a process, it must take a stage of necessary exchanges between the investigator and the opponent to discuss and analyze the research subjected to criticism and fulfill the constructive purpose of improving the final investigation report and of who produces it. Therefore, it is recognized as an act of learning, but what is produced is really a pedagogical act. The author bases the need to preserve the scientific critique of the opposition and strengthen it as a pedagogical act for the good of the Sciences and the scientific community(AU)

Las relaciones lógicas de oposición entre las acciones técnico-tácticas en el tenis de mesa / The logical relations of opposition between technical-tactical actions in table tennis

Resumen Las acciones técnico-tácticas que caracterizan el accionar del jugador de tenis de mesa guardan entre ellas una estrecha relación del tipo causa-efecto, denominada por los autores del presente trabajo, relaciones lógicas de oposición. Este artículo tiene como objetivo determinar las relaciones lógicas de oposición existentes entre las diferentes acciones técnico-tácticas del tenis de mesa para la evaluación del rendimiento técnico-táctico. Este componente se evalúa fuera del contexto de juego y en ninguna medida en función del rendimiento, además no se tiene en cuenta la oposición del rival, lo cual resta objetividad a su evaluación. Se utilizaron los métodos de la encuesta y observación, y criterio de especialistas para evaluar el resultado propuesto durante el curso 2016-2017. Como principal resultado se obtiene un compendio de las diferentes acciones técnico-tácticas posibles en el tenis de mesa, y relaciones de oposición que se establecen entre ellas ya sea de forma previa o posterior a cada acción.

Abstract The technical-tactical actions that characterize the actions of the table tennis player keep between them a close relation of the cause-effect type, called by the authors of this work, logical relations of opposition. The objective of this paper is to determine the logical relations of opposition existing between the different technical-tactical actions of table tennis for the evaluation of technical-tactical performance. This component is evaluated outside the context of the game and in no way in terms of performance, in addition the opposition of the rival is not taken into account, which reduces the objectivity of its evaluation. Survey and observation methods were used during the 2016-2017 academic year, as well as specialist criteria to evaluate the proposed result. A compendium of the different technical-tactical actions possible in table tennis, and opposition relations that are established between them either before or after each action.

Is Football players' performance influenced by the quality of opposition? Application of the golden index formula in Club Atlético de Madrid 2016/2017

Aim: In this study, we sought to analyze the influence of the quality of opposition on players' performance of Club Atlético de Madrid (ATM) 2016/2017. For that, the Golden Index (GI) formula was applied to identify and rank the Golden Players of ATM when playing against opponents of different quality levels. Methods: GI formula variables were collected through notational analysis and three global adjacency matrices were constructed to record all successful ball-passing actions performed. Next, the matrices were imported to SocNetV to collect the network centrality metrics. To uniformize each variable, the statistical standardization technique was applied to all variables. ATM opponents were classified into three groups: high-level (n=4), medium-level (n=2) and low-level (n=2), according to their classification in La Liga and participation in the final stage of UEFA Champions League 2016/2017. Results: Koke was considered the Golden Player playing against high-level teams, while opposing low-level opponents he was ranked as second. Against medium- and low-level teams, Antoine Griezmann was considered the Golden Player, but was not classified in the three first positions against high-level opponents. Yannick Carrasco and Filipe Luís were ranked in the second and third positions, respectively, when playing against high- and medium-level opponents. Also, Saúl Ñíguez obtained the third higher index against low-level teams. Conclusions: This study evidenced that players' individual performance is influenced by the quality of the opposition. Additionally, the GI formula proved to be a potent tool in analyzing player's performance in attacking plays in Football.(AU)

Consideraciones sobre la clase en el ejercicio de oposición para la obtención de categorías docentes / Considerations about the lesson in the opposition exercise for obtaining teaching categories

INTRODUCCIÓN: la calidad de la formación de los recursos humanos en salud depende de la calidad del claustro académico. Por ello el proceso de selección de los docentes requiere máxima atención en nuestra universidad. OBJETIVO: explorar los conocimientos sobre el ejercicio de oposición que poseen los integrantes de tribunales de categorías docentes que influyen en su adecuado desempeño. MÉTODOS: encuesta anónima sobre el ejercicio de oposición a miembros de los tribunales de categorías docentes previo al ejercicio de categorización docente correspondiente al segundo semestre del curso académico 2014-2015.RESULTADOS: en el contexto estudiado los profesores encuestados presentan conocimientos insuficientes sobre el ejercicio de oposición para la promoción de categorías docentes y sobre los documentos rectores del proceso. CONCLUSIONES: los profesores que forman parte de tribunales de categoría docente deben elevar su preparación metodológica en este sentido y reforzarla previo a los procesos de categorización docente.

