Effects of stereoscopic traction on photosynthetic characteristics, yield, and quality of Codonopsis pilosula under organic cultivation / 中国中药杂志

To solve the serious problem of stem and leaf shading in the middle and late stage of traditional flat planting of Codonopsis pilosula, this study analyzed the effects of different stereoscopic traction heights on the photosynthetic characteristics and growth of C. pilosula and explored the optimal traction height to improve the yield and quality of C. pilosula. The experiment designed three stereo-scopic traction heights [H1(60 cm), H2(90 cm), and H3(120 cm)] with natural growth without traction as the control(CK). The results showed that the increase in stereoscopic traction heights broadened the growth space of stems and leaves of C. pilosula, enhanced the ventilation effect, significantly increased the average daily net photosynthetic rate of C. pilosula, promoted the absorption of intercellular CO_2, decreased the transpiration rate, and reduced the evaporation of water. Moreover, it effectively avoided the problem of weakened photosynthesis, maintained the carbon balance of individual plants, and promoted the growth and development of the C. pilosula roots. In terms of the seed yield of C. pilosula, it was ranked as H2>H1>H3>CK. To be specific, H1 increased by 213.41% compared with CK, H2 increased by 282.43% compared with CK, and H3 increased by 133.95% compared with CK. The yield and quality of C. pilosula were the highest in the H3 treatment group, with the fresh yield of 6 858.33 kg·hm~(-2), 50.59% higher than CK, dry yield of 2 398.33 kg·hm~(-2), 76.54% higher than CK, and lobetyolin content of 0.56 mg·g~(-1), 45.22% higher than CK. Therefore, the stereoscopic traction height has a great influence on the photosynthetic characteristics, yield, and quality of C. pilosula. Particularly, the yield and quality of C. pilosula can be optimized and improved in the traction height treatment of H3(120 cm). This planting method is worth popularizing and applying in the cultivated management of C. pilosula.

Molecular diagnosis of the curly lettuce parasitic contamination from hydroponic cultivation from supermarkets / Diagnóstico molecular da contaminação parasitária de alface crespa de cultivo hidropônico em supermercados

Abstract The consumption of vegetables has increased in recent years due to the search for a healthier diet that is rich in fiber and has fewer calories. To assess the parasitic contamination of lettuce sold in markets, a survey of parasites was carried out from a supermarket chain in the city of Londrina, Paraná. A total of thirty samples of lettuce were purchased in the ten markets visited, three in each, of which ten were conventionally cultivated, ten were hydroponically cultivated, and ten were organically cultivated. All samples were analyzed using the sedimentation methods of Hoffman, Pons and Janer and the fluctuation method of Faust and colleagues and Willis with adaptations. In addition, the samples were subjected to DNA extraction by a commercial kit and polymerase chain reaction to detect Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp., which are protozoa that cause food and waterborne parasitic outbreaks. All samples were negative for sedimentation and flotation techniques. One of the hydroponically cultivated samples was positive for T. gondii. The results demonstrate the risk of curly lettuce contamination from hydroponic cultivation and the need for proper cleaning of these foods before consumption.

Resumo O consumo de vegetais aumentou nos últimos anos devido à busca de uma dieta mais saudável, rica em fibras e com menos calorias. Para avaliar a contaminação parasitária de alface vendida nos mercados, foi realizado um levantamento de parasitas em vegetais folhosos de uma cadeia de supermercados da cidade de Londrina, Paraná. Um total de 30 amostras foram compradas nos dez mercados visitados, três em cada, dos quais dez foram convencionalmente cultivados, dez cultivados hidroponicamente e dez foram cultivados organicamente. Todas as amostras foram analisadas, usando-se os métodos de sedimentação de Hoffman, Pons e Janer e o método de flutuação de Faust e colaboradores e Willis com adaptações. Além disso, as amostras foram submetidas à extração de DNA por um kit comercial e reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para detectar Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp., que são protozoários causadores de surtos transmitidos pela água e alimentos. Todas as amostras foram negativas para técnicas de sedimentação e flutuação. Uma das amostras cultivadas hidroponicamente foi positiva para T. gondii. Os resultados demonstram o risco de contaminação por alface crespa do cultivo hidropônico e a necessidade de limpeza adequada desses alimentos antes do consumo.

