A comparative study of orbital morphometry in dry skulls of a district in West Bengal

Background: Bony orbit which lodges visual apparatus is a very important area for anthropologists, anatomist, forensic experts, as well as surgeons. Orbital diameters vary according to race, age, sex, food habits, climate, etc. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to provide data regarding different orbital parameters in West Bengal population and also establish gender variation. Materials and Methods: This study involved 100 dry skulls (70 males and 30 females) from the Department of Anatomy, Burdwan Medical College, West Bengal. Orbital height (OH) and orbital breadth (OB) have been taken of both the right and left orbit in male and female skulls. Orbital index (OI) was calculated by OH/OB*100. All these measurements were taken by Vernier caliper. Results: Mean Orbital height in male 32.46 mm. (right), 31.86 mm.(left), in female 29.13 mm. (right), 32.57 mm. (left). Mean Orbital breadth in male 39.14 mm. (right), 38.77 mm. (left), in female 38.33 mm. (right.), 38.67 mm.(left). Orbital index in male was 82.93 mm.(right), 82.17 mm.(left), in female 76 mm.(right), 84.23 mm.(left). While comparing the right- and left-sided orbit in same skull, the OH is measured as 30.83 and 31.43 in the right and left side, respectively, OB 38.81 (rt.) and 38.75 (lt.) and OI remains 80.87 (rt.) and 81.05 (lt.) which categorizes the skulls to be microseme type. Conclusion: Our study shows that the left orbit and male orbit have higher values in comparison to the right orbit and female orbit. This study also states that the West Bengal population falls under microseme category of skull classification. It is suggested to do further studies in different districts of West Bengal to get unbiased solid database.

A Comparative Morphometric Study Of Orbit- In North Indian Dry Skull

Background: The bony orbit which lodges the visual apparatus is important not only for anatomists but also forophthalmologists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons and forensic experts. The objectives of the Present study areto provide the normal reference orbital parameters for the north Indian population.Materials and Methods: The study involved 215 dry skulls (83 female & 132 males) from the department ofanatomy from GSVM Kanpur, KGMC Lucknow, SMC Unnao. Orbital height (OH), orbital width (OW) has been takenof both side skulls in male and female. Orbital index (OI) was calculated by OH/OW × 100= OI. All thesemeasurements are taken by digital vernier caliper.Result: Mean orbital height in male skull was 33.8 ± 1.27, while female skull was having 31.2 ± 0.98. Orbitalwidth was 42.64 ± 2.16 in male and 40.85 ± 2.08 was measured in female and the orbital index was 83.45 and77.96 in male then after in female and these all values are found to be statically highly significant. Whilecomparing the right and left sided skull the height was 32.37 ± 1.08, 30.96 ± 0.85 while breadth was 40.31 ± 2.28and 40.28 ± 2.02 and the orbital index was 80.75 ± 5.60 and 80.67 ± 5.31 founded only orbital height have highlysignificant value and width and index having nonsignifacant value.Conclusion: We can conclude by our study that right orbit and male orbits have higher values In comparison toopposite side and sex having more value. Study also tells that male skull Is categorized under mesoseme andfemale in microseme categories of north Indian populations. It is recommended that further population basedstudies be carried out in different geographical locations

Study Of Orbital Morphometry In Dry Skulls Of South Indian Origin

Introduction: The orbit is the cavity of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. Orbitaldimensions of skull vary in different races of mankind. Its dimensions are better understood by the knowledge ofthe orbital index. Normal values of orbital height, orbital width and orbital index are vital measurements inevaluation and diagnosis of craniofacial syndromes, interpretation of fossil records, skull classification inforensic medicine, anthropological investigation of unknown individuals for determining gender, ethnicity, etcand in exploring the trends in evolutionary and ethnic differencesMaterials and methods: It is a cross sectional study conducted on 100 adult dry human skulls available in theDepartment of Anatomy, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar. The orbital dimensions were measured with thehelp of Vernier caliper.Results: The mean orbital height for the right and left sides were 31.6 ± 1.8mm and 31.8 ± 1.8mm while, theirorbital width were 37.4 ± 2.1 and 37.2 ± 2.09 mm respectively. The mean orbital index was 84.49mm on right and85.48mm on left side, and can be classified as Mesoseme category.Conclusion: This study provides useful baseline orbital morphometric data of South Indian population, whichare very important during ophthalmological, plastic surgery, maxillofacial, reconstructive cosmetic surgeries offace and neurosurgeries and also in the forensic research.

