Bioética en donantes en asistolia controlada

Las campañas de prevención y promoción de salud, así como los avances en las medidas terapéuticas destinadas a los pacientes neurocríticos, han logrado reducir la incidencia de pacientes con injuria encefálica aguda (IEA) que evolucionan a la muerte encefálica (ME). Sin embargo, en la mayoría de los países de América Latina, los órganos perfusibles aptos para trasplante (TX) provienen de donantes fallecidos en ME. La donación en asistolia (DA), y en particular la donación en asistolia controlada (DAC), constituye una opción aceptada y válida para la obtención de órganos que contribuiría a la disminución de las listas de espera para trasplante. Durante el proceso de DAC, se aplican conceptos con fuerte impronta bioética cuya aplicación resulta fundamental en el momento de la toma de decisiones. El presente artículo tiene el objetivo de analizar dichos conceptos con la finalidad de otorgar herramientas válidas al equipo asistencial para aquellos procesos en los que existe deliberación moral, como ocurre en la donación de órganos en asistolia controlada, considerada parte integral de los cuidados al final de la vida.

Campaigns for health prevention and promotion, along with advancements in therapeutic measures for neurocritical patients, have succeeded in reducing the incidence of patients with acute brain injury (ABI) progressing to brain death (BD). However, in most Latin American countries, suitable perfusable organs for transplantation (TX) come from deceased donors in brain death (BD). Donation after circulatory death (DCD), particularly controlled donation after circulatory death (cDCD), represents an accepted and valid option for organ procurement that would contribute to reducing transplant waiting lists. During the cDCD process, strong bioethical principles are applied, and their implementation is crucial when making decisions. The purpose of this article is to analyze these concepts, aiming to provide valid tools to the healthcare team for processes involving moral deliberation, such as controlled circulatory death organ donation, considered an integral part of end-of-life care.

As campanhas de prevenção e promoção da saúde, bem como os avanços na medidas terapêuticas voltadas para pacientes neurocríticos conseguiram reduzir a incidência de pacientes com lesão cerebral aguda que evoluem para morte encefálica (ME). No entanto, na maioria dos países latino-americanos, os órgãos que podem ser perfundidos adequados para transplante (TX) vêm de doadores falecidos em ME. A doação em assistolia e em particular a doação em assistolia controlada (DAC),é uma opção aceita e válida para a obtenção de órgãos, o que contribuiria para a redução das listas de espera para transplantes. Durante o processo DAC, são aplicados conceitos com forte cunho bioético, que são fundamentais na o momento da tomada de decisão. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar esses conceitos, com o objetivo de oferecer ferramentas válidas à equipe de saúde, para os processos em que há deliberação moral como ocorre na doação de órgãos em assistolia controlada considerada parte integrante dos cuidados de fim de vida.

Risk of skin cancer in kidney, liver and heart recipients: A nationwide population-based study in Taiwan

Background: Previous population-based studies in western countries had revealed increased skin cancer risk among transplant recipients compared to the general population. However, population-based studies in Asia on skin cancer among recipients of different transplanted organs were lacking in the literature. Aims: This study aims to estimate skin cancer risk among recipients in Taiwan, examine the association between each specific type of skin cancer and each type of transplanted organ, and compare skin cancer risk between different immunosuppressive regimens. Methods: This population-based retrospective cohort study identified 7550 patients with heart, lung, kidney or liver transplantation and 30,200 controls matched for gender, age and comorbidity index from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan between 2000 and 2015. Using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models, we estimated the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the correlation of skin cancer with organ transplantation as well as immunosuppressive regimen. Results: Organ transplant recipients in Taiwan had an increased risk of skin cancer with adjusted hazard ratios of 4.327 (95% confidence intervals 2.740–6.837, P < 0.001), with the greatest risk, observed among heart recipients (adjusted hazard ratios 6.348, 95% confidence intervals 3.080–13.088, P < 0.001). The risk of non-melanoma skin cancer and melanoma was 4.473 (95% confidence intervals 2.568–7.783, P < 0.001) and 3.324 (95% confidence intervals 1.300–8.172, P < 0.001), respectively. When comparing immunosuppressants, those with calcineurin inhibitors carried the highest risk of skin cancer (adjusted hazard ratios 4.789, 95% confidence intervals 3.033–7.569, P < 0.001), followed by those with antimetabolites (adjusted hazard ratios 4.771, 95% confidence intervals 3.025–7.541, P < 0.001). Limitations: We could not evaluate confounding behavioural risk factors of skin cancers that were not documented in the database, nor could we recognize patients’ compliance with immunosuppressants. Conclusion: Organ recipients have a greater risk of skin cancer. Clinicians should inform recipients of the importance of photoprotection and regular dermatologic follow-up

Development status of international transplantation pregnancy registration and its enlightenment for China / 中华器官移植杂志

With the continuous improvements of survival rate and quality-of-life for organ transplant recipients, the issue of pregnancy in organ transplant recipients is receiving greater attention from transplant specialists and obstetricians.Currently there are three major global registries related to transplant pregnancy, namely The United Kingdom Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS), The Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA) and The International Transplant Pregnancy Registry International (TPRI). Among them, TPRI is the most comprehensive and longest running system with a focus on the impact of pregnancy on transplant recipients and the impact of immunosuppressants on fertility and pregnancy outcomes.As the second largest organ transplant country in the world, China also has high expectations for pregnancy and fertility among transplant recipients.Therefore it is imperative to establish a pregnancy and childbirth registration office for organ transplantation in China, standardize the recording of relevant population data and conduct researches for formulating scientific guidance, providing reliable medical consultations and services for patients with pregnancy needs after organ transplantation in China.