Morphological Characteristics of Some Pepper Genotypes (Capsicum annuum L.) Grown in Conventional and Organic Agricultural Systems: Comparative Analysis

Long-term research in pepper organic production are scarce in Republic of Macedonia. Plant and fruit morphological traits of important pepper varieties organically produced were compared to pepper produced in conventional systems. Conceivably, this is the first morphological traits comparative study of locally important pepper genotypes (Capsicum annuum L.) in Republic of Macedonia in organic and conventional open-field production. The aim of the research is to determine the differences in pepper morphological traits when produced organically in comparison to conventional production. Eight plants and fruits were used for morphological traits determination of plant and fruit in six locally important pepper genotypes (Strumicka Kapija, Strumicka Vezena, Piran, Zupska Rana, Duga Bela and Kurtovska Kapija) grown in an organic and conventional production system. The traits number or branches per plant, fruit width and fruit index were significantly affected by the production manner resulting in less branches per plant, lower fruit width and lower fruit index in organic production. The traits fruit weight, pericarp thickness and fruit flesh percentage, which are the most important for pepper crop yield and utilisation of pepper fruits were not significantly affected by the production practice. Organic production has limited influence on pepper plant and fruit traits, but not in a manner to decrease the production, which generally is the main fear of conversion from conventional to organic production in vegetables. Appropriate selection of pepper varieties with application of suitable cultivation and management practices can contribute to successful organic production resulting in high quality pepper production.

Vitamin C and Total Antioxidant Content in Pepper Fruits (Capsicum annuum L.): Comparative Analysis of Peppers Grown in Conventional and Organic Agricultural Systems

Up-to-date, there is no methodical and long-term research on fruit quality and nutritional characteristics of peppers grown in organic production system in Republic of Macedonia. Still, there are debates in broad sense about the advantage of organic vegetable production compared to conventional one in terms of quality characteristics. Led by this idea, this research was conducted with an aim to study vitamin C content and total antioxidant content in fruits of six pepper genotypes as most important fruit quality characteristics and to determine if there are differences in fruit quality properties between those grown in organic and conventional production system. Fruits of six different pepper genotypes Strumicka Kapija, Strumicka Vezena, Piran, Zupska Rana, Duga Bela and Kurtovska Kapija cultivated in organic and conventional production systems were used for determination of vitamin C and total antioxidant content. The extraction of vitamin C and total antioxidants were performed in a plant tissue extractor with orthophosphoric acid and methanol as extracting reagents, respectively. Vitamin C content was determined by HPLC instrument, while total antioxidant content was measured with potentionstat instrument. The genotype Strumicka Kapija was characterized with the highest content of vitamin C in both cultivation systems. In all genotypes under study, except Zupska Rana, the vitamin C content was higher in fruits from organic production as compared to pepper fruits from the conventional system. Generally, the total antioxidant content in pepper fruits from the conventional system was averagely lower than the total antioxidant content measured in pepper fruits from the organic production system. These findings are a prove that production system is very important for the fruit quality characteristic and the organic production of peppers results with production of fruits with higher content of vitamin C and antioxidants compared to conventional ones, therefore organic peppers give more nutrition and health benefits to consumers.

Green manuring with Calotropis procera for the production of coriander in two growing seasons / Adubação verde com Calotropis procera na produção de coentro em duas épocas de cultivo

ABSTRACT The use of spontaneous species of the Caatinga biome can contribute significantly to the nutritional demand of vegetable crops, thereby providing an agroecological and sustainable form of production. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of different biomasses of Calotropis procera (rooster tree) and times of incorporation into the soil of green manure during two growing seasons on the agronomic performance of coriander cv. Verdão produced in Serra Talhada, a semi-arid region of Pernambuco, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replications. The treatments were arranged in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with the first factor consisting of biomass amounts of C. procera (5.4, 8.8, 12.2 and 15.6 t ha-1 on a dry basis) and the second by the incorporation times into the soil (0, 10, 20 and 30 days before coriander planting). The evaluated characteristics were plant height, number of stems per plant, yield of green mass and dry mass of shoot. The best productive performance of coriander was observed in amounts of 12.2 (spring) and 8.8 (autumn-winter) t ha-1 C. procera added to the soil, with an ideal incorporation time of 13 (spring) and 23 (autumn-winter) days before sowing of the crop and with larger accumulations of green and dry mass of the shoot being obtained in autumn-winter.