INTRODUCTION: the quality of human resources training in health depends on the quality of the academic faculty. Therefore, choosing the professors requires utmost attention in our university. OBJECTIVE: to explore the knowledge about the opposition exercise as possessed by the examining board members for teaching categories that have an influence on their performance. METHODS: an anonymous survey was conducted about the opposition exercise on examining board members for teaching categories prior to the exercise per se for the second semester of the academic year 2014-2015. RESULTS: In the setting studied, the professors surveyed have insufficient knowledge about the opposition exercise for the promotion of teaching categories and the documents to guide the process. CONCLUSIONS: the professors who are part of the examining boards for teaching categories should increase their methodological training in this regard and strengthen it before the teaching categorization process.

Validación argentina de la Escala de Orientación a la Dominancia Social / Argentinian validation of the Social Dominance Orientation Scale

La teoría de la dominancia social expresa el deseo de los individuos por establecer y mantener jerarquías sociales a través de la subordinación de ciertos grupos a otros. Para evaluar las diferencias individuales en este constructo, los autores elaboraron la Escala de Orientación a la Dominancia Social, cuya formulación original presentaba una estructura factorial unidimensional. Sin embargo, trabajos posteriores han señalado la presencia de una estructura bifactorial para el estudio del constructo, compuesta por la oposición a la igualdad y la dominancia grupal. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo principal la adaptación y validación de la Escala de Orientación a la Dominancia Social, poniendo a prueba su dimensionalidad y analizando las diferencias según el género de los participantes. Para tal fin se trabajó con una muestra no probabilística, de tipo intencional, compuesta por estudiantes universitarios de Buenos Aires (N = 1.201), de diferente sexo y edad. Los resultados indicaron un mejor ajuste de los datos al modelo de 2 dimensiones correlacionadas, cuyos niveles de fiabilidad resultaron adecuados (,74 < α < ,85), presentando evidencia de validez convergente con el autoritarismo del ala de derechas y con el género de los participantes.

The Social Dominance Theory explains individuals' desire to establish and maintain social hierarchies by subordination of certain groups upon others. The Social Dominance Orientation Scale was constructed so as to evaluate individual differences in this construct. Originally, the first version of the scales had a unidimensional structure; however, subsequent research studies have reported the existence of a two-factor structure: Opposition to Equality and Dominance group. The main objective of this paper is that of adapting and validating the Social Dominance Orientation Scale, in order to analyze its dimensionality and thus verifydifferences in accordance with the gender of participants. To this end, we collected a non-probabilistic sample of college students from Buenos Aires (N = 1201), with different gender and age. According to the results, the two correlated factor model fit to databetter than the unidimensional approach did, and presents adequate levels of reliability (.74 < α < .85). Besides, we provide of convergent validity with right-wing authoritarianism and with the gender of participants.

Por que existe linguagem em vez de nada? Uma leitura discursiva e psicanalítica / ¿Por qué existe lenguaje en vez de nada? Una lectura discursiva y psicoanalítica / Why is there language instead of nothing? A discoursive and psychoanalytical approach

Este trabalho, situado no campo da análise do discurso de Pêcheux (AD) numa interface com a psicanálise, consiste numa investigação epistemológica a respeito das condições de possibilidade da existência da linguagem, tentando dar uma resposta à questão: por que existe linguagem (e língua) em vez de nada? Tratamos o interdito e o silêncio como constitutivos e fundadores do discurso. Resumidamente, afirmamos que, para que seja possível que se diga algo, é preciso que não se diga tudo. Com base nas modalidades aléticas da lógica aristotélica, fazemos uma abordagem dessas questões. A lógica subjacente é a lógica lacaniana, segundo a qual o excluído, ou a contradição, fundam o possível. Para tal tarefa, tratamos essas questões no quadrado das oposições numa leitura não aristotélica. Propomos e construímos um quadrado do dito e da enunciação