Diagnosis and treatment strategies for solid organ transplant recipients with SARS-CoV-2 infection / 器官移植

Due to long-term use of immunosuppressive agents, solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR) belong to high-risk populations of multiple pathogenic infection, including SARS-CoV-2. In addition, SOTR are constantly complicated by chronic diseases, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus, etc. After infected with SARS-CoV-2, the critically ill rate and fatality of SOTR are higher than those of the general population, which captivates widespread attention from experts in the field of organ transplantation. Omicrone variant is currently the significant pandemic strain worldwide, rapidly spreading to more than 100 countries worldwide and causing broad concern. According to the latest international guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection and relevant expert consensus in China combined with current domestic situation of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and China's "diagnosis and treatment regimen for SARS-CoV-2 infection (Trial Version 10)", the epidemiology, clinical manifestations and prognosis, diagnosis, clinical classification and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection were briefly reviewed.

Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in solid organ transplant recipients (2023 edition) / 器官移植

Since the end of 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 infection pandemic has swept the world. Although the current SARS-CoV-2 mutants have decreased in pathogenicity and virulence compared with the original strains, and most patients have a good prognosis, the solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2. And even with vaccination, the risk of hospitalization or death is still high in SOT recipients infected with SARS-CoV-2. What's more, the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment strategy of SOT recipients infected with SARS-CoV-2 has its unique features, which needs high attention. At present, there is a lack of guidelines or consensus in the diagnosis and treatment field of SARS-CoV-2 for such a large number of SOT recipients. Therefore, referring to the "Diagnosis and treatment regimen for SARS-CoV-2 infection (Trial Version 10)" and global published literature, the writing team wrote the "Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in solid organ transplantation recipients (2023 edition)". This consensus was evidence-based written and reached by experts after multiple rounds of discussions, forming 21 recommendations, providing reference for the diagnosis and treatment of SOT recipients infected with SARS-CoV-2.

Role of fibrinogen in the attenuation of ischemia reperfusion and remote ischemic preconditioning / El papel del fibrinógeno en la atenuación de la isquemia-reperfusión y el preacondicionamiento isquémico remoto

Abstract Background: Ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common hazard involved in many human diseases, such as cerebral stroke, myocardial infarction, solid organ transplant dysfunction or failure, and vascular diseases. Understanding the molecular bases of this injury is essential for the prevention and control of these life-threatening conditions. Ischemic and remote ischemic preconditioning techniques (IPC and RIPC, respectively) have gained increasing importance in the clinical practice to protect against the IRI; however, the exact mechanisms of these techniques are not fully understood, which renders their clinical application query. Possible effectors: Nitric oxide (NO) has been reported by multiple studies to be an important mediator of the protective effects of those techniques. While the physiological concentrations of NO and fibrinogen (FB) are known to antagonize each other, the circulating levels of both effectors increase in response to RIPC. Hypothesis: While NO has potential anti-inflammatory effects, non-soluble fibrinogen (sFB) shows pro- inflammatory effects. However, the sFB may have the potential to act synergistically rather than antagonistically with NO toward the attenuation of the IRI. Conclusion: While increased FB is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular and inflammatory conditions that is also able to decrease the efflux of NO, and increase the NO oxidative metabolits and S- nitroglutathione, the increased sFB during the acute phase reaction might have other protective aspects that should be carefully investigated.

Resumen Antecedentes: La lesión por isquemia-reperfusión (LIR) es un riesgo común involucrado en muchas enfermedades humanas tales como derrame cerebral, infarto del miocardio, disfunción o falla de trasplante de órgano sólido, y enfermedades vasculares. Una comprensión de la base molecular de esta lesión es fundamental para la prevención y el control de estas enfermedades potencialmente mortales. Las técnicas de preacondicionamiento isquémico y preacondicionamiento isquémico remoto (PIR) han cobrado una creciente importancia en la práctica clínica para la protección contra la LIR, sin embargo, los mecanismos precisos de estas técnicas no se entienden plenamente, lo cual pone en duda su aplicación clínica. Posibles efectores: El óxido nítrico (ON) ha sido reportado por varios estudios como un importante mediador de los efectos protectores de estas técnicas. Si bien se sabe que las concentraciones fisiológicas del ON y fibrinógeno son antagónicas, los niveles circulantes de ambos efectores aumentan en respuesta al PIR. Hipótesis: Aunque el ON tiene posibles efectos anti-inflamatorios, el fibrinógeno insoluble muestra efectos proinflamatorios. Sin embargo, el fibrinógeno soluble puede tener el potencial de actuar de manera sinérgica en lugar de antagónica con el ON hacia la atenuación de la LIR. Conclusión: Aunque el fibrinógeno elevado se considera un factor de riesgo para las enfermedades cardiovasculares e inflamatorias, que también puede disminuir la descarga de ON y aumentar los niveles de metabolitos oxidantes del ON y de S-nitrosoglutatión, el aumento de fibrinógeno soluble durante la reacción de fase aguda puede tener otros aspectos protectores que deben ser cuidadosamente investigados.