RESUMO O uso de espécies espontâneas do bioma Caatinga pode contribuir de forma significativa no suprimento nutricional demandado pelas hortaliças, sendo uma forma agroecológica e sustentável de produção. O objetivo da pesquisa foi determinar os efeitos de quantidades de biomassa de Calotropis procera (flor-de-seda), de tempos de incorporação ao solo do adubo verde e de duas épocas de cultivo sobre o desempenho agronômico do coentro cv. Verdão produzido em Serra Talhada, semiárido de Pernambuco, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com o primeiro fator constituído por quantidades de biomassa de C. procera (5,4; 8,8; 12,2 e 15,6 t ha-1 em base seca), e o segundo pelos tempos de incorporação ao solo (0, 10, 20 e 30 dias antes do plantio do coentro). As características avaliadas foram altura de plantas, número de hastes por planta, rendimento de massa verde e massa seca da parte aérea. O melhor desempenho produtivo do coentro foi observado nas quantidades 12,2 (primavera) e 8,8 (outono-inverno) t ha-1 de C. procera adicionada ao solo, com um tempo ideal de incorporação de 13 (primavera) e 23 (outono-inverno) dias antes da semeadura da cultura e com maiores acúmulos de massas verde e seca da parte aérea sendo obtidos no outono-inverno.

Sprout density for the production of organic mini-cabbage from mother plant regrowth / Densidade de brotos para a produção de mini-repolho orgânico do rebrota da planta mãe

ABSTRACT: The method of producing organic mini-cabbages from regrowth of mother-plant was initiated at the Unidade de Referência em Agroecologia of the Incaper in 2013, possibly acting as an efficient alternative for the obtainment of cabbages with a more adequate average weight for the desires of the modern consumer. The aim of this study was to define sprout density in the mother plant, which allows better productivity and commercial standards for organic mini-cabbages. The experiment was developed during the period from September to November 2015, using the F1 Shinsei hybrid, in a design with randomized blocks, with five replications. Sprout density was determined following thinning, constituting the following treatments: two, three, four, five and six sprouts per plant. Best management of sprouts was the technique with four sprouts per plant, since it allowed greater productivity (52,997kg ha-1) and a greater number of commercial heads, together with a commercial standard of heads with average weight (414g) and median diameter (8.8cm) adequate for the standards demanded by the consumer.

RESUMO: A técnica de produção de mini-repolhos orgânicos por rebrota da planta-mãe foi iniciada na Unidade de Referência em Agroecologia do Incaper, no ano de 2013, podendo ser uma alternativa eficiente para obtenção de repolhos com peso médio mais apropriado ao desejo do consumidor moderno. O objetivo deste trabalho foi definir a densidade de brotos da planta-mãe, que permita melhor produtividade e padrão comercial de mini-repolhos orgânicos. O experimento foi desenvolvido no período de setembro a novembro de 2015, utilizando-se o híbrido F1 Shinsei, no delineamento de blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. As densidades de brotos foram estabelecidas após desbastes, constituindo os seguintes tratamentos: dois, três, quatro, cinco e seis brotos por planta. O melhor manejo de rebrotas foi a condução com quatro brotos por planta, pois permitiu maior produtividade (52.997kg ha-1) e maior número de cabeças comerciais, aliados a um padrão comercial de cabeças com peso médio (414g) e diâmetro médio (8,8cm) adequados aos padrões exigidos pelo consumidor.

Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares, biomassa e atividade microbiana de solo sob banana, braquiária e degradado / Abuscular mycorrhizal fungi, microbial soil biomass and activity under banana, brachiaria and degraded soil / Hongos micorrízicos arbusculares, actividad y biomasa microbiana en suelo cultivado con banana, brachiaria y degradado

O uso e manejo adequado do solo podem ser medidos por meio de bio-indicadores de qualidade do solo. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar a densidade de esporos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs), carbono da biomassa microbiana do solo (C-BMS), respiração basal do solo (RBS) e quociente metabólico (qCO2) de áreas com cultivo orgânico com banana e com braquiária sem pastejo, comparativamente com uma área próxima degradada com palmeiras imperiais em Umuarama, PR. O solo foi coletado na profundidade de 0-10 cm com 4 repetições em cada área e analisadas em duplicata no laboratório. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey (p ? 0,05), usando o programa SPSS v.16. A densidade de esporos de FMAs foi significantemente menor na área degrada. O C-BMS foi significantemente maior na área com braquiária, comparativamente com o solo cultivado com banana e degradado. Na área com banana o C-BMS foi maior que na área degradada. A análise química do solo revelou na área degradada apresentou baixo teor de fósforo, carbono, cálcio e potássio, o que pode ter contribuído para o baixo C-BMS, devido ao estresse elevado neste solo. Não houve diferença significativa na RBS entre as áreas, mas o qCO2 foi significantemente maior no solo degradado, indicando novamente um nível de estresse elevado neste solo. Manejo e uso adequado do solo como o cultivo orgânico de bananas e/ou braquiária aumentou a densidade de esporos de FMAs e C-BMS, além disso, diminuiu o qCO2 comparado com a área degradada.(AU)

