A Case of Secondary Syphilis Presenting as a "Leukoplakia-like" Plaque on the Tongue in a HIV Patient / 대한피부과학회지

"Leukoplakia-like" plaque on the tongue is an uncommon skin manifestation of secondary syphilis. Skin lesions of secondary syphilis usually have numerous presentations, which mimic many other skin diseases, especially in the presence of HIV co-infection. Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is characterized by corrugated whitish patches and plaques on the lateral border of the tongue. It is frequently and strongly associated with HIV but may appear in other diseases. A 47-year-old man with HIV and receiving HAART therapy developed a leukoplakia-like plaque on the tongue, which was first suggestive of OHL but was eventually diagnosed as secondary syphilis.

Detección de Candida Albicans en lesiones de leucoplasia vellosa bucal de un grupo de pacientes venezolanos VIH+ / Detection of candida albicans in lesions of oral hairy leukoplakia a group of HIV + patients in Venezuela

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de la infección por Candida albicans en lesiones de Leucoplasia Vellosa Bucal (LVB) en un grupo de pacientes VIH+ en una muestra de la población venezolana. Para ello se evaluaron 21 pacientes adultos VIH+, con lesiones clínicas de Leucoplasia Vellosa Bucal, 11 con terapia antiretroviral y 10 sin terapia, y 10 pacientes adultos VIH- con lesiones hiperqueratósicas de la mucosa oral provenientes del Centro para la Atención de Pacientes con Enfermedades Infectocontagiosas de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Central de Venezuela. Los pacientes fueron examinados clinícamente para la detección de lesiones presentes en la mucosa oral, confirmándose el diagnóstico con el estudio histopatológico. La infección por C albicans se determinó mediante biopsias de las lesiones para su estudio histopatológico empleando dos técnicas diferentes, coloración de Pass y método de Grocott, y cultivo microbiológico en medio Agar Sabouraud Resultados: En pacientes VIH+ según los distintos métodos empleados se pudo observar que mediante el cultivo en Agar Sabouraud 6/21 (29%) de los pacientes fueron positivos y 15/21 (71%) fueron negativos. Con respecto a la coloración de Grocott, todos los 21 pacientes fueron positivos, mientras que con la coloración de PAS, 17/21 (81%) de los pacientes fueron positivos y 4/21 (19%) fueron negativos. En el caso de los pacientes VIH- con leucoplasia bucal, 1/10 (10%) resultó positivo mediante el cultivo en Agar Sabouraud y 9/10 (90%) fueron negativos. Mediante la coloración de Grocott todos los pacientes (10) fueron negativos para la presencia del hongo, e iguales resultados fueron obtenidos con la coloración de PAS. Conclusión: Se observó una mayor prevalencia de la infección por C. albicans en pacientes VIH+ lo que demuestra que la presencia del hongo, constituye un factor fuertemente asociado a los pacientes con LVB

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Candida albicans infection in Oral Hairy Leukoplakia (OHL) in Venezuelan HIV+ population. We evaluated 21 HIV+ adults patients with the clinical diagnosis of OHL, 11 under antiretroviral therapy, 10 without and 10 HIV negative adults with hyperkeratotic lesions on the oral mucosa as a control group, from the Center of Infectious diseases, Faculty of Dentistry, Central University of Venezuela. All patients were clinically examined and definitive histopathological diagnosis was made. C albicans was detected by two different histochemical methods: PAS and Groccot and microbiological culture using Agar Sabouraud medium. The results demonstrated that 6/21 (29%) patients were positive by microbiological culture and 15/21 (71%) were negative. All the patients were positive by Grocott special stain while 17/21 (81%) were positive using PAS. In the control group, 1 patient was positive by culture and 9/10 (90%) were negative. Additionally, all the patients were negative by Grocott and PAS. In conclusion, we observed a higher prevalence of C. albicans infection in HIV+ patients, suggesting that the presence of this microorganism may constitute an associated factor in OHL

Oral Hairy Leukoplakia Which Occurred as a Presenting Sign of Acute Myeloid Leukemia in a Child

Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is caused by the reactivation of a previous Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in the epithelium of the tongue. Most lesions are characterized by corrugated whitish patches on the lateral border of the tongue. It is frequently associated with AIDS, but cases in patients with other immunosuppressed states have also been reported. In leukemia patients, OHL is rarely encountered, and appears only after chemotherapy. We report a case of OHL which occurred as a presenting sign of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in a previously healthy 15-year-old child. A 15-year-old boy presented with a whitish patch on the left lateral border of the tongue. The biopsy specimen revealed papillomatosis, hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and ballooning degeneration in the stratum spinosum. The patient was EBV seropositive, and PCR analysis of EBV DNA in the lesional tissue was positive. After the diagnosis of OHL in dermatologic department, the patient was referred to pediatrics due to the abnormal peripheral blood smear, and was diagnosed with AML.

Polymerase chain reaction genotyping of Epstein-Barr virus in scraping samples of the tongue lateral border in HIV-1 seropositive patients

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the etiological agent of oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL), an oral lesion with important diagnostic and prognostic value in acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome. The two EBV genotypes, EBV-1 and EBV-2, can be distinguished by divergent gene sequences encoding the EBNA-2, 3A, 3B, and 3C proteins. The purpose of this study was to identify the EBV genotype prevalent in 53 samples of scrapings from the lateral border of the tongue of HIV-1 seropositive patients, with and without OHL, and to correlate the genotypes with presence of clinical or subclinical OHL with the clinic data collected. EBV-1 and EBV-2 were identified through PCR and Nested-PCR based on sequence differences of the EBNA-2 gene. EBV-1 was identified in the 31 samples (15 without OHL, 7 with clinical OHL and 9 with subclinical OHL), EBV-2 in 12 samples (10 without OHL, 1 with clinical and 1 subclinical OHL), and a mixed infection in 10 samples (2 without OHL, 3 with clinical and 5 with subclinical OHL). The presence of EBV-1 was higher in women, but a significant statistical result relating one the EBV genotypes to the development of OHL was not found. We conclude that the oral epithelium in HIV-1 seropositive patients can be infected by EBV-1, EBV-2 or by a mixed viral population.