HLA-G y su función en trasplantes de órganos sólidos / HLA-G and its role in solid organ transplants

RESUMEN El trasplante de órganos sólidos se ha considerado el fin último para algunas enfermedades crónicas en estadio terminal, sin embargo, las incompatibilidades del HLA entre el donante y el receptor pueden permitir que la alorespuesta se convierta en nociva para el órgano trasplantado, respuesta que puede ser tanto innata como adaptativa. Se ha identificado el HLA-G como una molécula natural inductora de tolerancia (28) principalmente en el embarazo y se considera una molécula del HLA clase I no clásico, sin embargo, comparte algunas características estructurales con el HLA clásico. Los genes HLA-G se caracterizan por tener un limitado polimorfismo y una distribución celular y tisular restringida al trofoblasto fetal y células del epitelio tímico entre otras. La búsqueda persistente de la tolerancia en los trasplantes de órganos ha permitido un estudio específico del HLA-G, como posibilidad terapéutica para aumentar la sobrevida tanto de los injertos como de los pacientes trasplantados, es por tal motivo que se realiza una revisión en dicha molécula para estimular la investigación y entendimiento de sus funciones.

ABSTRACT Solid organ transplantation has been considered the ultimate goal for some end-stage chronic diseases, however, HLA incompatibilities between the donor and the recipient may allow the alloresponse to become deleterious for the transplanted organ, a response that can be both innate and adaptive. HLA-G has been identified as a natural tolerance-inducing molecule (28) mainly in pregnancy and is considered a non-classical HLA class I molecule; however, it shares some structural characteristics with classic HLA. HLA-G genes are characterized by having a limited polymorphism and a cellular and tissue distribution restricted to the fetal trophoblast and thymic epithelial cells, among others. The persistent search for tolerance in organ transplants has allowed a specific study of HLA-G, as a therapeutic possibility to increase grafts and transplant patient's survival; for this reason we carried out a review ofthis molecule to stimulate research and understanding of its functions.

Liver transplant after SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review

Abstract Background: The Coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) pandemic has dramatically impacted liver organ transplantation. The American Society of Transplantation recommends a minimum of 28 days after symptom resolution for organ donation. However, the exact time for transplantation for recipients is unknown. Considering that mortality on the waiting list for patients with MELD >25 or fulminant hepatitis is higher than that of COVID-19, the best time for surgery after SARS-CoV-2 infection remains undetermined. This study aims to expand the current knowledge regarding the Liver Transplantation (LT) time for patients after COVID-19 and to provide transplant physicians with essential decision-making tools to manage these critically ill patients during the pandemic. Methods: Systematic review of patients who underwent liver transplantation after diagnosis of COVID-19. The MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane, Lilacs, Embase, and Scielo databases were searched until June 20, 2021. The MESH terms used were "COVID-19" and "Liver transplantation". Results: 558 articles were found; of these 13 articles and a total of 18 cases of COVID-19 prior to liver transplantation were reported. The mean age was 38.7±14.6, with male prevalence. Most had mild symptoms of COVID. Five patients have specific treatment for COVID-19 with convalescent plasm or remdesivir/oseltamivir, just one patient received hydroxychloroquine, and 12 patients received only symptomatic treatment. The median time between COVID-19 to LT was 19 days (13.5-44.5). Deceased donor liver transplantation accounted for 61% of cases, while living donor transplantation was 39%. Conclusion: Despite the concerns regarding the postoperative evolution, the mortality of patients with high MELD or fulminant hepatitis transplanted shortly after COVID-19 diagnosis does not seem to be higher. (PROSPERO, registration number = CRD42021261790)

Emerging and reemerging forms of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission

This review aims to update and discuss the main challenges in controlling emergent and reemergent forms of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission through organ transplantation, blood products and vertical transmission in endemic and non-endemic areas as well as emergent forms of transmission in endemic countries through contaminated food, currently representing the major cause of acute illness in several countries. As a neglected tropical disease potentially controllable with a major impact on morbimortality and socioeconomic aspects, Chagas disease (CD) was approved at the WHO global plan to interrupt four transmission routes by 2030 (vector/blood transfusion/organ transplant/congenital). Implementation of universal or target screening for CD are highly recommended in blood banks of non-endemic regions; in organ transplants donors in endemic/non-endemic areas as well as in women at risk from endemic areas (reproductive age women/pregnant women-respective babies). Moreover, main challenges for surveillance are the application of molecular methods for identification of infected babies, donor transmitted infection and of live parasites in the food. In addition, the systematic recording of acute/non-acute cases and transmission sources is crucial to establish databases for control and surveillance purposes. Remarkably, antiparasitic treatment of infected reproductive age women and infected babies is essential for the elimination of congenital CD by 2030.

Impact of COVID-19 on brain death and organ donation; a single center study in Turkey / Impacto del COVID-19 sobre la muerte cerebral y la donación de órganos; estudio de un centro en Turquía