Within the fields of Discourse Analysis (Pêcheux) and psychoanalysis, this work consists in an epistemological study on the conditions for the existence of language, by trying to answer the question: Why is there language instead of nothing? In short, we state that interdiction and silence are constitutive and founders of the discourse. We claim that what makes it possible to say anything is that is not possible to say everything. So, something must remain unsaid. We address these issues using the alethic Aristotelian modalities and the square of opposition (in a non-Aristotelian approach). The logical principle here is that the contradiction - the excluded - founds the possible. We also propose and build a square of saying or of utterances

El presente trabajo, situado en el campo del Análisis del discurso de Pêcheux (AD) en una interfaz con el psicoanálisis, consiste en una investigación epistemológica al respecto de las condiciones de posibilidad de la existencia del lenguaje, intentando dar una respuesta a la cuestión: ¿Por qué existe lenguaje (y lengua) en vez de nada? Tratamos el entredicho y el silencio como constitutivos y fundadores del discurso. Resumidamente, afirmamos que, para que sea posible que se diga algo, es necesario que no se diga todo. Hacemos un abordaje de esas cuestiones a partir de las modalidades aléticas de la lógica aristotélica. La lógica subyacente es la lógica lacaniana, según la cual el excluido, o la contradicción, fundan lo posible. Para tal tarea tratamos esas cuestiones en el cuadrado de las oposiciones en una lectura no-aristotélica. Proponemos y construimos un cuadrado de lo dicho y de la enunciación

Diversidade e eficiência das dinâmicas de criação de espaço e grau de cooperação entre as equipes de basquetebol paulistas: efeito da faixa etária / Diversity and efficiency of the space creation dynamics and cooperation rate in basketball teams: age effect

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da experiência competitiva sobre as seguintes variáveis de desempenho: 1) diversidade das dinâmicas de criação de espaço (DCEs) no setor defensivo; 2) eficiência das DCEs (i.e., frequência de êxito/total de execuções); 3) grau de cooperação ofensiva (i.e. número de passes e assistências). Foram analisados 46 jogos do Campeonato Paulista Masculino de Basquetebol (i.e. pré-mini a adulto). Variáveis medidas: 1) DCEs realizadas, que precederam o término da posse de bola em finalização, falta ou erro; 2) eficiência das DCEs; 3) passes em um ataque; 4) assistências. A reprodutibilidade foi testada pelo teste Kappa, tendo apresentado índices entre 0,78-0,85. A diversidade das DCEs não apresentou diferença significante para nenhuma classe de DCE entre todas as faixas etárias. Na análise intra-faixa etária, contra defesa individual, verificou-se significante predomínio de Desmarque com Bola com Drible para os mais jovens (pré-mini a infantil) e de Bloqueio Direto para os mais velhos (juvenil e adulto). Contra defesa zona, Desmarque sem Bola foi significantemente mais frequente em todas as faixas etárias em relação às demais DCEs, exceto Desmarque com Bola com Drible. Não foi verificada diferença significante para nenhuma das DCEs quanto à eficiência entre todas as faixas etárias. Todas as faixas etárias apresentaram perfil semelhante quanto ao número de passes, assim como de assistências. Estes resultados contrariam a hipótese formulada que previa aumento da complexidade e diversificação das ações com o aumento da experiência competitiva dos jogadores. Estas evidências sugerem a necessidade de propostas metodológicas de ensino do jogo com foco no coletivo e na cooperação.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of competitive experience in the following performance variables: 1) diversity of the Space Creation Dynamics (SCDs); 2) efficiency of the SCDs (i.e. successful SCDs/total amount of SCDs); 3) offensive cooperation (i.e. number of passes and assists). A total of 46 matches of all age goups (i.e. pré-mini to seniors) of the São Paulo state championship for men were analyzed. Measured/ calculated variables: 1) SCDs performed; 2) SCDs efficiency; 3) passes performed on ball possession; 4) assists performed. Researcher's reliability was tested in three moments with one week apart of each other (Kappa rates: 0.78-0.85). SCDs diversity presented no significant difference for any SCD class among all age groups. Intra-age analysis, against man-to-man defense, presented significant prevalence of "Desmarque com Bola com Drible" for younger players (pré-mini to infantil) and of "Bloqueio Direto" for older players (juvenil and seniors). Against zone defense, "Desmarque sem Bola" was significantly more frequent for all age groups in comparison to all others SCDs, except for "Desmarque com Bola com Drible". It was not observed a significant difference for efficiency of the SCDs at any age group. All age groups presented similar distribution regarding frequencies of number of passes and assists as well. These results contradicted the preliminary hypothesis, which expected an increase in complexity and diversity of actions paralleled with an increase in players' competitive expertise. These evidences suggest the need of cooperation and collective-focused teaching games methodology.