The sustainable use and management of soil can be measured using soil quality bioindicators. The objectives of this study were to determine arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spore density, carbon in soil microbial biomass (MB-C), soil basal respiration (SBR) and metabolic quotient (qCO2) in different areas under organic cultivation of banana and brachiaria without grazing compared to nearby degraded area growing imperial palms in the city of Umuarama, in the state of Parana. Soil samples were collected at 0-10 cm depth with four repetitions in each area and analyzed in duplicate. All the results were submitted to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey?s test (p ? 0.05), utilizing the statistical program SPSS, version 16.0 for Windows. The results showed that AMF spore density was significantly lower in the degraded area. MB-C was significantly higher in the area cultivated with brachiaria in comparison with banana and degraded areas. However, in the banana area, the MB-C was higher than that in the degraded area. Soil chemical analysis showed that the degraded area had low soil phosphorus, carbon, calcium and potassium content, which could have contributed to the decrease in MB-C, due to a high stress condition in this soil. No significant differences were found for SBR among the analyzed areas. However, qCO2 increased significantly in the degraded area, indicating high stress under this condition. Soil use and management under organic cultivation with banana and/or brachiaria increased AMF spore density and MB-C, as well as decreasing qCO2 when compared to the degraded area.(AU)

El uso y manejo adecuado del suelo pueden ser medidos mediante indicadores biológicos de calidad del suelo. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron determinar la densidad de esporas de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA), carbono de la biomasa microbiana del suelo (C-BMS), respiración basal del suelo (RBS) y cociente metabólico (qCO2) en áreas con cultivo orgánico de banana, brachiaria sin pastoreo, comparativamente con una zona cercana degradada con palmeras imperiales en Umuarama, PR. Se ha recogido suelo a una profundidad de 0-10 cm con 4 repeticiones en cada área y analizados por duplicado en el laboratorio. Los resultados han sido sometidos a análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y la prueba de Tukey (p ? 0,05), utilizando el programa SPSS v.16. La densidad de esporas de HMA fue significativamente menor en el área degradada. El C-BMS fue significativamente mayor en el área con brachiaria en comparación con el suelo cultivado con banana y degradado. En el área con banana C-BMS fue mayor que en el área degradada. El análisis químico del suelo reveló en el área degradada bajo tenor en fósforo, carbono, calcio y potasio, lo que puede haber contribuido a la baja C-BMS, debido al estrés elevado en el suelo. No hubo diferencia significativa en RBS entre las áreas, pero el qCO2 fue significativamente mayor en el suelo degradado, indicando nuevamente alto nivel de estrés en ese suelo. Manejo y uso adecuado del suelo como el cultivo de bananas y/o brachiaria aumentaron la densidad de esporas de HMAs y C-BMS, además disminuyó el qCO2 en comparación con el área degradada.(AU)

Estabilidade química, físico-química e microbiológica de polpas de acerola pasteurizadas e não-pasteurizadas de cultivo orgânico / Chemical, physicochemical and microbiological stability of pasteurized and non pasteurized acerola pulps from organic cultivation

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a estabilidade química, físico-química e microbiológica de polpas de acerola pasteurizadas e não-pasteurizadas, oriundas de cultivo orgânico e armazenadas sob congelamento (-18±2°C) durante 360 dias. O armazenamento sob congelamento não ocasionou perdas significativas de qualidade das polpas de acerola. No entanto, o tratamento térmico influenciou negativamente nos conteúdos iniciais de alguns componentes, principalmente sólidos solúveis, açúcares solúveis totais e redutores, que apresentaram conteúdos inferiores no início do armazenamento para as polpas pasteurizadas. As polpas pasteurizadas e não-pasteurizadas apresentaram boa qualidade microbiológica do início ao final do armazenamento. Dentre as polpas estudadas, as polpas não-pasteurizadas apresentaram melhores características iniciais de cor. As polpas pasteurizadas garantiram melhores características microbiológicas no que concerne aos aspectos de segurança alimentar.