ABSTRACT Objectives: More than 50 million people in the world have been diagnosed with COVID-19 and more than 1 million 250 thousand patients have died. With the increasing number of COVID-19 patients admitted to hospitals, problems related to non- COVID-19 patient care have emerged. Organ transplant organizations have had to adapt to this difficult time. The current and long- term impact due to the COVID-19 pandemic is an important factor to be taken into account. An important question to ask is how this outbreak has changed the organ donation process and how long it will take to address a potentially growing waiting list. Methods: We analized the effects of the pandemic COVID-19 in 2020 inTurkey between March and May. We have counted the number of brain deaths and organ donations in these months. We retrospectively compared the same months in 2019, the months before and after the pandemic in 2020, and the years 2019-2020. Results: When examined in other months, it is seen that the effect of the pandemic on brain death and organ donation continues not only in the months when the pandemic is intense, but also in other months. The total number of brain deaths in 2019 was 37, and family donations were 22; In 2020, the number of brain deaths decreased to 13, and family donations decreased to 7. This corresponds to a decrease of 64.86% and 68.18%, respectively, compared to the previous year. Conclusions: Brain death, organ onation and organ transplantation have decreased significantly with the onset of the pandemic compared to the previous years and the pre- pandemic period. Studies from different countries and regions have also shown that this decrease becomes even more pronounced where the number of cases is high.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Más de 50 millones de personas en el mundo han sido diagnosticadas con COVID-19 y más de 1 millón 250 mil pacientes han fallecido. Con el creciente número de pacientes con COVID-19 ingresados en hospitales, han surgido problemas relacionados con la atención de pacientes que no son de COVID-19. Las organizaciones de trasplantes de órganos han tenido que adaptarse a este momento difícil. El impacto actual y a largo plazo de la pandemia de COVID-19 es un factor importante a tener en cuenta. Una pregunta importante que debemos hacernos es cómo este brote ha cambiado el proceso de donación de órganos y cuánto tiempo llevará abordar una lista de espera potencialmente creciente. Material y métodos: Analizamos los efectos de la pandemia COVID-19 en 2020 en Turquía entre marzo y mayo. Hemos contado el número de muertes cerebrales y donaciones de órganos en estos meses. Comparamos retrospectivamente los mismos meses de 2019, los meses antes y después de la pandemia en 2020 y los años 2019-2020. Resultados: Cuando se examina en otros meses, se observa que el efecto de la pandemia sobre la muerte cerebral y la donación de órganos continúa no solo en los meses en que la pandemia es intensa, sino también en otros meses. El número total de muertes cerebrales en 2019 fue de 37 y las donaciones familiares fueron 22. En 2020, el número de muertes cerebrales disminuyó a 13 y las donaciones familiares disminuyeron a 7. Esto corresponde a una disminución del 64,86% y 68,18%, respectivamente, en comparación con el año anterior. Conclusiones: La muerte cerebral, la donación de órganos y el trasplante de órganos han disminuido significativamente con el inicio de la pandemia en comparación con los años anteriores y el período prepandémico. Los estudios de diferentes países y regiones también han demostrado que esta disminución se vuelve aún más pronunciada donde el número de casos es alto.

Serie de casos de trasplante hepático ortotópico del Hospital "Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia" / Case series of liver transplantation in "Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia Hospital"

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar los resultados y evolución del programa de trasplante hepático del Hospital "Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia", así como las complicaciones más frecuentes y características de las hepatopatías que llevaron a trasplante hepático. Métodos: Esta es una investigación retrospectiva que involucra la revisión de expedientes clínicos de los pacientes que recibieron un trasplante de hígado entre los años 2009 y 2018 en el Hospital "Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia" en San José, Costa Rica. Se consideraron las siguientes variables categóricas o discontinuas: edad, sexo, nacionalidad, lugar de procedencia, manifestaciones de la hepatopatía, motivo del trasplante, curso clínico postrasplante, comorbilidades, medicamentos empleados, complicaciones, resultados relevantes de exámenes de gabinete y biopsias. Los cálculos estadísticos se llevaron a cabo con paquetes estadísticos STATA, empleando como umbral de significancia estadística un valor de p menor de 0,05. Resultados: La muestra estuvo compuesta de un total de 45 cirugías de trasplante hepático y 44 pacientes que requirieron trasplante de hígado entre abril de 2009 y agosto de 2018, provenientes principalmente de la provincia de San José. El promedio de edad al momento del trasplante para la muestra total fue de 51 años. La hepatopatía que más frecuentemente llevó a trasplante fue la cirrosis etílica, seguida por esteatohepatitis no alcohólica y cirrosis criptogénica. Las complicaciones de la hepatopatía documentadas previo al trasplante: várices esofágicas, sangrado digestivo alto y síndrome hepatorenal. De los pacientes incluidos en el estudio fallecieron 10 en total, lo cual equivale a 22.7%. Conclusiones: La mortalidad observada en los casos de trasplante hepático analizados fue de 22,7%, la mayoría de los casos fueron llevados a trasplante por hepatopatía relacionada con cirrosis etílica, esteatohepatitis y cirrosis criptogénica.

Abstract Objective. To analyze the outcomes, most frequent complications and characteristics of the patients enrolled in the Liver Transplant Program from the Hospital "Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia". Methods: This is a retrospective investigation that involves the revision of clinical records from the patients that received a liver transplant between the years 2009 and 2018 in the Hospital "Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia". The following variables were considered: age, gender, nationality, city of residence, manifestations of the liver disease, reason for the liver transplant, clinical outcomes after transplant, comorbidities, medication received, important laboratory results and biopsies. The data analysis was performed with STATA, using a statistic significance threshold of a p < 0.05. Results: The sample was composed of a total of 45 liver transplant surgeries and 44 patients who received a liver transplant between the years 2009 and 2018. The patients mostly came from the city of San José. The average age at the time of the surgery was 51 years. The most common liver disease that led to transplant was alcoholic cirrhosis, followed by NASH and cryptogenic cirrhosis. The most common complications of the liver disease documented prior to transplant where esophageal varices, gastrointestinal bleeding and hepatic-renal syndrome. 10 of the patients included in the study died, which corresponds to 22.7% of the sample. Conclusions: The mortality observed in the liver transplant cases analyzed was 22.7%, most of the cases were taken to transplantation due to liver disease related to alcoholic cirrhosis, steatohepatitis and cryptogenic cirrhosis.