Restauração cirúrgica da oponência do polegar / Surgical restoration of the thumb opposition

Introdução: A perda da capacidade de oposição do polegar com os dedos longos é umgrave prejuízo funcional. Método: Doze pacientes com perda da oponência por diversascausas foram submetidos à oponencioplastia utilizando-se as técnicas de transferência doextensor próprio do indicador (Burkhalter-Finochietto), do abdutor do dedo mínimo (Huber)ou de um tendão flexor superficial do terceiro ou quarto dedos (Bunnell modificada).Todos os pacientes foram avaliados no pré-operatório e acompanhados no pós-operatórioseguindo um mesmo protocolo. Resultados: Os resultados foram avaliados de acordocom o escore de Kapandji e os critérios de Sundaraji e Mani. Houve ganhos funcionais emonze pacientes. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que bons resultados podem ser alcançados independentementeda técnica cirúrgica utilizada, desde que seja realizada criteriosa avaliaçãoclínica pré-operatória e os princípios básicos para transferência tendínea sejam respeitados.

Introduction: Loss of the thumb’s ability to oppose the fingertips constitutes seriousfunctional damage. Method: Twelve patients with loss of opposition due to varied causeswere submitted to an opponensplasty consisting of either transference of extensor indicisproprius (Burkhalter-Finochietto), abdutor digiti quinti (Huber), or a flexor digitorumsuperficialis (modified Bunnell). All patients were submitted to preoperative assessmentand were followed-up postoperatively using the same protocol. Resultados: Results wereevaluated according to Kapandji’s score and the Sundaraji and Mani criteria. Functionalimprovement was observed in eleven patients. Conclusion: We concluded that good resultscan be achieved irrespective of the technique employed, so long as careful preoperativeevaluation is conducted and the basic principles of tendinous transference are respected.

Sobre instituições, inclusive as nossas / Acerca de las Instituciones, incluyendo las nuestras / On Institutions, including ours

O autor discorre sobre aspectos dinâmicos e operacionais de funcionamento das instituições, fatores de resiliência e a oposição indivíduo/grupo dentro da estrutura organizacional, ocupando-se, a seguir, de especificidades desses aspectos nas instituições psicanalíticas, tal qual existem hoje.

El autor discute aspectos dinamicos y operativos del funcionamiento institucional, de los factores de la resistencia, e la oposición individuo/grupo dentro de la estructura de la organización, ocupandose de las especificidades de aspectos en las instituciones psicoanalíticas, tal como existen hoy.

The author discusses dynamic and operative aspects of institutional functioning, resilience factors, group/individual opposition within the organizational structure, and then the specificities of the psychoanalytical institutions, as they exist today.

O ressurgimento do mito mágico-sexual na inquietante estranheza / The resurgence of the magical-sexual myth in the disquieting strangeness

Este artigo tem por objetivo apontar a forma pela qual as crianças se deparam com a diferença sexual e os recursos aos quais recorrem para poderem lidar com tal enigma. O autor pretende demonstrar que a forma infantil de significar o enigma da sexualidade, ou o enigma da origem, diverge da lógica do adulto, marcada pela racionalidade e raciocínio objetivo. Nos relatos infantis, os mitos mostram ter uma função operacional que consiste na convivência de pensamentos opostos, que se excluiriam pela lógica ou/ou, mas que são experimentados numa adição que só enriquece e amplia esta questão. Assim, enquanto o sujeito do conhecimento busca a compreensão a partir da dedução e da síntese, a criança lida com a contradição de sentidos, entre o mágico e o racional, ampliando seus espaços e buscando uma resposta própria frente ao enigma da sexualidade.