The present research aimed to evaluate the chemical, physical-chemical and microbiological stability of pasteurized and non-pasteurized acerola pulp coming from organic cultivation stored frozen for 360 days. Storage under freezing did not cause significant loss of acerola pulp's quality. However, the heat treatment had a negative influence on the initial contents of some components, especially soluble solids, total soluble and reducing sugars, which showed lower contents at the beginning of storage for pasteurized pulp. Among the pulps studied, non-pasteurized pulps showed the best characteristics of the initial color. The pasteurized pulps guaranteed best features in regard to the microbiological aspects of food safety.

Influência do substrato e do tamanho da célula de bandejas de poliestireno expandido no desenvolvimento de mudas e produção de calêndula (Calendula officinalis L. ) / Influence of substrate and cell size of expanded polystyrene tray on the development and production of marigold (Calendula officinalis L. ) seedlings

A calêndula (Calendula officinalis L.) é uma planta medicinal anual de origem Mediterrânica que apresenta propriedades antiinflamatórias, antivirais, antigenotóxicas. A propagação desta planta normalmente é feita por sementes, sendo o uso de bandejas de poliestireno uma forma econômica de produção de mudas. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a interferência de dois tamanhos de célula em bandeja de poliestireno expandido (40 cm³ e 12 cm³) e de dois substratos (solo + esterco bovino curtido e substrato comercial tipo Plantmax para hortaliças®) sobre a qualidade de mudas e a produção de calêndula. O delineamento estatístico nos dois experimentos foi em blocos casualizados, dispostos em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 (dois substratos e dois tamanhos de células) com seis repetições. Os tratamentos, referentes aos tamanhos das células foram bandeja com 128 células (40 cm³ de volume) e, bandeja com 288 células (12 cm³ de volume). Os substratos utilizados foram solo de cerrado + esterco bovino curtido (1:1) e substrato comercial tipo "Plantmax para hortaliças®". Parte das mudas foi transplantada para avaliação da produção de capítulos. Houve diferenças significativas entre os substratos para as variáveis: matéria seca de parte aérea, matéria seca da raiz e matéria seca total. O uso do substrato formulado com solo de cerrado e esterco bovino proporcionou o melhor desenvolvimento das mudas de calêndula. Contudo, os diferentes tipos de substrato e bandejas de poliestireno não influenciaram significativamente a produção de capítulos das mudas transplantadas.

Marigold Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) is an annual medicinal plant of Mediterranean origin which presents anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antigenotoxic properties. This species normally propagates through seeds, and the use of polystyrene trays is an economic way to produce its seedlings. Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the influence of two cell sizes of expanded polystyrene trays (40 cm³ and 12 cm³) and two substrates (soil + cattle manure and Plantmax® commercial substrate for vegetables) on marigold production and seedling quality. Experimental design in both assays was in randomized blocks, in a 2x2 factorial arrangement (two substrates and two cell sizes), with six replicates. Treatments regarding cell sizes were trays presenting 128 cells (40 cm³) and trays containing 288 cells (12 cm³). The used substrates were cerrado soil + cattle manure (1:1) and Plantmax® commercial substrate for vegetables. Part of the seedlings was transplanted to evaluate capitulum production. There were significant differences among substrates for total, root and shoot dry matter. The use of substrate containing cerrado soil and cattle manure led to the best development of marigold seedlings. However, the different types of substrates and polystyrene trays did not significantly influence capitulum production in transplanted seedlings.

Optimization of worm-bed leachate for culturing of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) inoculated with Glomus fasciculatum and Pseudomonas fluorescens

A response surface technique was used to analyze the effect of Glomus fasciculatum, Pseudomonas fluorescens and worm-bed leachate (WBL) on growth, yield and characteristics of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). The treatments combined inoculation with or without P. fluorescensor G. fasciculatum and the application of WBL at 20% (v/v) each day or every three days. Plant height, number of leaves and yield of tomato fruits was not affected by the factors studied. However, plants with foliar application of WBL each day developed wider stems than those with an application every three days. The pH of the fruits was lower when WBL was applied every three days compared to a daily application. The soluble solids content of the fruits was higher when WBL was applied daily compared to those sprayed every three days. Plant development was not affected by addition of P. fluorescens, G. fasciculatum or WBL, but WBL changed fruit characteristics.