Diagnostic value of detection of pathogens in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by metagenomics next-generation sequencing in organ transplant patients with pulmonary infection / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic value of metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in detecting pathogens in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) for pulmonary infection in solid organ transplant patients in intensive care unit (ICU).Methods:A retrospective study was conducted, the BALF samples from 46 patients with post organ transplant pneumonia/suspected pneumonia admitted to the Department of Critical Care Medicine of the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China from August 2018 to August 2021 were collected, all tested by simultaneous mNGS and conventional comprehensive microbial test (CMT), and the results of CMT were used as the reference standard to compare the differences in the diagnostic value of mNGS and CMT for pulmonary infections in solid organ transplant patients, and to analyze the diagnostic value of mNGS for mixed infections.Results:① Pneumonia pathogens: a total of 31 pathogens were detected in 35 patients, including bacteria (16 species), fungi (9 species) and viruses (6 species). Among them, 25 pathogens were detected by mNGS and CMT, and only 19 pathogens were detected by mNGS. Among the microorganisms isolated by mNGS method, the detection rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae were higher [51.4%(18/35), 42.9% (15/35), 31.4% (11/35), respectively]; Candida albicans, Aspergillus and Pneumocystis carinii were the most commonly detected fungi [31.4% (11/35), 22.9% (8/35), 22.9% (8/35), respectively]; 20 patients were positive for the virus, and the most commonly detected viruses were cytomegalovirus, herpesvirus and EB virus [28.6% (10/35), 20.0% (7/35), 17.1% (6/35), respectively]. In addition, one case of Brucella was detected by mNGS.② Diagnostic efficiency: as far as bacterial detection is concerned, 20 cases of negative results were obtained by CMT detection of 35 samples included in the study, and a total of 10 cases of positive results were obtained by mNGS detection of negative samples; the percentage of mNGS positive samples was significantly higher than that of CMT positive samples [odds ratio ( OR) = 5.5, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.2-24.8, P = 0.02]. When compared with CMT, the sensitivity and specificity of mNGS were 93.3% and 50.0%, and the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 58.3%, 91.1%. As far as fungal detection was concerned, there was no significant difference in the percentage of positive samples between the two methods ( OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 0.5-4.2, P = 0.60); the sensitivity and specificity of mNGS were 72.2% and 64.7%, and the PPV and NPV were 68.4%, 68.8%; CMT test of the 35 included samples produced 17 negative results, and mNGS test of the negative samples produced 6 positive results. A total of 20 patients tested positive for the virus by mNGS. In addition, 23 patients (65.7%) were diagnosed with pulmonary mixed infection. Conclusion:The use of mNGS to detect pathogens in BALF can improve the sensitivity and specificity of bacterial identification of pulmonary infection in critically ill organ transplant patients, and mNGS has obvious advantages in detecting virus and identifying mixed infections.

Ethical and Legal Considerations on Organ Procurement from Executed Prisoners in China / Consideraciones éticas y legales sobre la obtención de órganos de presos ejecutados en China / Considerações Éticas e Legais sobre Obtenção de Órgãos de Prisioneiros Executados na China

Abstract In the past several decades, due to the severe shortage of transplantable organs, organ procurement from executed prisoners have been used to transplant organs, which goes against international ethics standards. As of January 2015, China phased out the use of executed prisoner organs and embarked on its transplant reform. Since then, many efforts have been made to meet the international ethics guidelines on organ transplants. In this study, we aim to elaborate on the status quo of organ procurement from executed prisoners from the perspective of ethics and law. Although China has made great progress in organ donation and transplantation, some Western transplant surgeons and bioethicists still hold outdated views on organ donation and transplantation in China, which will not bring any benefits to its development and will alienate it from the international transplant community. In this study, we propose that both the international transplant society and Chinese transplant community, with mutual cooperation and trust, should jointly make efforts to advance the development of organ donation and transplantation in China.

Resumen En las últimas décadas, debido a la grave escasez de órganos trasplantables, la obtención de órganos de presos ejecutados se ha utilizado para trasplantar órganos, lo que contraviene las normas éticas internacionales. A partir de enero de 2015, China eliminó gradualmente el uso de órganos de prisioneros ejecutados y se embarcó en su reforma de trasplantes. Desde entonces, se han realizado muchos esfuerzos para cumplir con las directrices éticas internacionales sobre trasplantes de órganos. En este estudio, nuestro objetivo es profundizar en el status quo de la obtención de órganos de presos ejecutados desde la perspectiva de la ética y la ley. Aunque China ha logrado un gran progreso en la donación y el trasplante de órganos, algunos cirujanos de trasplantes y bioéticos occidentales todavía tienen opiniones obsoletas sobre la donación y el trasplante de órganos en China, lo que no traerá ningún beneficio para su desarrollo y lo alejará de la comunidad internacional de trasplantes. En este estudio, proponemos que tanto la sociedad internacional de trasplantes como la comunidad china de trasplantes, con cooperación y confianza mutuas, deben hacer esfuerzos conjuntos para avanzar en el desarrollo de la donación y el trasplante de órganos en China.