A Metric Scrutiny Of The Orbital Margins

Background: The anatomical boundaries of the orbit are defined and the contribution of various bones in makingup the orbital margins is determined .Associated with this, orbital dimensions like length, breadth and theorbital index are determined along with the associated dimorphic and bilateral variations. The findings of theseterritorial specimens are analyzed and compared with similar findings from other vernacular territories. Thebilateral craniofacial structures are studied and they are dimensionally classified and characterized.Comprehensive documentation thus promulgated functions to prove vital in the conquest of dexterity in the fieldof surgery and forensic anthropometry alike. The evaluated parameters also serve as an empirical guide indiscerning tenuous sites that are susceptible to impaction and in defining the safe limits of orbital explorationResults: The study has returned an average value of 81.47 as the orbital index of the scrutinized dry skullspecimens thus placing them under the category of microseme. The average values of orbital length and breadthwere found to be 31.26mm and 38.37mm respectively. The superior margin formed exclusively by the frontalbone measured 32.7mm on average with the supraorbital notch/foramen being displaced 5.92mm from themedial limit of the superior margin. For 25.88mm, which was the average length of medial margin, maxilla stoodthe dominant contributor (13.81mm) with the frontal bone chipping in to contribute to the rest. The inferiormargin paints a contrary picture of maxilla being the secondary contributor (16.13mm) whilst here it is thezygoma which makes a greater contribution (17.29mm).Conclusion: This study hereby establishes Microseme to be the predominant orbital index of the scrutinized skullspecimens in addition to quantifying the contributions of various bones towards making up the margins.Comparative analysis with confluent such studies from other provinces of the Indian subcontinent has confirmedthe latitude variation associated with orbital index. The results thus established will be unerringly essential inthe field of surgery and forensic anthropometry

Morphometry of the Orbital Region: "Beauty Is Bought By Judgment Of The Eyes.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the orbital index which varies with race, regions, within the same race and periods in evolution. The knowledge of this index is therefore important in various aspects such as in interpretation of fossil records, skull classification in forensic medicine and in exploring the trends in evolutionary and ethnic differences. The documented ranges of this index in different nationalistic groups will assist in skull identification. Method: Sixty eight skulls were obtained from the Anatomy Department of University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi for the present study. To prevent interobserver and intraobserver error two individuals measured the parameters independently with predetermined procedures. Vernier calipers accurate to 0.1mm and a 30mm ruler were used to measure the width and height of the orbits and a tapeline was used to measure the length and width of the skull. Result: The mean orbital height was found to be 33.47 ±1.56mm and 33.65 ±1.53mm whereas the mean orbital width was 42.06 ±1.68mm and 41.87 ±1.73mm on the right and left sides respectively. The mean orbital index was 79.65 ±4.02mm and 80.49 ±4.67mm on right and left sides respectively. The mean width of the skull was 128.71±5.94mm whereas the mean height of skull was 130.96 ± 4.07mm. Data obtained was statistically analyzed. Conclusion: Comparison of results from previous studies makes it evident that there is a large variation of the anatomical characteristics of the orbital cavity, not only due to the diversity of the used parameters, but also due to ethnic differences, the different measurement method and sample size. Data collected in the present investigation could serve as data base for the quantitative description of human orbital morphology during normal growth and development considering sex and ethnic related variation.

Influence of Orbit Size and Interorbital Distance on Development and Outcome of Surgery for Intermittent Exotropia

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of orbital size and interorbital distance on the development and recurrence of intermittent exotropia. METHODS: We selected 55 intermittent exotropes(group A), 30 esotropes (group B), and 30 normal children(group C). Width and height of orbit, inner interorbital distance (IIOD), and outer interorbital distance (OIOD) in both orbits were measured with skull A-P(Anterior-Posterior) roentgenogram, and orbital index (IIOD/OIOD X 100) was calculated. The cephalometric results of the 6 recurrent exotropes and the 6 consecutive esotropes in group A were analyzed too. RESULTS: There is no significant difference in orbital height and orbital length among 3 groups. The IIOD was 25.0+/-3.86 mm in group A, 21.9+/-3.95 mm in group B, and 22.7+/-4.34 mm in group C. Mean OIOD was 100.3+/-9.75 mm in group A, 97.0+/-8.96 mm in group B, and 98.4+/-5.61 mm in group C. Orbital index was not different with the increase of age (p=0.23). It was greater in group A (25.0+/-2.79) than that in group B (22.9+/-2.66) and group C (23.1+/-2.79) (p<0.05). Orbital index of the orthophoric children after strabismus surgery in group A was 24.7+/-2.99. It was greatest in the 6 recurrent extropes (25.2+/-2.00) and was smallest in 6 the consecutive esotropes (23.5+/-1.69) CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent exotropia is more prevalenat in subjects with longer IIOD and greater OI, and esotropia is more prevalent in subjects with shorter IIOD and lower OI. The possibility of recurrence after surgery was high in patients with greater OI, and the possiibility of consecutive esotropia was high in patients with low orbital index.

Computed Tomographic Measurments of the Orbit and Proptosis in Koreans

The orbit has roughly the shape of a quadrilateral pyramid whose base corresponds to the orbital margin, and whose apex is the bar of bone between the optic foramen and the medial end of the superior orbital fissure. The orbital dimensions can be measured by plain X-ray or computed tomography. Plain X-ray of the orbit may be difficult for the non-radiologist to identify the measurement landmarks and interpret, whereas computed tomography allows more precise analysis by imaging soft tissue relationships to surrounding orbital bones. Measurement of the orbital dimensions and proptosis using CT does not only contribute to the diagnosis of specific pathologic processes, but also guide the ophthalmologist in planning appropriate medical and surgical management. One hundred and three orbital CT films of Korean adults were measured. The results were as follows: The average orbital width was 38.09 +/- 2.82mm, orbital height was 35.47 +/- 2.28mm, orbital index was 93.80 +/- 6.70, orbital depth was 42.67 +/- 3.56mm, interorbital distance was 24.97 +/- 2.25mm, extraorbital distance was 97.38 +/- 5.14mm and proptosis was 14.28 +/- 3.49mm.