This article strives to point out the way in which children deal with sexual difference and the resources they use in order to solve this enigma. The author intends to show that the infantile way of signifying the sexual enigma, or the origin enigma, diverges from the adult’s logic, which is marked by rationality and objective reasoning. In children’s accounts, the myths have an operational function that consists in joining opposite thoughts, which would exclude themselves by the logic of or/or, but that are experienced in an addition that enriches and amplifies this issue. Therefore, while the subject of knowledge searches for comprehension through deduction and synthesis, the child deals with the contradiction of meanings, between what is magical and what is rational, by amplifying its spaces and searching for its own answer to the enigma of sexuality.

Anatomical and clinical study on partial pectoralis minor transplantation for reconstruction of the opposition of the thumb / 中华显微外科杂志

Objective To investigate a new surgical method by using pectoralis minor muscle for its partial transplantation to reconstruct the function of the opposite thumb anastomosed vessels and nerves. Methods The proposed method was evaluated by taking 20 cases of adult cadaveric thoraxes and hands,then compared with the morphology and dimension of both pectoralis minor muscle and palmer muscle to study the feasibility of the new method.Based on the observed data.We selected five suitable cases,in which the opposi- tion function was lost,and then applied the new operation on them with partial transplantation of pectoralis mi- nor muscle anastomosed vessels and nerves according to the results of anatomic study.The follow-up study was conducted to observe the functional recovery of opposition of the thumb.Results The main results can be summarized as follows.First,the anatomical position of pectoralis minor muscle was stable,and every peetoralis minor muscle was provided with self-sustaining artery,vein and nerve.The oppostition process of cadaveric hand succeeded after similar transplantation to clinic operation.Second,follow-up studies conducted 6 - 12 months after the operation showed that all five patients recovered fully.The muscle strength in all five cases re- covered to level four or higher.The shape of palm eminence was satisfactory.Conclusion The surgical method of pectoralis minor muscle transplantation for reconstructing the opposition function of the thumb was based on the clinical and anatomical application.The function of opposition of the thumb reached the satisfacto- ry requirement after the operation.So,the new surgical method can achieve better results than other existing operation methods.

A comparison of different operative managements in restoration of thumb abduetor / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To statistically analyze the 128 cases of thumb abductor defects and evaluate the commonly used operative methods. Methods Statistical analysis and evaluation were done in regard to the muscle strength, injury cause, injured parts, injured nerves and tendon transfer. Results We found by following up after the operation: FDS, PL, ECU were the most commonly used operative methods and their average excellent and good rate was 87.2%. Abductor digiti quinti and flexor pollicis brevis were less used but their effects were good. Conclusion When the median nerve of thenar is injured, the abductor of the thumb will be damaged. We should restore its function by tendon transfer as long as the muscle strength remains and the passive motion of the carpometacarpal joint is good.

The Proximal and Distal Interphalangeal Flexion Dysfunction, Opposition Palm Ratio and Thumb Index Ratio in the Korean Adults

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of inability to flex proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint in normal Koreans. The opposition palm ratio and thumb index ratio was also of interest. METHOD: Randomly selected eighty nine normal Korean adults of 48 men and 41 women, with ages 20 to 79 years. The finger flexion was measured using the standard flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) screening tests. Thumb index ratio and opposition palm ratio was also assessed additionally. RESULTS: In the sample population, 2 subjects (2.2%) were unable to bilaterally flex their fifth PIP joints independently. Four subjects (4.4%) were unable to flex one or both of their fourth or fifth DIP joints. These results show far less incidence of FDS dysfunction comparing with 52% of FDS dysfunction rate in Americans. The opposition palm ratio in men were 63.6% and in women 69.9%, indicating lower ratio in men. The thumb index ratio was not different statistically between the men and women. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the different incidences of FDS and FDP dysfunction should be considered in interpretation. The opposition palm ratio and thumb index ratio might be useful in the hand rehabilitation.