Resumo Nas últimas décadas, devido à grave escassez de órgãos transplantáveis, a obtenção de órgãos de prisioneiros executados tem sido usada para o transplante de órgãos, o que vai contra padrões éticos internacionais. A partir de janeiro de 2015, a China eliminou o uso de órgãos de prisioneiros executados e lançou sua reforma em transplantes. Desde então, muitos esforços foram feitos para satisfazer diretrizes éticas internacionais sobre transplantes de órgãos. Nesse estudo, nós pretendemos estudar o status quo da obtenção de órgãos de prisioneiros executados desde uma perspectiva da ética e da lei. Embora a China tenha feito grandes progressos em doação e transplante de órgãos, alguns cirurgiões de transplantes e bioeticistas ocidentais ainda mantém visões desatualizadas sobre doação e transplante de órgãos na China, as quais não trarão quaisquer benefícios para seu desenvolvimento e irão aliená-las da comunidade de transplantes internacional. Nesse estudo, nós propomos que tanto a sociedade de transplante internacional e a comunidade de transplante chinesa, com cooperação e confiança mútuas, deveriam empreender esforços conjuntos para avançar o desenvolvimento de doação e transplante de órgãos na China.

COVID-19 in solid organ transplantation patients: A systematic review

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) rapidly progresses to severe acute respiratory syndrome. This review aimed at collating available data on COVID-19 infection in solid organ transplantation (SOT) patients. We performed a systematic review of SOT patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The MEDLINE and PubMed databases were electronically searched and updated until April 20, 2020. The MeSH terms used were "COVID-19" AND "Transplant." Thirty-nine COVID-19 cases were reported among SOT patients. The median interval for developing SARS-CoV-2 infection was 4 years since transplantation, and the fatality rate was 25.64% (10/39). Sixteen cases were described in liver transplant (LT) patients, and the median interval since transplantation was 5 years. The fatality rate among LT patients was 37.5% (6/16), with death occurring more than 3 years after LT. The youngest patient who died was 59 years old; there were no deaths among children. Twenty-three cases were described in kidney transplant (KT) patients. The median interval since transplantation was 4 years, and the fatality rate was 17.4% (4/23). The youngest patient who died was 71 years old. Among all transplant patients, COVID-19 had the highest fatality rate in patients older than 60 years : LT, 62.5% vs 12.5% (p=0.006); KT 44.44% vs 0 (p=0.039); and SOT, 52.94% vs 4.54% (p=0.001). This study presents a novel description of COVID-19 in abdominal SOT recipients. Furthermore, we alert medical professionals to the higher fatality risk in patients older than 60 years. (PROSPERO, registration number=CRD42020181299)

Posttransplant epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma: A case report

Epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma (EIMS) is a rare entity and a novel variant of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT), usually seen in children and nonsmoking young adults. Their occurrence in a posttransplant setting is still rare. These tumors are characterized by prominent epithelioid morphology, large histiocytoid “Reed Sternberg”-like cell, unique pattern of ALK immuno-reactivity, and aggressive clinical behavior. Their etiology and metastatic potential is controversial. In a post-transplant setting, many factors such as trauma, infections with EBV, HIV, Hepatitis C, mycobacteria, fungus, and chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression have been implicated in their etiology. We present the case of a 2-year-old female child who developed multiple omental and mesenteric tumor nodules, 8 months post liver transplant for progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC). Following a histopathological diagnosis of “mesenchymal neoplasm of possible malignant nature” on a trucut biopsy and frozen section, tumor debulking was performed. A final histological diagnosis of EMIS was made on the completely resected tumor. The patient remains in remission nearly 7 months after presentation, without any follow-up systemic chemotherapy. IMT after a solid organ transplant is rare, only 5 cases have been reported in the literature until now. Similar phenomenon has also been noted with hematopoietic stem cell transplant. However, to our knowledge, this case of EMIS in a post liver transplant patient is first of its kind.

Evolución de la legislación brasileña sobre donación y trasplante de órganos / Evolution of the Brazilian legislation on organ donation and transplantation / Evolução da legislação brasileira sobre doação e transplante de órgãos

Resumen: El trasplante de órganos representa uno de los capítulos más exitosos en la historia de la salud mundial. Esta práctica terapéutica ya no es asociada, como otrora, al riesgo del procedimiento, sino a la oportunidad de ofrecer una nueva vida al receptor. El trasplante depende de la aceptación de la donación de órganos que, por involucrar aspectos relacionados con la vida y la muerte, implica dilemas éticos que estimulan la formulación de normas a su respecto. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo reflexionar sobre la evolución de la legislación brasileña que regula el Sistema Nacional de Trasplantes en lo que se refiere al proceso donación-trasplante, teniendo como foco los aspectos bioéticos asociados a la temática. Se identificó que la comprensión de la legislación en materia de salud propicia una actuación basada en los derechos fundamentales y la dignidad humana por parte del profesional de la salud. Desde esta perspectiva, es esencial que los profesionales de la salud posean, además de conocimientos técnicos, conocimientos jurídicos y comprensión de las normas existentes y su evolución, con el fin de garantizar los derechos fundamentales de las personas.

Abstract: Organ transplantation represents one of the most successful chapters in the history of world health. This therapeutic practice is no longer associated, as once, with the risk of the procedure, but with the opportunity to offer a new life to the recipient. The transplant depends on the acceptance of the donation of organs that, by involving aspects related to life and death, implies ethical dilemmas that stimulate the formulation of norms in this regard. This study aimed to reflect on the evolution of Brazilian legislation that regulates the National Transplant System in regard to the donation-transplant process, focusing on the bioethical aspects associated with the subject. It was identified that the understanding of health legislation encourages action based on fundamental rights and human dignity by the health professional. From this perspective, it is essential that health professionals possess, in addition to technical knowledge, legal knowledge and understanding of existing norms and their evolution, in order to guarantee the fundamental rights of people.

Resumo: O transplante de órgãos representa um dos capítulos de mais sucesso na história da saúde mundial. Essa prática terapêutica já não é associada, como antes, ao risco do procedimento, mas, sim, à oportunidade de oferecer uma nova vida ao receptor. O transplante depende da aceitação da doação de órgãos que, por envolver aspectos relacionados com a vida e a morte, implica dilemas éticos que estimulam a formulação de normas a seu respeito. Este estudo teve como objetivo refletir sobre a evolução da legislação brasileira que regula o Sistema Nacional de Transplante no que se refere ao processo doação-transplante, tendo como foco os aspectos bioéticos associados à temática. Identificou-se que o entendimento da legislação em matéria de saúde propicia uma atuação baseada nos direitos fundamentais e na dignidade humana por parte do profissional da saúde. A partir dessa perspectiva, é essencial que os profissionais da saúde possuam, além de conhecimentos técnicos, conhecimentos jurídicos e entendimento das normas existentes e sua evolução, com o fim de garantir os direitos fundamentais das pessoas.

Research on hand health intervention strategy of organ transplant ICU medica personnel / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To investigate the impact of WHO multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategy (MHHIS) on improving hand hygiene compliance of medical staff of organ transplant ICU.@*Methods@#According to the WHO MHHIS, the hand hygiene compliance and correctness before and after intervention of the medical staff was investigated by using double covert observation method from January 2017 to December 2017. The intervention methods included strengthening education and training, improving hand-washing facilities, setting up hand hygiene reminders, adopting feedback mechanisms, and implementing the PDCA cycle. SPSS software was used to statistically analyze the data before and after the intervention.@*Results@#After the intervention, the rates of compliance and correct hand hygiene of organ transplant ICU medical personnel improved from 22.63%(86/380) and 53.49%(46/86) before intervention to 59.31%(309/521) and 79.94%(247/309) after intervention respectively (χ2=120.060,24.566, P<0.01). The rates of compliance of doctors, nurses, interns, and care workers improved from20.45%(9/44),23.53%(68/289), 21.88%(7/32), and 13.33%(2/15) to 44.83%(26/58), 61.85%(167/270), 66.94%(83/124), and 58.62%(34/58), the differences were statistically significant (χ2=6.594-84.133, P<0.05 or 0.01). The difference in the correct rate of hand hygiene between nurses and care workers was statistically significant (χ2=19.541,10.588,P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the correct rate of hand hygiene between doctors and interns (χ2=1.353, 0.177, P>0.05). The compliance rate of hand hygiene was 15.38%(22/143), 9.90%(11/111), 27.27%(9/33), 26.97%(41/152), 18.26%(21/115), respectively, before the intervention before the patients, before the aseptic operation, after exposure to the blood body fluid, after contact with the patients, and after contact with the surrounding environment. After the intervention, they were 47.59%(79/166), 38.46%(50/130), 65.82%(52/79), 73.04%(168/230), 61.25%(98/160), the difference was statistically significant (χ2=13.948-78.393, P<0.01 The average daily consumption per day of the department's hand-dried hand sanitizers and antibacterial soaps increased from 4.54 ml and 2.59 ml before intervention to 6.48 ml and 4.15 ml after intervention.@*Conclusions@#The WHO MHHIS can effectively improve the hand hygiene compliance of the medical personnel of organ transplant ICU.

Research on hand health intervention strategy of organ transplant ICU medica personnel / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate the impact of WHO multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategy (MHHIS) on improving hand hygiene compliance of medical staff of organ transplant ICU. Methods According to the WHO MHHIS, the hand hygiene compliance and correctness before and after intervention of the medical staff was investigated by using double covert observation method from January 2017 to December 2017. The intervention methods included strengthening education and training, improving hand-washing facilities, setting up hand hygiene reminders, adopting feedback mechanisms, and implementing the PDCA cycle. SPSS software was used to statistically analyze the data before and after the intervention. Results After the intervention, the rates of compliance and correct hand hygiene of organ transplant ICU medical personnel improved from 22.63% (86/380) and 53.49% (46/86) before intervention to 59.31% (309/521) and 79.94% (247/309) after intervention respectively (χ2＝120.060, 24.566﹐P<0.01). The rates of compliance of doctors, nurses, interns, and care workers improved from 20.45% (9/44),23.53% (68/289), 21.88% (7/32), and 13.33% (2/15) to 44.83% (26/58), 61.85% (167/270), 66.94%(83/124), and 58.62%(34/58), the differences were statistically significant (χ2＝6.594-84.133, P<0.05 or 0.01). The difference in the correct rate of hand hygiene between nurses and care workers was statistically significant (χ2＝19.541,10.588,P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the correct rate of hand hygiene between doctors and interns (χ2＝1.353, 0.177, P＞0.05). The compliance rate of hand hygiene was 15.38% (22/143), 9.90% (11/111), 27.27% (9/33), 26.97% (41/152), 18.26% (21/115), respectively, before the intervention before the patients, before the aseptic operation, after exposure to the blood body fluid, after contact with the patients, and after contact with the surrounding environment. After the intervention, they were 47.59 %(79/166), 38.46%(50/130), 65.82%(52/79), 73.04%(168/230), 61.25% (98/160), the difference was statistically significant (χ2＝13.948-78.393, P<0.01 The average daily consumption per day of the department's hand-dried hand sanitizers and antibacterial soaps increased from 4.54 ml and 2.59 ml before intervention to 6.48 ml and 4.15 ml after intervention. Conclusions The WHO MHHIS can effectively improve the hand hygiene compliance of the medical personnel of organ transplant ICU.

Polémicas actuales sobre donación y el trasplante de órganos desde una perspectiva bioética

Introducción: En el trasplante de órganos convergen prácticamente la totalidad de los problemas éticos de la medicina, por lo que se le ha llegado a considerar un micromodelo bioético. Objetivo: Valorar las polémicas actuales en la donación y el trasplante de órganos desde una perspectiva bioética. Método: Se realizó una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica en los diferentes sitios de internet que nos permitió seleccionar y estratificar la información para una mejor comprensión. Resultados: Se abordan aspectos relacionados con la muerte encefálica, el consentimiento informado, la recepción de los órganos, el trasplante de tejido fetal y las posiciones de las diferentes religiones en relación a este proceso. Conclusiones: En todos los procedimientos de obtención, asignación de órganos para trasplante y en la selección de receptores existen dilemas bioéticos por lo que los principios éticos de beneficencia, no maleficencia, justicia y autonomía deben ser contemplados.

Introduction: In the transplantation of organs virtually all the ethical problems of medicine converge, so it has been considered a bioethical micromodel. Objective: To assess the current controversies in donation and organ transplantation from a bioethical perspective. Method: An exhaustive bibliographic review was carried out in the different internet sites that allowed us to select and stratify the information for a better understanding. Results: Aspects related to brain death, informed consent, organ reception, fetal tissue transplantation and the positions of different religions in relation to this process are addressed. Conclusions: In all the procedures for obtaining, assigning organs for transplantation and in the selection of recipients there are bioethical dilemmas, so the ethical principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, justice and autonomy must be contemplated.

Introdução: No transplante de órgãos praticamente todos os problemas éticos da medicina convergem, sendo considerado um micromodelo bioético. Objetivo: Avaliar as controvérsias atuais sobre doação e transplante de órgãos sob uma perspectiva bioética. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica exaustiva nos diferentes sites da internet que nos permitiu selecionar e estratificar as informações para melhor compreensão. Resultados: São abordados aspectos relacionados à morte encefálica, consentimento informado, recepção de órgãos, transplante de tecido fetal e posições de diferentes religiões em relação a esse processo. Conclusões: Em todos os procedimentos de obtenção, designação de órgãos para transplante e seleção de receptores existem dilemas bioéticos, devendo ser contemplados os princípios éticos de beneficência, não maleficência, justiça e autonomia.

Ethical disputes over living organ transplant and the applicable solutions to these disputes in China / Disputas éticas sobre el trasplante de órganos vivos y soluciones aplicables a esta disputas en China / Disputas éticas sobre transplante de órgãos vivos e as soluções aplicáveis a estas disputas na China

Objectives: In this study, we examine the ethical issues concerning living organ transplant in China. We attempt to review and analyze the ethical disputes that the living organ transplant faces in China and try to find applicable solutions to these disputes. Design: Ethical Analysis. Setting: Living organ transplant in China. Results: The ideal approaches to solving the ethical disputes involve (1) preventing disease, strengthening physical fitness, and improving the health of the national citizen; (2) encouraging the citizens to donate their organs after death; and (3) developing new technologies for organ transplant. Realistic approaches to addressing the ethical disputes over the living organ transplant include choosing the lesser of two evils, reducing the harm to the donor as much as possible and improving the transplant quality. Conclusions: The living organ transplant in China is an expedient measure instead of an ideal option and should be conducted under strict laws and regulations.

Objetivos: Neste estudo, examinamos as questões éticas relativas ao transplante de órgãos vivos na China. Vamos tentar rever e analisar os conflitos éticos que o transplante de órgãos vivos enfrenta na China e tentar encontrar soluções aplicáveis a estas disputas. Projeto: Análise ética. Configuração: Transplante de órgão vivo na China. Resultados: As abordagens ideais para resolver os conflitos éticos envolvem (1) prevenção de doenças, fortalecimento da aptidão física e melhora da saúde do cidadão nacional; (2) incentivar os cidadãos a doar seus órgãos após a morte; e (3) desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias para transplante de órgão. Abordagens realistas para enfrentar as disputas éticas sobre o transplante de órgão vivos incluem escolher o menor de dois males, reduzindo o dano ao doador o máximo possível e melhorar a qualidade do transplante. Conclusões: Transplantes de órgãos vivos na China é uma medida conveniente ao invés de uma opção ideal e deve ser conduzida sob estritas leis e regulamentos.

O artigo traz à discussão a compreensão atual do comportamento ecológico do ser humano, a partir de uma relação de dominação utilitária do ambiente em contraste com a sua compreensão do ponto de vista ecológico, a qual responde a um modelo natural que faz parte de relações de seu funcionamento no ecossistema. A este respeito, é colocado em discussão o paradigma de crise ambiental, em que tal comportamento supõe um problema grave da sociedade. Para os autores, a questão está intimamente ligada ao sistema produtivo e econômico que promove a artificialização do ser humano, criando falsas necessidades que, por meio de seu consumo, garantam a sustentabilidade do modelo econômico. É realizada uma reflexão crítica a partir da educação, no sentido de uma nova compreensão do comportamento humano, cuja perspectiva ecológica impulsiona novas relações ecossistêmicas baseadas na cooperação.